Skull Base Osteomyelitis Caused by an Elegant Fungus.

Malignant otitIs externa (skull base osteomyelitis) is predominantly caused by bacteria while fungal etiology is rare. We report a middle aged diabetic gentleman who succumbed to invasive skull base infection due to Apophysomyces elegans a fungus belonging to Zygomycetes which causes only skin and soft tissue infections. Mortality and invasive infections due to this genus is rarely reported, especially in the ear.

Changing Indications for Pediatric Tracheotomy: An Urban Indian Study.

To review the changing indications, decannulation rates, complications and mortality in pediatric tracheotomies. Medical records of children who underwent primary or revision tracheotomy from April 2003 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics including age, sex, preoperative diagnosis and indications for tracheotomy. The complications, mortality and decannulation rates for the tracheotomies were studied. There were 101 patients who underwent tracheotomy over a period of 13 years. Out of these, complete data was available for 99 patients. There were 61 males and 38 females and the age of children who underwent tracheotomy on an average ranged from 2 months to 16 years. The indications were divided into five categories: airway obstruction, cardiopulmonary, craniofacial, neurological, and trauma. Out of the 99 patients, 92 patients underwent an elective tracheotomy while only 7 patients underwent an emergency tracheotomy. Fifty-eight patients could be successfully decannulated. 13 patients in our study died during the course of treatment, however, none of the deaths could be directly attributed to the tracheotomy. Three patients developed peristomal granulations requiring intervention, 1 patient had a severe stomal infection, and one patient had a tracheocutaneous fistula requiring surgical closure. Over the last few decades, widespread use of vaccinations and improved pediatric and neonatal intensive care has revolutionized child healthcare in developing countries like ours. This impact is reflected in our finding that neurological impairment has displaced obstructive airway (of infective etiology) as the most common indication for pediatric tracheotomy in the present era.