Single-step capture and sequencing of natural DNA for detection of BRCA1 mutations.

Genetic testing for disease risk is an increasingly important component of medical care. However, testing can be expensive, which can lead to patients and physicians having limited access to the genetic information needed for medical decisions. To simplify DNA sample preparation and lower costs, we have developed a system in which any gene can be captured and sequenced directly from human genomic DNA without amplification, using no proteins or enzymes prior to sequencing. Extracted whole-genome DNA is acoustically sheared and loaded in a flow cell channel for single-molecule sequencing. Gene isolation, amplification, or ligation is not necessary. Accurate and low-cost detection of DNA sequence variants is demonstrated for the BRCA1 gene. Disease-causing mutations as well as common variants from well-characterized samples are identified. Single-molecule sequencing generates very reproducible coverage patterns, and these can be used to detect any size insertion or deletion directly, unlike PCR-based methods, which require additional assays. Because no gene isolation or amplification is required for sequencing, the exceptionally low costs of sample preparation and analysis could make genetic tests more accessible to those who wish to know their own disease susceptibility. Additionally, this approach has applications for sequencing integration sites for gene therapy vectors, transposons, retroviruses, and other mobile DNA elements in a more facile manner than possible with other methods.

True single-molecule DNA sequencing of a pleistocene horse bone.

Second-generation sequencing platforms have revolutionized the field of ancient DNA, opening access to complete genomes of past individuals and extinct species. However, these platforms are dependent on library construction and amplification steps that may result in sequences that do not reflect the original DNA template composition. This is particularly true for ancient DNA, where templates have undergone extensive damage post-mortem. Here, we report the results of the first "true single molecule sequencing" of ancient DNA. We generated 115.9 Mb and 76.9 Mb of DNA sequences from a permafrost-preserved Pleistocene horse bone using the Helicos HeliScope and Illumina GAIIx platforms, respectively. We find that the percentage of endogenous DNA sequences derived from the horse is higher among the Helicos data than Illumina data. This result indicates that the molecular biology tools used to generate sequencing libraries of ancient DNA molecules, as required for second-generation sequencing, introduce biases into the data that reduce the efficiency of the sequencing process and limit our ability to fully explore the molecular complexity of ancient DNA extracts. We demonstrate that simple modifications to the standard Helicos DNA template preparation protocol further increase the proportion of horse DNA for this sample by threefold. Comparison of Helicos-specific biases and sequence errors in modern DNA with those in ancient DNA also reveals extensive cytosine deamination damage at the 3' ends of ancient templates, indicating the presence of 3'-sequence overhangs. Our results suggest that paleogenomes could be sequenced in an unprecedented manner by combining current second- and third-generation sequencing approaches.

Improving the performance of true single molecule sequencing for ancient DNA.

BACKGROUND: Second-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized our ability to recover genetic information from the past, allowing the characterization of the first complete genomes from past individuals and extinct species. Recently, third generation Helicos sequencing platforms, which perform true Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing (tSMS), have shown great potential for sequencing DNA molecules from Pleistocene fossils. Here, we aim at improving even further the performance of tSMS for ancient DNA by testing two novel tSMS template preparation methods for Pleistocene bone fossils, namely oligonucleotide spiking and treatment with DNA phosphatase. RESULTS: We found that a significantly larger fraction of the horse genome could be covered following oligonucleotide spiking however not reproducibly and at the cost of extra post-sequencing filtering procedures and skewed %GC content. In contrast, we showed that treating ancient DNA extracts with DNA phosphatase improved the amount of endogenous sequence information recovered per sequencing channel by up to 3.3-fold, while still providing molecular signatures of endogenous ancient DNA damage, including cytosine deamination and fragmentation by depurination. Additionally, we confirmed the existence of molecular preservation niches in large bone crystals from which DNA could be preferentially extracted. CONCLUSIONS: We propose DNA phosphatase treatment as a mechanism to increase sequence coverage of ancient genomes when using Helicos tSMS as a sequencing platform. Together with mild denaturation temperatures that favor access to endogenous ancient templates over modern DNA contaminants, this simple preparation procedure can improve overall Helicos tSMS performance when damaged DNA templates are targeted.

Virtual terminator nucleotides for next-generation DNA sequencing.

We synthesized reversible terminators with tethered inhibitors for next-generation sequencing. These were efficiently incorporated with high fidelity while preventing incorporation of additional nucleotides, and we used them to sequence canine bacterial artificial chromosomes in a single-molecule system that provided even coverage for over 99% of the region sequenced. This single-molecule approach generated high-quality sequence data without the need for target amplification and thus avoided concomitant biases.

Native molecular state of adeno-associated viral vectors revealed by single-molecule sequencing.

The single-stranded genome of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is one of the key factors leading to slow-rising but long-term transgene expression kinetics. Previous molecular studies have established what is now considered a textbook molecular model of AAV genomes with two copies of inverted tandem repeats at either end. In this study, we profiled hundreds of thousands of individual molecules of AAV vector DNA directly isolated from capsids, using single-molecule sequencing (SMS), which avoids any intermediary steps such as plasmid cloning. The sequence profile at 3' ends of both the regular and oversized vector did show the presence of an inverted terminal repeat (ITR), which provided direct confirmation that AAV vector packaging initiates from its 3' end. Furthermore, the vector 5'-terminus profile showed inconsistent termination for oversized vectors. Such incomplete vectors would not be expected to undergo canonical synthesis of the second strand of their genomic DNA and thus could function only via annealing of complementary strands of DNA. Furthermore, low levels of contaminating plasmid DNA were also detected. SMS may become a valuable tool during the development phase of vectors that are candidates for clinical use and for facilitating/accelerating studies on vector biology.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of replication origins by deep sequencing.

BACKGROUND: DNA replication initiates at distinct origins in eukaryotic genomes, but the genomic features that define these sites are not well understood. RESULTS: We have taken a combined experimental and bioinformatic approach to identify and characterize origins of replication in three distantly related fission yeasts: Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Using single-molecule deep sequencing to construct amplification-free high-resolution replication profiles, we located origins and identified sequence motifs that predict origin function. We then mapped nucleosome occupancy by deep sequencing of mononucleosomal DNA from the corresponding species, finding that origins tend to occupy nucleosome-depleted regions. CONCLUSIONS: The sequences that specify origins are evolutionarily plastic, with low complexity nucleosome-excluding sequences functioning in S. pombe and S. octosporus, and binding sites for trans-acting nucleosome-excluding proteins functioning in S. japonicus. Furthermore, chromosome-scale variation in replication timing is conserved independently of origin location and via a mechanism distinct from known heterochromatic effects on origin function. These results are consistent with a model in which origins are simply the nucleosome-depleted regions of the genome with the highest affinity for the origin recognition complex. This approach provides a general strategy for understanding the mechanisms that define DNA replication origins in eukaryotes.

Helicos single-molecule sequencing of bacterial genomes.

With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, multiple bacterial genomes can be sequenced in days. While the ultimate goal of de novo assembly of bacterial genomes is progressing, changes in the genomic sequence of closely related bacterial strains and isolates are now easily monitored by comparison of their sequences to those of a reference genome. Such studies can be applied to the fields of bacterial evolution, epidemiology, and diagnostics. We present a protocol for single-molecule sequencing of bacterial DNA whose end result is the identification of single nucleotide variants, and various size insertions and deletions relative to a reference genome. The protocol is characterized by the simplicity of sample preparation and the lack of amplification-related sequencing bias.

Single molecule sequencing with a HeliScope genetic analysis system.

Helicos™ Single Molecule Sequencing (SMS) provides a unique view of genome biology through direct sequencing of cellular nucleic acids in an unbiased manner, providing both accurate quantitation and sequence information. Sample preparation does not require ligation or PCR amplification, avoiding the GC-content and size biases observed in other technologies. DNA is simply sheared, tailed with poly(A), and hybridized to a flow cell surface containing oligo(dT) for sequencing-by-synthesis of billions of molecules in parallel. This process also requires far less material than other technologies. Gene expression measurements can be done using first-strand cDNA-based methods (RNA-Seq) or using a novel approach that allows direct hybridization and sequencing of cellular RNA for the most direct quantitation possible. In this unit, principles and methods for using the Helicos® Genetic Analysis System are discussed.

Single-molecule sequencing: sequence methods to enable accurate quantitation.

Helicos Single-Molecule Sequencing provides a unique view of genome biology through direct sequencing of cellular and extracellular nucleic acids in an unbiased manner, providing both quantitation and sequence information. Using a simple sample preparation, involving no ligation or amplification, genomic DNA is sheared, tailed with poly-A and hybridized to the flow-cell surface containing oligo-dT for initiating sequencing-by-synthesis. RNA measurements involving direct RNA hybridization to the flow cell allows for the direct sequencing and quantitation of RNA molecules. From these methods, a diverse array of applications has now been successfully demonstrated with the Helicos Genetic Analysis System, including human genome sequencing for accurate variant detection, ChIP Seq studies involving picogram quantities of DNA obtained from small cell numbers, copy number variation studies from both fresh tumor tissue and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and archival tissue samples, small RNA studies leading to the identification of new classes of RNAs, and the direct capture and sequencing of nucleic acids from cell quantities as few as 400 cells with our end goal of single cell measurements. Helicos methods provide an important opportunity to researchers, including genomic scientists, translational researchers, and diagnostic experts, to benefit from biological measurements at the single-molecule level. This chapter will describe the various methods available to researchers.

Single-molecule DNA sequencing of a viral genome.

The full promise of human genomics will be realized only when the genomes of thousands of individuals can be sequenced for comparative analysis. A reference sequence enables the use of short read length. We report an amplification-free method for determining the nucleotide sequence of more than 280,000 individual DNA molecules simultaneously. A DNA polymerase adds labeled nucleotides to surface-immobilized primer-template duplexes in stepwise fashion, and the asynchronous growth of individual DNA molecules was monitored by fluorescence imaging. Read lengths of >25 bases and equivalent phred software program quality scores approaching 30 were achieved. We used this method to sequence the M13 virus to an average depth of >150x and with 100% coverage; thus, we resequenced the M13 genome with high-sensitivity mutation detection. This demonstrates a strategy for high-throughput low-cost resequencing.