18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT for response assessment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma undergoing tyrosine kinase or checkpoint inhibitor therapy: preliminary results.

INTRODUCTION: Tyrosine kinase (TKI) and checkpoint inhibitors (CI) prolonged overall survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Early prediction of treatment response is highly desirable for the individualization of patient management and improvement of therapeutic outcome; however, serum biochemistry is unable to predict therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we compared 18F-PSMA-1007 PET imaging for response assessment in mRCC patients undergoing TKI or CI therapy compared to CT-based response assessment as the current imaging reference standard. METHODS: 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT was performed in mRCC patients prior to initiation of systemic treatment and 8 weeks after therapy initiation. Treatment response was evaluated separately on 18F-PSMA-PET and CT. Changes on PSMA-PET (SUVmean) were assessed on a per patient basis using a modified PERCIST scoring system. Complete response (CRPET) was defined as absence of any uptake in all target lesions on posttreatment PET. Partial response (PRPET) was defined as decrease in summed SUVmean of > 30%. The appearance of new, PET-positive lesions or an increase in summed SUVmean of > 30% was defined as progressive disease (PDPET). A change in summed SUVmean of ± 30% defined stable disease (SDPET). RECIST 1.1 criteria were used for response assessment on CT. Results of radiographic response assessment on PSMA-PET and CT were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 11 mRCC patients undergoing systemic treatment were included. At baseline PSMA-PET1, all mRCC patients showed at least one PSMA-avid lesion. On follow-up PET2, 3 patients showed CRPET, 3 PRPET, 4 SDPET, and 1 PDPET. According to RECIST 1.1, 1 patient showed PRCT, 9 SDCT, and 1 PDCT. Overall, concordant classifications were found in only 2 cases (2 SDCT + PET). Patients with CRPET on PET were classified as 3 SDCT on CT using RECIST 1.1. By contrast, the patient classified as PRCT on CT showed PSMA uptake without major changes during therapy (SDPET). However, among 9 patients with SDCT on CT, 3 were classified as CRPET, 3 as PRPET, 1 as PDPET, and only 2 as SDPET on PSMA-PET. CONCLUSION: On PSMA-PET, heterogeneous courses were observed during systemic treatment in mRCC patients with highly diverging results compared to RECIST 1.1. In the light of missing biomarkers for early response assessment, PSMA-PET might allow more precise response assessment to systemic treatment, especially in patients classified as SD on CT.

Risk factors for 30-day complications after cancer surgery in geriatric patients: a secondary analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to analyse the association between severity of complications up to 30 days after surgery and pre-operative nutritional and physical performance parameters. METHODS: The participants were a subsample of the previously published PERATECS study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01278537) and included 517 onco-geriatric patients aged ≥ 65 years, undergoing thoracoabdominal, gynaecological, or urological surgery. Post-operative complications were classified according to the Clavien Classification System (CCS). Independent risk factors related to the severity of complications, defined as major complications (CCS IIIa-V) and graded complications (CCS grade 0-V), were analysed using logistic and ordinal regression, respectively. RESULTS: In total, 132 patients suffered major post-operative complications. The development of major post-operative complications was independently associated with body mass index (BMI) < 20 kg/m2 , hypoalbuminaemia (< 30 g/l), longer duration of surgery, and specific tumour sites (upper gastrointestinal, gynaecological, colorectal) (all P < 0.05). Higher-grade complications were predicted by Timed Up and Go (TUG) > 20 s, hypoalbuminaemia (< 30 g/l), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status III-IV, longer duration of surgery (> 165 min), and specific tumour sites (upper gastrointestinal, gynaecological) (all P < 0.05). Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores and weight loss were not independent risk factors for the severity of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional and physical performance risk factors that predicted the severity of complications differed between major and higher-grade post-operative complications, but hypoalbuminaemia independently predicted both. The results support the need for pre-operative risk screening. Due to the explorative nature of the study, further research is required in larger cohorts to corroborate these findings.

[CEUS-Use in testicular pathologies]. / CEUS ­ Anwendung am Hoden.

BACKGROUND: The work-up of scrotal diseases forms an essential part of daily work in urology. Sonography plays an important role in the diagnostic process, due to its wide availability and feasibility. OBJECTIVES: Advantages of modern contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are illustrated using examples of common testicular pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant studies regarding the application of CEUS on testicular pathologies are evaluated. PubMed and Medline were screened for reviews and clinical trials. RESULTS: In the differentiation of benign and malignant testicular lesions, contrast medium uptake, e. g. can exclude a hemorrhagic testicular cyst. A differentiation between benign and malignant testicular lesions due to pure enhancement is currently not possible. Evaluation of testicular abscesses, infarctions and infections depends on the assessment of vascularization. Following a scrotal trauma, evaluation of enhancement can distinguish between vital and non-vital areas. A complete absence of perfusion may support the diagnosis of testicular torsion. CONCLUSION: CEUS is a feasible instrument in the diagnostic work-up of testicular pathologies. Results from previous studies are promising. Regarding the application in cases of scrotal trauma, the method could play an essential role in the future. With regard to a classification of unclear testicular lesions, further studies with a larger number of patients are needed in order to confirm previously described perfusion patterns.

Prognostic significance of Fuhrman grade and age for cancer-specific and overall survival in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma: results of an international multi-institutional study on 2189 patients.

PURPOSE: Because the prognostic impact of the clinical and pathological features on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma (papRCC) is still controversial, we want to assess the impact of clinicopathological features, including Fuhrman grade and age, on survival in surgically treated papRCC patients in a large multi-institutional series. METHODS: We established a comprehensive multi-institutional database of surgically treated papRCC patients. Histopathological data collected from 2189 patients with papRCC after radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery were pooled from 18 centres in Europe and North America. OS and CSS probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable competing risks analyses were used to assess the impact of Fuhrman grade (FG1-FG4) and age groups (<50 years, 50-75 years, >75 years) on cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS: CSS and OS rates for patients were 89 and 81% at 3 years, 86 and 75% at 5 years and 78 and 41% at 10 years after surgery, respectively. CSM differed significantly between FG 3 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.17-8.22; p < 0.001) and FG 4 (HR 8.93, 95% CI 4.25-18.79; p < 0.001) in comparison to FG 1. CSM was significantly worse in patients aged >75 (HR 2.85, 95% CI 2.06-3.95; p < 0.001) compared to <50 years. CONCLUSIONS: FG is a strong prognostic factor for CSS in papRCC patients. In addition, patients older than 75 have worse CSM than patients younger than 50 years. These findings should be considered for clinical decision making.

[Urinary tract infections : What has been confirmed in therapy?] / Harnwegsinfektionen : Was ist gesichert in der Therapie?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect approximately 150 million people worldwide per year, causing annual health costs of over three billion dollars just in the USA. Every second woman experiences at least one UTI in her lifetime, with every one in four experiencing recurrence. Uncomplicated infections like single or recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis can be distinguished from complicated disease. UTIs in men can spread to the male glands, causing prostatitis and epididymitis. Antibiotic therapy is the standard procedure for UTIs. However, the extensive and sometimes irrational use of antibiotics for the treatment of infections has led to an increase in the incidence of multiresistant pathogens in recent years. Therefore, preventive nonantibiotic approaches are of great interest. This article provides an overview of the current management of urological infections as well as an outline of nonantibiotic preventive treatment modalities.

Impact of preoperative hemoglobin and CRP levels on cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a single-center study.

PURPOSE: Different blood parameters have shown to be associated with patient's oncological outcome. There is only limited knowledge about the prognostic relevance of routine blood parameters in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the influence of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative CRP and Hb levels were available in 664 patients who underwent RC due to TCC from 2004 to 2013 at our institution. More men than women (77 vs. 23 %) underwent surgery with a median age of 70 years (35-97). Median follow-up time was 24 months (max. 108). Outcome was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Median CRP level was 0.5 mg/dl (0.1-28.3), and median Hb level was 13.4 g/dl (6.7-17.9). Patients with CRP value above the median died significantly earlier due to their disease than those with CRP below the median (median CSS 19 vs. 70 months; p < 0.001). Patients with preoperative Hb level below the median had significantly worse outcome than those with Hb level above the median (median CSS 25 vs. 78 months; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, CRP and Hb levels were independent prognostic parameters regarding CSS/OS (CRP p = 0.016/p = 0.004; Hb p = 0.006/p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our single-center study, preoperative CRP and Hb levels were found to be independent prognostic factors, indicating impaired outcome in patients undergoing RC for TCC. These findings could be used for individual risk stratification and optimization of therapeutic strategies.

Clinical and pathological nodal staging score for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: an external validation.

PURPOSE: Radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph node dissection (LND) are standard treatments for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Lymph node staging is a prerequisite for clinical decision-making regarding adjuvant chemotherapy and follow-up regimens. Recently, the clinical and pathological nodal staging scores (cNSS and pNSS) were developed. Prior to RC, cNSS determines the minimum number of lymph nodes required to be dissected; pNSS quantifies the accuracy of negative nodal staging based on pT stage and dissected LNs. cNSS and pNSS have not been externally validated, and their relevance for prediction of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) has not been assessed. METHODS: In this retrospective study of 2,483 RC patients from eight German centers, we externally validated cNSS and pNSS and determined their prediction of CSM. All patients underwent RC and LND. Median follow-up was 44 months. cNSS and pNSS sensitivities were evaluated using the original beta-binominal models. Adjusted proportional hazards models were calculated for pN0 patients to assess the predictive value of cNSS and pNSS for CSM. RESULTS: cNSS and pNSS both pass external validation. Adjusted for other clinical parameters, cNSS can predict outcome after RC. pNSS has no independent impact on prediction of CSM. The retrospective design is the major limitation of the study. CONCLUSIONS: In the present external validation, we confirm the validity of both cNSS and pNSS. cNSS is an independent predictor of CSM, thus rendering it useful as a tool for planning the extent of LND.

Predictive factors for urinary retention following kidney transplantation in male patients.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary retention frequently occurs in patients after kidney transplantation. This study aimed to identify predictive factors for urinary retention requiring transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) following kidney transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy male patients (median age 56 years, range 37-73 years) who underwent kidney transplantation between 1995 and 2006, and experienced urinary retention and consecutively required TURP, were studied retrospectively. Residual diuresis before transplantation, duration of dialysis, patient age, prostate size, rejection reactions, transplant loss, combined kidney and pancreas transplantation, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and carcinoma of the prostate were evaluated as predictive factors. RESULTS: Duration of dialysis longer than 120 months (p = 0.0174), patient age over 60 years (p = 0.0045) and the absence of diabetes (n = 46, p = 0.0029) were associated with a significantly higher risk of urinary retention requiring TURP following kidney transplantation. Residual diuresis, prostate size, frequency of rejection reactions, transplant loss and detection of carcinoma, however, could not be identified as predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: In male patients after kidney transplantation with a long history of dialysis, early TURP due to urinary retention must be anticipated. Surprisingly, the presence of type 1 or 2 diabetes seems to prevent the occurrence of retention, independently of age.

Systemic and cavernous plasma levels of neuropeptide Y during sexual arousal in healthy males.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to induce contraction of isolated human penile erectile tissue and potentiate the response to noradrenaline. The purpose of our study was to measure in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy male volunteers the course of NPY through different stages of sexual arousal. Whole blood was drawn simultaneously from the corpus cavernosum and the cubital vein of 16 healthy male volunteers during penile flaccidity, tumescence, rigidity and detumescence. Tumescence and erection were induced by applying audiovisual and tactile stimulation. Plasma levels of NPY (given in pmol l(-1)) were determined by means of an enzyme-linked immunoassay. NPY significantly decreased in the cavernous blood on sexual arousal, when the flaccid penis became tumescent and, finally, rigid (F: 88.8 ± 35.8, T: 62.4 ± 22.7, R: 62.3 ± 19.7), and only slightly rose in the phase of detumescence (64.8 ± 23). In the systemic circulation, no pronounced alterations in the concentration of NPY were registered (F: 64.4 ± 27, T: 65.8 ± 19, R: 59.6 ± 25, D: 67.6 ± 29.3). Our findings are in favour of the hypothesis that NPY could contribute to the maintenance of the resting state of cavernous smooth muscle.

[Urinary diversion for acute epididymitis : Transurethral or suprapubic catheter?] / Harnableitung bei akuter Epididymitis : Transurethraler oder suprapubischer Katheter?

Acute infective epididymitis is the most common cause for scrotal pain in adults. The severe course of the disease requires immediate antimicrobial management, comprised antibiotic treatment and supportive measures. Patients with chronic indwelling catheters and developing epididymitis show a more severe clinical course compared to patients without a catheter. Although it is common clinical practice to place a catheter for the treatment of a systemic infectious condition of the genitourinary tract, there is only limited evidence of support due to the absence of clinical trials.

Detection of prostate cancer with complexed PSA and complexed/total PSA ratio - is there any advantage?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of total PSA (tPSA), the free/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA), complexed PSA (cPSA) and the complexed/total PSA ratio (c/tPSA) in prostate cancer detection. METHODS: Frozen sera of 442 patients have been analysed for tPSA, free PSA (fPSA) and cPSA. 131 patients had prostate cancer and 311 patients benign prostatic hyperplasia. RESULTS: Differences in the distribution of the biomarkers were seen as follows: tPSA, cPSA and c/tPSA were significantly higher in the PC group, and f/tPSA was significantly higher in the BPH group. In the tPSA-range of 0-4 ng/ml none of the biomarkers showed a significant difference in the distribution between both groups. In the tPSA-ranges of 0-10 ng/ml, 2-10 ng/ml, 4-10 ng/ml and <10 ng/ml, f/tPSA showed the highest specificity at high sensitivtities, followed by c/tPSA, cPSA, and tPSA, respectively. In tPSA-ranges greater than 10 ng/ml, cPSA offered the best discriminatory ability. CPSA compared to tPSA offered better specificity at high sensitivities in all tPSA-ranges. CONCLUSION: F/tPSA offers the best ability to distinguish between both groups in lower tPSA-ranges, followed by c/tPSA. CPSA compared to tPSA offers a better ability to discriminate between both groups in all PSA-ranges and could be used as an initial test for PC.

Management of pelvic lymphoceles after radical prostatectomy: a multicentre community based study.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic lymphoceles (LC) following radical prostatectomy (LC-RP) have an incidence up to 27%. LC-managements constitute 50% of surgical interventions performed in post-RP patients. OBJECTIVES: To describe a therapeutic algorithm for LC-managements based on a community based representative retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multicentre data from 304 patients with LC-RP were retrospectively examined for LC-managements. RPs were performed by various surgeons from 67 urological departments. All patients had undergone 3 weeks rehabilitation in a specialized hospital where the data base was generated. Indications and results of therapeutic manoeuvres were used to develop a general concept for planning therapy decisions. - RESULTS: Median age was 64 years. Complications occurred in 9% (28/304) of patients. Median LC-volume was 36ml (range 20-1800ml). There were more complications for LCs with ≥ 100ml volume than those <100ml (27% versus 17%, p = 0.346). Conservative therapy was the standard in uncomplicated cases (87%, 239 of 276 patients), while intervention was done in 13% (puncture and/or drainage, surgery). Surgical intervention was performed significantly more often in complicated cases (82%, 23 from 28 patients; p<0.001). Based on these data, LCs can be stratified into 3 groups depending on the size and clinical presentation. Therapeutic decisions were used to develop the illustrated new therapy algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: This study based treatment algorithm provides a rationale approach with an accurate LC-classification as regard the indications and decision making for the available LC-RP-therapies. This could facilitate management decisions. Evaluation of this concept prospectively in large patient cohort is mandatory.

[CT urography in women with primary or recurrent pelvic tumors : background and initial experiences]. / CT-Urographie bei Frauen mit primären oder rezidivierenden Beckentumoren : Hintergrund und erste Erfahrungen.

Malignant tumors of the female pelvis account for 12-13% of newly diagnosed solid neoplasms among women in the USA and Germany. German guidelines advocate diagnostic imaging for local recurrence and metastasis while there are no recommendations for primary tumors. As excretory urography has been replaced by the excretory phase of computed tomography urography (CTU) in many institutions, two independent observers retrospectively evaluated CTUs of primary or recurrent female pelvic tumors to rule out associations between CTU findings and subsequent urologic measures. Among 31 CTUs of 27 women (age 29-84 years, mean 57 years) with 15 primary and 13 recurrent tumors, 83-100% of unremarkable proximal, middle and distal ureter segments were completely delineated in the excretory phase (delay 6-29 min, mean 16 min). The most common pathological findings included distal ureter obstruction (n=19, 61%), bladder compression (n=13, 42%) and bladder invasion (n=8, 26%). Out of 20 pathologically altered urinary tracts 8 were subsequently subjected to urologic measures (2-tailed Fisher exact test, p=0.0215) but none of the 10 unremarkable urinary tracts were treated. It appears that CTU is a sensible pre-therapeutic test for the urinary tract for primary and recurrent female pelvic tumors.

[Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) after radical cystectomy-current data]. / Aktuelle Studienlage der Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) nach radikaler Zystektomie.

BACKGROUND: Radical cystectomy is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Based on the solid evidence in colorectal surgery, fast-track/ERAS® (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocols have been developed to improve the perioperative management of patients undergoing radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature and guidelines and evaluate the evidence regarding the different components of ERAS® protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systemic literature search and evaluation of relevant guidelines. RESULTS: The majority of ERAS® recommendations for radical cystectomy are based on extrapolations of abdominal surgery studies. Four randomized, controlled trials and one ERAS® guideline were published for radical cystectomy. ERAS® seems to shorten length of stay without increasing the complication rate. Key elements are no bowel preparation, no nasogastric tube, optimized fluid substitution, multimodal pain management, early mobilization, and oral diet. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of ERAS® requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Individualization of an ERAS® program, identification of the most important components and adaption to the specific needs of radical cystectomy patients are future goals.

Efficacy of retrograde ureteropyeloscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for intrarenal calculi >2 cm.

The objectives of this study are to assess the efficacy and safety of retrograde ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for intrarenal calculi greater than 2 cm in diameter. A total of 24 patients with a stone burden >2 cm were treated with retrograde ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy. Primary study endpoints were number of treatments until the patient was stone free and perioperative complications with a follow-up of at least 3 months after intervention. In 24 patients (11 women and 13 men, 20-78 years of age), a total of 40 intrarenal calculi were treated with retrograde endoscopic procedures. At the time of the initial procedure, calculi had an average total linear diameter of 29.75 ± 1.57 mm and an average stone volume of 739.52 ± 82.12 mm(3). The mean number of procedures per patient was 1.7 ± 0.8 (range 1-3 procedures). The overall stone-free rate was 92%. After 1, 2 and 3 procedures 54, 79 and 92% of patients were stone free, respectively. There were no major complications. Minor postoperative complications included pyelonephritis in three cases (7.5%), of whom all responded immediately to parenteral antibiotics. In one patient the development of steinstrasse in the distal ureter required ureteroscopic fragment disruption and basketing. Ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy represents an efficient treatment option and allows the treatment of large intrarenal calculi of all compositions and throughout the whole collecting system even for patients with a stone burden of more than 2 cm size.

Minimizing complications during retropubic radical prostatectomy - Is ureteral stenting necessary?

OBJECTIVES AND AIMS: To avoid damage to the ureters during bladder neck preparation in radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, it may be helpful to insert ureteral stents temporarily or to intravenously administer indigo carmine dye for enhanced visualisation of ureteric orifices. We evaluated our bladder neck preserving technique at radical prostatectomy with regard to ureteric injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 369 consecutive radical prostatectomies operated in our clinic in a bladder neck preserving technique. The following parameters were assessed in this retrospective study: number of prophylactic ureteric stent insertions, application of indigo carmine dye, observed injuries of the ureters by the surgeon, postoperative increase of serum creatinine and postoperative status of kidney ultrasound. RESULTS: In 7/369 prostatectomies (1.90%) a ureteric stent insertion was performed, indigo carmine was not applied to any patient at all, yet no intraoperative injury of a ureter was observed by a surgeon. No revision was necessary due to a ureteral injury within the observation period of one year after surgery. In 17 patients with preoperative normal creatinine value a pathological value was observed on the first postoperative day (mean 1.4 mg/dl). In these patients no consecutive postrenal acute renal failure was observed, no hydronephrosis was monitored by ultrasound and no further intervention was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder neck preserving operation technique does not implicate the need of prophylactic ureteric stent insertions and has no higher incidence of ureteric injuries.

Comparison of guideline recommendations with daily practice in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES AND AIMS: To compare guideline recommendations with daily practice patterns in a German patient cohort with renal cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 81 patients with T1 oder T2 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were included in this prospective single-center study. All patients were operated in a single institution either by open radical nephrectomy (ORN) or nephron sparing surgery (NSS). Patients and doctors were evaluated using a written questionnaire with a follow-up of 12 months. Follow-up intervals, follow-up modalities (e. g. imaging modalities, laboratory controls of blood and urine) and the call on psycho-oncological support were evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of patients (72%) were followed up by their urologists. Follow-up examinations included abdominal ultrasound, urine and blood diagnostics, conventional chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) of abdomen, chest or head or abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). There were no significant differences between patients operated by ORN or NSS. In total, 12.5% of patients were asking for psycho-oncological support. CONCLUSIONS: In general, patients were followed up according to existing guideline recommendations. Only a small proportion of patients asked for psycho-oncological treatment.

[The microbiome in benign prostatic hyperplasia]. / Das Mikrobiom beim benignen Prostatasyndrom.

The advent of new high throughput sequencing technologies has paved the way for microbiome research, opening up entirely new perspectives on the complex and diverse ecosystems of the human body. One of the main findings was that it became clear that in contrast to the widely held dogma the urinary tract is not a sterile environment. As for all niches of the human body, a well-balanced microbiome is an essential part for the physiological functioning of the urinary tract and therefore it must be considered a prerequisite for health. The dysbalance of the microbiome is now seen as having a considerable impact on the pathogenesis of a plethora of diseases. Its role in benign disorders, such as interstitial cystitis, urinary urge incontinence and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome as well as participation in malignant conditions, such as prostate cancer has recently been revealed. The contribution of the urinary microbiome to the pathogenesis and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic obstruction are currently under investigation.

[Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome]. / Chronische Prostatitis/chronisches Beckenschmerzsyndrom.

Chronic prostatitis (CP, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CPPS) is defined as chronic pain or discomfort in the pelvic region for at least 3 of the past 6 months, often accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms, psychosocial impairments and sexual dysfunction. Currently, no biomarkers or clinical test procedures for a definitive diagnosis are available. The main objectives for the diagnostic assessment are to exclude differential diagnoses of pelvic pain and to determine the individual symptom profile of the patient. The UPOINTS classification identifies the individual clinical profile of the patient, provides guidance for the necessary diagnostic steps and is the foundation for a tailored multimodal, symptom-oriented and personalized treatment concept. Regular follow-up controls are needed to monitor the treatment response with the option to modify if necessary.