The Enigma of Mammaglobin: Redefining the Biomarker Paradigm in Breast Carcinoma.

The continuous evolution of cancer biology has led to the discovery of mammaglobin, a potential novel biomarker for breast carcinoma. This review aims to unravel the enigmatic aspects of mammaglobin and elucidate its potential role in redefining the paradigm of breast carcinoma biomarkers. We will thoroughly examine its expression in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and its circulating levels in the blood, thereby providing insights into its possible function in cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the potential application of mammaglobin as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and a target for personalized treatment strategies will be discussed. Given the increasing incidence of breast carcinoma worldwide, the exploration of novel biomarkers such as mammaglobin is crucial in advancing our diagnostic capabilities and treatment modalities, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.

Impact of Sensorineural Hearing Loss during the Pandemic of COVID-19 on the Appearance of Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety and Stress.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hearing loss is constantly increasing and according to the World Health Organization, by 2050, 900 million people will suffer from hearing loss. The main Objective of the study was to determine the differences between the severity of the symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression in participants with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. An additional aim was to examine the extent and manner in which protective face masks impact the communication of people with hearing loss. Matrials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 160 patients (81 men and 79 women) with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The patients' age range was 50 to 80 years. Depending on the degree of hearing loss or pure-tone threshold, the participants were divided into four groups: mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss and profound hearing loss. The research used the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and a questionnaire in which the participants reported whether surgical face masks (medical three-layer masks) worn by speakers makes communication difficult, to what extent and in what way. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 67.97 ± 8.16. A significant correlation was found between the degree of hearing loss and communication difficulties caused by the use of protective face masks (p < 0.001). For patients with severe and profound hearing loss, communication is significantly more difficult (50.0% and 45.0% respectively) when the interlocutor wears a face mask. There is a significant correlation between the degree of hearing loss and the way in which communication is made more difficult when the interlocutor wears a face mask (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was determined between the degrees of hearing loss in all measured subscales: stress (p = 0.024), anxiety (p = 0.026) and depression (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: We have determined that face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly hamper communication among the study groups (p = 0.007) and there is a significant correlation between the degree of sensorineural hearing loss and the presence of symptoms in all three DASS-21 subscales, meaning that the symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression were more intense in severe and profound hearing loss.

QUALITY OF LIFE IN DYSPHONIC CHILDREN MEASURED ON PEDIATRIC VOICE-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (PVRQOL) SCALE IN SERBIA.

Hoarseness occurs in children of both genders, from the earliest age and beyond, and is caused by improper use or overuse of vocal apparatus. The study included 91 hoarse children aged 6-12 (study group) and 243 healthy children (control group) of the same age. The study group underwent detailed medical history, phoniatric examination, larynx fiber endoscopy, allergy treatment, audiologic treatment, and pulmonary treatment. Pediatric Voice-Related Quality of Life questionnaire, Serbian version (PVRQOL) was completed by parents of both groups of children. We did not find statistically significant differences in the hoarse children based on diagnosis (muscle tension disorder and vocal fold nodules) and age in physical domain, socio-emotional and global domain score (p>0.01). The results showed that parents did not recognize hoarseness as a health problem in children. There were significant gender differences in the group of children with hoarseness, i.e. parents in all three PVRQOL questionnaire domains recognized hoarseness as a significant health problem in girls, but not in boys. The presence of hoarseness impairs the quality of life in pediatric population. Social and emotional domains indicated greater impact in boys.

Assessment of Life Quality in Children with Dysphonia Using Modified Pediatric Voice-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire in Serbia.

(1) Background: Hoarseness is not uncommon in children, especially at school age, as communication with peers is intensified. It is caused by improper use or overuse of the vocal apparatus. (2) Methods: The study included 85 hoarse children aged 6-12 (study group) and 240 healthy children (control group) of the same age. The study group underwent a detailed medical history, phoniatric examination, larynx fiber endoscopy, allergy treatment and the Pediatric Voice-Related Quality of Life questionnaire, modified by Jasmina Stojanovic. (3) Results: Our modified questionnaire revealed the significance of parental perception of a voice disorder in a child after organized activities. Using our modified questionnaire, we were able to determine the most frequent form of a voice disorder in children-speaking too loudly-is often neglected by the environment and can lead to an overall lower life quality. (4) Conclusions: As the presence of hoarseness impairs the quality of life in the pediatric population, awareness of a voice disorder must be recognized and treated on time to overcome the possible side effects on a child's psychological and emotional development.

Symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with chronic otitis media.

PURPOSE: Persistent symptoms of chronic otitis media cause limitations in daily routine and social interactions, influencing significantly patients' quality of life and mental health. The purpose of the study was to assess the intensity depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in patients with chronic otitis media and to examine if patient demographic data, characteristics and reported symptoms of otitis influence reported depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 316 adult patients diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma. Patients underwent a complete otological, audiological and radiological assessment. Chronic otitis media questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12) was used to assess the impact of COM and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) was used for depression, anxiety and stress assessment. RESULTS: Some level of anxiety and stress were detected in 70.57% 49.37% of the patients, respectively. 13.29% of the patients had scores indicating depression disorder. The mean value of the COMQ-12 questionnaire for this group of patients was 26.24 (SD±11.47) More intense symptoms of COM were significantly associated (p<0.05) with higher scores on DASS-21 subscales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that significant positive predictors of higher anxiety scores were pure tone average (PTA) on better and worse hearing ear (p<0.05). Drainage from the ear, hearing problems at home and tinnitus were significant positive predictors of a higher DASS-depression score. (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study confirmed positive correlation between reported level of anxiety, depression and stress, severity of COM symptoms and quality of life. Level of hearing on the better and worse hearing ear were significant positive predictors of anxiety and stress in patients with COM.

IL 33 Correlates With COVID-19 Severity, Radiographic and Clinical Finding.

Objective: The increased level of interleukin (IL)-33 is considered as a predictor of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, but its role at different stages of the disease is still unclear. Our goal was to analyze the correlation of IL-33 and other innate immunity cytokines with disease severity. Methods: In this study, 220 patients with COVID-19 were included and divided into two groups, mild/moderate and severe/critical. The value of the cytokines, clinical, biochemical, radiographic data was collected and their correlation with disease severity was analyzed. Results: Most patients in the severe/critical group were male (81.8%) and older (over 64.5 years). We found a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in these two groups between clinical features (dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue, and auscultatory findings); laboratory [(neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, hemoglobin, plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), Fe, and Ferritin)], arterial blood gases (oxygen saturation-Sa02, partial pressure of oxygen -p02), and chest X-rays (CXR) lung findings (p = 0.000). We found a significantly higher serum concentration (p < 0.05) of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and IL-33 in patients with COVID-19 with severe disease. In the milder stage of COVID-19, a positive correlation was detected between IL-33 and IL-1ß, IL-12 and IL-23, while a stronger positive correlation between the serum values of IL-33 and TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-12 and IL-23 was detected in patients with COVID-19 with severe disease. A weak negative correlation (p < 0.05) between pO2 and serum IL-1ß, IL-12, and IL-33 and between SaO2 and serum IL-33 was noted. The positive relation (p < 0.05) between the serum values of IL-33 and IL-12, IL-33 and IL-6, and IL-6 and IL-12 is proven. Conclusion: In a more progressive stage of COVID-19, increased IL-33 facilitates lung inflammation by inducing the production of various innate proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-23) in several target cells leading to the most severe forms of the disease. IL-33 correlates with clinical parameters of COVID-19 and might represent a promising marker as well as a therapeutic target in COVID-19.

The Serbian version of the pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire in daily practice.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and adolescents and a serious global health problem, thus severely affecting the health related quality of life (HRQL). This study was aimed at exploring the potential role of the Serbian, self administered version of the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) in the routine clinical evaluation of children suffering from bronchial asthma. One hundred Serbian children and adolescents (62 males and 38 females), aged 7 to 17 years, affected by allergic asthma, were enrolled. Each patient was evaluated once, and asthma control and severity were assessed, spirometry was performed, FeNO measurements were performed and the patients completed the self-administered version of the PAQLQ. PAQLQ differed according to asthma severity, NO variation and Asthma Control Test (ACT) score. No correlations were found between the questionnaire's score and FEV(1) percent of predicted. The Serbian version of the PAQLQ is a feasible aid to clinical measurements and used in routine practice gives a good insight into asthma control and severity.

Laryngeal Manifestation of Forestier's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Forestier's disease is a rare disorder involving bony growths that can occur in various parts of the spinal column, mostly asymptomatic, but these osteophytes, very rarely have been associated with serious complications. AIM: We report a 69-year-old man who was admitted at foniatric departement for evaluation of presenting hoarseness, dysphagia and laborious breathing. CASE PRESENTATION: Noninvasive endolaryngeal imaging and radiological examination revealed distortion of left side of the larynx pushing to the right due to bony mass of the anterior part of cervical spine which was prominent at the left side. The symptoms of the patient presented were caused by Forestier's disease as found by the imiging. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice it is advisable to take into consideration Forestier's disease as a possible cause of hoarseness and dysphagia in rare cases.

Nasal septum extramedullary plasmacytoma.

INTRODUCTION: Plasmacytomas are malignant tumors characterized by abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. They originate in either bone--solitary osseous plasmacytoma, or in soft tissue--extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP). EMP represents less than 1% of all head and neck malignancies. CASE REPORT: We presented a case of EMP of the nasal septum in a 44-year-old male who had progressive difficulty in breathing through the nose and frequent heavy epistaxis on the right side. Nasal endoscopy showed dark red, soft, polypoid tumor in the last third of the right nasal cavity arising from the nasal septum. The biopsy showed that it was plasmacytoma. Bence Jones protein in the urine, serum electrophoresis, bone marrow biopsy, skeletal survey and other screening tests failed to detect multiple myeloma. This confirmed the diagnosis of EMP. The mass was completely removed via an endoscopic approach, and then, 4 week later, radiotherapy was conducted with a radiation dose of 50 Gray. No recurrence was noted in a 3-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: EMP of the nasal cavity, being rare and having long natural history, represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for any ear, nose and throat surgeon. Depending on the resectability of the lesion, a combined therapy is the accepted treatment.

Primary nasal tuberculosis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: During the past two decades, tuberculosis (TBC) both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, has emerged to be a major health problem. Nasal tuberculosis is a specific inflammatory process which is, in most cases, joined by the inflammation of neck lymph nodes. CASE REPORT: Thirty-year-old man presented with shortness of breath through the nose and periodical headaches. Clinical examination showed signs of chronic rhinitis, with slight granular changes of nasal septal mucosa. Laboratory analyses were within the reference ranges. Nasal and throat swabs for bacteria and fungi were normal. Skin allergy testing to standard inhalatory allergens was positive. Computer rhinomanometry showed increased nasal resistance at medium difficulty level, on the right. Radiography of paranasal sinuses indicated chronic polysinusitis on the right. Anti-allergy therapy was prescribed. The patient came for checkup after a month with subjective deterioration and a neck tumefact on the right. Nasal endoscopy revealed the presence of dark red infiltrates with the 3 mm diameter on nasal septal mucosa, dominantly on the right, with small greyish nodules. This findings indicated a potential specific nasal inflammatory process. In the upper jugulodigastric area, on the left, painless tumefact 3 x 5 cm in size was palpated, it was mobile comparing to supra- and infrastructure, with unaltered skin above. The definite diagnosis was established on the basis of the results of nasal mucosa biopsy. After histopathological diagnosis was obtained, we started with antituberculosis therapy at once. CONCLUSION: Due to actual trends of TBC incidences, otolaryngologist should have in mind nasal TBC, when granulomatose lesions are found in nose.

Subdural empyema, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal space abscess: unusual complications of chronic otitis media.

INTRODUCTION: Otitic complications arise from expansion of the middle ear infection. Subdural empyema is a rare otitic complication, and both retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses have been described in just a few cases. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old male was, admitted as an emergency case because of breathing difficulties, secretion from the ear, and fever. Clinical examination had shown a purulent, fetid secretion from the ear, swelling on the roof of epipharynx, left tonsil pushed medialy, immobile epiglottis, reduced breathing space. Computed tomography revealed thick hypodense content filling cavity, mastoid entering the posterior cranial fossa, descending down throw the parapharyngeal space to the mesopharynx. On the roof and posterior wall of the epipharynx hypodense collection was also present. Tracheotomy was conducted, and incision of the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscess and radical tympanomastoidectomy were performed. The patient's state deteriorated on the tenth postoperative day with hemiparesis and consciousness disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging was done. It showed subdural empyema of the left frontoparietal region and next to the falx, so craniotomy and abscess drainage were conducted. CONCLUSION: Parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal abscess and subdural empyema are rare otitic complications. Adequate antibiotic therapy and radical surgical treatment make possible an outcome with survival.

Clinical aspects of posterior uveitis in ocular sarcoidosis.

Two clinical forms of the "white spot" syndrome in patients with posterior uveitis in definitive and presumable ocular sarcoidosis were analyzed. Group 1 was characterized by periphlebitis and discrete white spots around the vein of the retina, so-called "candle-wax", whereas group 2 showed yellow-orange solitary nodules located at the choroid, i.e. multifocal choroiditis. Visual acuity and the severity of clinical presentation were assessed in both groups. Visual acuity, Snellen equivalent was 0.52 +/- 0.36 in group 1 and 0.82 +/- 0.39 in group 2 with lesions at the level of choroid. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA showed a statistically significant between-group difference in visual acuity (p = 0.03). The mean severity of clinical presentation was 11.80 +/- 2.04 points in group 1 and 5.80 +/- 4.18 points in group 2. T-test for independent samples yielded a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.02). A statistically significant difference in visual acuity was the result of vasculitis in the group with the "candle-wax" phenomenon, which is associated with retinal vasculitis and causes cystoid macular edema and reduction of visual acuity. Complications such as cataract, glaucoma and neovascularization, which also decrease visual acuity, were more frequent in group 1.

Risk factors for the appearance of minimal pathologic lesions on vocal folds in vocal professionals.

BACKGROUND/AIM: An excessive use or misuse of voice by vocal professionals may result in symptoms such are husky voice, hoarse voice, total loss of voice, or even organic changes taking place on vocal folds--minimal pathological lesions--MAPLs. The purpose of this study was to identify the type of MAPLs which affects vocal professionals, as well as to identify the risk factors that bring about these changes. METHODS: There were 94 vocal professionals who were examined altogether, out of whom 46 were affected by MAPLs, whereas 48 of them were diagnosed with no MAPLs, so that they served as the control group. All these patients were clinically examined (anamnesis, clinical examination, bacteoriological examination of nose and pharynx, radiography of paranasal cavities, allergological processing, phoniatric examination, endo-video-stroboscopic examination, as well as gastroenterologic examination, and finally endocrinological and pulmological analyses). RESULTS: The changes that occurred most often were identified as nodules (50%; n = 23/46) and polyps (24%; n = 11/46). Risk factors causing MAPLs in vocal professionals were as follows: age, which reduced the risk by 23.9% [OR 0.861 (0.786-0.942)] whereas the years of career increase the risk [OR 1.114 (1.000-1.241)], as well as the presence of a chronic respiratory disease [OR 7.310 (1.712-31.218)], and the presence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [OR 4.542 (1.263-16.334)]. The following factors did not contribute to development of MAPLs in vocal professionals: sex, a place of residence, irritation, smoking, endocrinologic disease and the presence of poly-sinusitis. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to introduce comprehensive procedures for prevention of MAPLs, particularly in high-risk groups. Identification of the risk factors for MAPLs and prevention of their influence on vocal professionals (given that their income depends on their vocal ability) is of the highest importance.

Neonatal screening of hearing function by otoacustic emissions--a single center experience.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nowadays development of techniques enables detection of hearing impairment in a very short time, immediately after birth by using otoacoustic emissions. They are low-pitched sounds produced in physiologically clear cochlea and can be recorded in cochlear outer meatus. By this method, complete data are found on a whole presynaptic auditory nervous system functioning that has mostly been affected by pathological changes making it a perfect screening test. Reliability and sensibility of this method is up to 98%. The aim of this study was to present the first results of systematic neonatal screening of hearing function by otoacoustic emissions in the Clinical Center Kragujevac (Kragujevac, Serbia). METHODS: This prospective study of neonatal hearing screening function, initiated systematically by the 2008 at the Clinical Center Kragujevac, included full-term newborns and premature born ones, within the first 24 h after birth, using a DPOAEs interacoustics otoread-screener. Retesting was done after a month. RESULTS: From January 1st, 2009 to December 1st, 2010, a total number of examined infants by this method was 1,994 out of which 1,778 were full-term and 216 were premature born. The test passing was higher in the group of full-term babies (92.5%) than in the preterm ones (55.1%). No bilateral answers were recorded in premature born children compared to the full-term ones, of whom a larger number was with missing lateral responses. The results of re-examination test in the group of full-term born and premature newborns were 83.7%, and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Deliberately provoked transient otoacoustic emission is an efficient method in testing hearing function in newborns, since it is non-invasive, rapid and objective. Its correlation with audibly evoked potentials is very high, which confirms its reliability.

Total fixation of cricoarytenoid joint of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto thyroiditis.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of cricoarytenoid joint fixation in case of rheumatoid arthritis is 17 to 33%. In later stages of rheumatoid arthritis, a gradual fixation of cricoarytenoid joint develops and both halves of the larynx become less movable which calls for endotracheal intubation; while total fixation of this joint demands surgical tracheotomy. Hashimoto thyroiditis can display symptoms which are difficult to distinguish from the ones present in total fixation of cricoarytenoid joint caused by rheumatoid arthritis. CASE OUTLINE: A 60-year-old woman in terminal stage of rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto thyroiditis, diagnosed after clinical and other examinations. She was treated for strident breathing with surgical tracheotomy. The microscopic examination of the larynx with the use of laryngoscopic pincers suggested the immovability of the right and very limited movability of the left arytenoid cartilage. A computerized endovideostroboscopy showed only passive vertical vibrating movements of the right vocal cord and irregular vibrations of the left vocal cord. CONCLUSION: Total fixation of the cricoarytenoid joint can be caused by many pathological processes, but so far references have shown no case of rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto thyroiditis. In differential diagnostics, one of many examinations is the microscopic examination of the larynx, but it is very important to determine the movability of the arytenoid cartilage with the use of appropriate instruments in total endotracheal anaesthesia while the patient is fully relaxed. Movements in cricoarytenoid joints in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and the same conditions are preserved.

[Influence of environmental tobacco smoke on characteristics of childhood asthma].

INTRODUCTION: We compared characteristics of asthma in children from smoking and non-smoking families. OBJECTIVE: To examine if there was any difference in asthma in children exposed and not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). METHODS: We examined 231 asthmatic children and their parents. According to the questionnaire and carbon monoxide (CO) values in exhaled air measured by Smokerlyzer, we divided the children in two groups: children from smoking and children from non-smoking families. We compared birth weight, birth length, the occurrence of the first broncho-obstruction, the number of respiratory infections and exacerbations per year, asthma severity, the number of hospitalizations, total IgE, Skin prick test and allergic manifestations. We examined the influence of parental educational level on smoking behaviour and how much money a smoking family spent on cigarettes. RESULTS: The children's average age was 10.6 years, there were 49% of boys and 51% of girls. We had 77% of smoking families, 45.9% of active smoking mothers and 51% of active smoking fathers. Smoking was more common among lower educated parents. A smoking family spent 7.3% of the family budget on cigarettes. The children from smoking families had more allergic manifestations. The children of smoking mothers had more respiratory infections (without a statistic difference in the second and third year) and more asthmatic exacerbations with a statistic difference after the third year. With parents who smoked, children had more severe asthma. There was no statistical difference in the following: birth weight, birth length, Skin prick test, total IgE, the first wheezing episode and the number of hospitalizations. However, in the group of 26 children with exhaled CO values higher than 6 ppm, birth weight was lower (3250 g vs. 3550 g), the first wheezing episode occurred earlier (2 years vs. 3.7 years) and total IgE was higher (702 IU/ml vs. 563 IU/ml) by more than two normal ranges (60 IU/ml). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to protect children with asthma from ETS because it has a negative impact on their illness.

[News in childhood asthma therapy].

Research in the field of paediatric pulmonology, especially asthmology, has been intensified for the last couple of years. A large number of studies describe early wheezing episodes, risk factors, natural course of early childhood asthma. Besides this, literature shows a growing interest in epidemiology, genetics and virusology as predictive factors for development and clinical course of childhood asthma. In this paper, the authors are providing a review of recently published articles on asthma therapy based on phenotypes in terms of better understanding of asthma and asthma-like syndromes. Paediatric respiratory experts worldwide are equally positive in the following statements: real diagnosis leads to real therapy as soon as possible; inhaled corticosteroids are not recommended in very young infants especially if a positive effect is missing; long-term therapy with inhaled corticosteroids has to be scrutinized.