Oligoclonal T cell receptor gene rearrangements in blood lymphocytes of patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis.

Gene rearrangement studies were performed on blood lymphocytes from eight patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. The diagnosis in each case was based on characteristic clinical, hematologic, and serologic findings. The blood lymphocytes in each patient consisted predominantly of CD8+ T cells. EBV DNA was detected in seven patients by Southern blot analysis (EBV Bam HI W probe, Bam HI). A germline configuration was found for the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes (JH probe, Bam HI and Eco RI; C kappa probe, Bam HI; and C lambda probe, Eco RI). T cell receptor gene rearrangements were detected with J gamma and J beta 1 + 2 probes. Using a J gamma probe with two different restriction enzymes (Bgl II and Eco RI), the blood from each patient showed several bands corresponding to the polyclonal pattern previously described in the blood of normal individuals. Using J beta 1 + 2 probes with two different restriction enzymes (Bgl II and Bam HI), each case showed from 3 to about 12 extragermline bands of varying intensity and in different locations from case to case. In addition, each case showed relative deletion of the J beta 1 germline band. This oligoclonal pattern of T cell receptor gene rearrangements has not been previously reported in benign or malignant T cell populations.

Presence of cell lineage-specific hypomethylated sites in the major breakpoint cluster region.

To examine the role of DNA methylation in breakpoint location of chromosomal translocation, HpaII sites in and flanking the M-bcr on chromosome 22 were mapped in DNA from blood granulocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow cells, thymic tissue, and spermatozoa from normal individuals. Allelic HpaII sites were identified clustered in a 600-base pair genomic area of the M-bcr. Bone marrow cells and blood granulocyte DNA showed identical allelic patterns. Thymic tissue and blood lymphocytes showed identical allelic patterns distinct from bone marrow cells and blood granulocytes. Spermatozoa showed a third methylation pattern. In all individuals, the HpaII sites were present within the BamHI/BglII fragment of the M-bcr, the same area associated with high breakpoint frequency in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Three of 15 patients with chronic phase CML showed fully methylated rearranged BglII/BglII M-bcr restriction fragments not seen in normal bone marrow cells. These methylation patterns of the M-bcr may be important in CML breakpoint location and may be a marker for tissue differentiation.

p53 mutations and microsatellite instability in sporadic gastric cancer: when guardians fail.

Genetic instability may underlie the etiology of multistep gastric carcinogenesis. The altered microsatellites observed in tumors with the ubiquitous somatic mutation (USM) phenotype may represent the expression of such instability. Similarly, p53 mutations may allow the accumulation of genetic alterations caused by multiple mechanisms. In 40 sporadic gastric adenocarcinomas, nine tumors (22.5%) with p53 mutations in exons 5-8, and six tumors (15%) with the USM+ phenotype, were detected. None of the tumors had both alterations. The tumors with p53 mutations were predominantly in the proximal stomach whereas the USM+ tumors were predominantly in the distal stomach. The mutant p53 alleles were homogeneously distributed throughout the primary tumors, but usually absent from adjacent normal or dysplastic epithelium, indicating that p53 mutations are typically acquired before the bulk of clonal expansion. The loss of mutant p53 alleles during progression was also rarely observed in metastatic foci. Altered microsatellites were homogeneously present in the USM+ primary and metastatic tumors and one synchronous tubular adenoma, but were not detected in adjacent normal and metaplastic epithelium. These findings also demonstrate that the USM+ phenotype is expressed before the bulk of clonal expansion. In most (5 of 6) USM+ tumors, the sizes of the altered microsatellites differed between regions, indicating that the instability usually persists during clonal expansion. These findings indicate that both p53 mutations and the USM+ phenotype are present prior to the bulk of tumor growth and therefore may contribute to, rather than be a late consequence of, malignant transformation.

Combined modality therapy for adults with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types).

Between June 1979 and June 1984 18 adult patients with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (SNCL) (diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma, Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types of the Rappaport classification) were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, midcycle high-dose methotrexate, and intrathecal methotrexate. Early in the course of treatment, hyperfractionated radiotherapy (125 cGy, every two days, for 1,500 to 2,250 centigray [cGy]) was administered to unresected masses greater than 10 cm in their greatest dimension. Chemotherapy was administered every 21 days for six to ten cycles. Treatment was generally well tolerated; however, one patient died of probable tumor lysis syndrome. With a median follow-up of 1.2 years, actuarial survival was 66.8% and relapse-free survival (RFS) was 71.3% for the entire group. All treatment failures and deaths occurred in patients with stage D disease. RFS projected at 2 years was 100% for stages A and AR and 60.6% for stage B, C, and D (P = .13 Gehan). Two-year RFS for patients with stage A, AR, B, or C disease was 100 v 41% for those with stage D disease. Patients with adverse prognostic features (n = 7)--unresected bulk measuring greater than 10 cm, pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 500 IU/L (normal, 200) or involvement of CNS or bone marrow--had a projected RFS of 28.6% compared with 100% for those patients without these features (P = .002 Gehan). Too few patients received induction radiotherapy to assert its role in therapy. By using aggressive multiagent therapy, cure can be expected in a high percentage of adults with SNCL. In the subset with adverse prognostic features, more effective therapy is necessary.

Numbers of host "helper" T cells and proliferating cells predict survival in diffuse small-cell lymphomas.

Diffuse small-cell lymphomas of B-lineage comprise a group of immunophenotypically related lymphoid malignancies that display variable clinical aggressiveness. We compared a variety of clinical, pathologic, and immunologic characteristics of 64 B-lineage diffuse small-cell lymphomas to patient survival in an effort to define prognostically relevant subtypes of these neoplasms. Neither clinical parameters nor histological subclassification correlated with patient outcome. In contrast, three immunologic features of these lymphomas showed a statistically significant relationship with actuarial survival. Neoplasms that manifested greater than or equal to 25% Ki-67+ cells (proliferation-associated antigen), less than 25% Leu 4+ cells (pan-T antigen), or less than 15% Leu 3+ cells (helper/inducer T-subset antigen) were associated with significantly decreased patient survival as compared to neoplasms with the reverse phenotype (P = .02, P = .003, P = .0005, respectively). Leu 3 findings were of particular importance in initial biopsies (P = .0007), while the Ki-67 findings were significant regardless of time of biopsy (P = .01 for biopsies at diagnosis and P = .004 for other biopsies). These data indicate that immunologic analysis can demonstrate subsets of diffuse small-cell lymphoma with different biologic potential, and suggest that such analysis be included in the routine work-up of patients with this type of neoplasm.

Treatment of stage IE primary lymphoma of bone.

PURPOSE: A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of various treatments of Stage IE primary non-Hodgkins lymphoma of bone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-three patients with Stage IE primary non-Hodgkins lymphoma of bone (single osseous focus) were seen at our institution between the years 1970 and 1989. Information was obtained regarding each patients' presentation and clinical course. The histology was reviewed in all patients. Modern immunohistochemical stains were performed on each case with available paraffin-embedded tissue. RESULTS: The histologic classification of the tumors was as follows: 43 diffuse large cell, 13 diffuse mixed cell, 3 small noncleaved, and 4 unclassified. The most common presenting symptom was pain (97%) and the following bony sites were involved: 36 long bone, 9 flat bone, 13 spine, and 5 pelvis. Of the 63 cases, 50 were treated with radiation alone, 10 with chemotherapy and radiation, 2 with chemotherapy alone, and 1 with surgery alone. Univariate analysis revealed a suggestion of an improved 5-year disease-free survival for patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation vs. radiation alone (90% vs. 57% respectively, p = .08). Multivariate analysis (controlling for extent of initial evaluation, extent of pathological evaluation and other potential prognostic factors) showed that neither treatment resulted in superior outcome with respect to disease-free survival, disease specific survival, or overall survival, however, doses of radiation greater than 4000 cGy resulted in improved overall survival compared to lower doses (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study supports the use of primary RT (> 4000 cGy) for Stage IE PLB, however, the addition of chemotherapy to the radiotherapeutic management may decrease the initial relapse rate of some patients. Future studies should address this question.

Uterus-like mass of the small intestine. Heterotopia or monodermal teratoma?

A 12-year-old girl with multiple lower-intestinal and urogenital tract anomalies and a past history of sacrococcygeal teratoma had an intramural mass of the ileum discovered as an incidental finding at surgery. The predominant mass had the features of the uterine fundus and two smaller contiguous nodules resembled the fallopian tube. A normal uterus and ovaries were observed at surgery. Somewhat similar lesions have been reported in the past in the ovary, ileum, scrotum, and possibly the bladder. Neither the metaplastic nor malformational theories are entirely satisfactory, yet they can be stated for most examples of heterotopias or choristomas.

Splenic mesothelial cysts mimicking lymphagiomas.

Lymphangiomas of the spleen may occur as part of lymphangiomatosis or may represent solitary lesions. Solitary splenic lymphangiomas are described traditionally as subcapsular, multicystic proliferations that are often incidental findings. Six cases of splenic tumors with morphologic features similar to those described for solitary lymphangioma were studied using an immunohistochemical panel that included epithelial and vascular markers. None of the patients had evidence of lymphangiomatosis, and all tumors were incidental findings in splenectomy specimens. All cases demonstrated lining cells that were positive for keratin and the mesothelial cell-associated antibody HBME-1 but were negative for the vascular markers Factor VIII-related antigens, CD31, and CD34. The immunohistochemical findings are suggestive of a mesothelial derivation of these multicystic proliferations rather than representing true lymphangiomas.

Splenic vascular tumors: a histologic, immunophenotypic, and virologic study.

Vascular tumors of the spleen include several different entities, some of which are unique to that organ. Twenty-two such proliferations were studied, including 10 hemangiomas, six littoral cell angiomas, four angiosarcomas, and two hamartomas. The hemangiomas included seven with localized tumors and three with diffuse angiomatosis of the spleen. All cases were studied by paraffin section immunohistochemistry with a large panel of antibodies. In addition, all cases were studied for the presence of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) using the polymerase chain reaction. The morphologic findings were similar to those previously reported. All proliferations were vimentin positive, and one angiosarcoma was focally keratin positive. All cases reacted for CD31, whereas 20 of 22 were positive for von Willebrand's factor and 19 of 22 were positive for Ulex europeaus. CD34 expression in lining cells was identified in 10 of 10 hemangiomas, two of four angiosarcomas, and one of two hamartomas, whereas all six cases of littoral cell angioma were negative. CD68 was expressed in all cases of littoral cell angioma but was also positive in all three diffuse hemangiomas, two of seven localized hemangiomas, and two of four angiosarcomas. CD21 expression was restricted to the lining cells of littoral cell angioma, and CD8 expression was only identified in two of two hamartomas and two of four angiosarcomas. KSHV was not detected in any of the cases. These findings suggest that there are distinct immunophenotypic as well as morphologic features of splenic vascular tumors. Littoral cell angiomas have a characteristic CD34-/CD68+/CD21+/CD8- immunophenotype and hamartomas have a characteristic CD68-/CD21-/CD8+ phenotype. The frequent CD68 expression in diffuse hemangioma suggests an immunophenotypic difference from localized hemangioma of the spleen.

The "syncytial variant" of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease.

The histologic and immunologic features of an unusual morphologic expression of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease, which ahs been termed the "syncytial variant," are described. In biopsy material from 18 cases, numerous Reed-Sternberg cell variants were observed in sheets and cohesive clusters, and at least focal evidence of nodular sclerosis was present in each case. The granulocyte antibody anti-Leu M1 reacted with antigenic determinants in Reed-Sternberg cells and atypical variants thereof in 13 of the 18 cases; the lack of staining with antibodies reactive with the leukocyte common (T200) antigen (PD7/26), keratin (AE1), and S100 protein (polyclonal anti-S100) was helpful in excluding non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, carcinoma, and melanoma, respectively. This unusual form of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease is important to recognize, since it may simulate metastatic neoplasms, thymoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Evidence of immunophenotypic diversity and relationship to Epstein-Barr virus infection.

We studied open-lung biopsies from 17 patients with pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) using paraffin-section immunostains and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) RNA in situ hybridization to assess the phenotype of these unique tumors and to clarify the role of EBV infection. Histologically, all cases demonstrated the characteristic mixed mononuclear cell infiltrate of lymphomatoid granulomatosis with variable numbers of cytologically atypical large lymphoid cells in a background of small lymphocytes. Paraffin-section immunostains in all cases showed a predominance of T lymphocytes. A minor population of CD20-positive large B lymphocytes was identified in 11 cases; immunoglobulin light-chain restriction was demonstrated in four of these and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in another case. Nuclear labelling for EBV RNA was detected in 10 of these 11 cases and was confined to the population of large B lymphocytes. Staining for CD20 was absent in the remaining six cases, as was nuclear labeling for EBV RNA. However, the large atypical lymphoid cells stained for T-cell-lineage-specific antibodies in three of these cases. We conclude that some cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis are B-cell lymphoma associated with EBV infection, whereas others are of T-cell origin and are probably unrelated to EBV infection.

Pathologic and clinical features of primary pulmonary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type.

We reviewed pathologic, phenotypic, and clinical features of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type primarily involving lung to address unresolved questions regarding behavior and pathologic features of unambiguously diagnosed pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Lung specimens from 50 patients were reviewed. Forty-one had low-grade MALT lymphoma. Nine had low-grade MALT lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patients included 32 women and 18 men with a median age of 68 years (range 34-88 years). Half of the patients were asymptomatic at the time lymphoma was diagnosed. Radiographic abnormalities were more commonly unilateral (37 patients) than bilateral (12 patients). Localized masses or nodules occurred in 39 patients. Associated autoimmune disorders (29%) and monoclonal gammopathies (43%) were common. Low-grade lymphomas formed intraparenchymal masses composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and plasma cells that formed lymphoepithelial lesions and exhibited a lymphangitic growth pattern. Mediastinal lymph nodes were involved histologically in 44% of cases. Lymphoma-specific survival was 71.7% at 10 years, and overall survival was significantly worse than age-and gender-matched control patients. None of the following features predicted those patients who had an adverse outcome: systemic symptoms, presence of autoimmune disorders or paraproteinemia, anatomic distribution and number of pulmonary lesions, lymph node involvement, or presence of anthracycline-treated large B-cell lymphoma.

Detection of t(2;5) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma: comparison of immunohistochemical studies, FISH, and RT-PCR in paraffin-embedded tissue.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is associated with the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) and the nucleophosmin gene (NPM), which result in expression of a novel fusion protein, NPM-ALK (p80). Clinicopathologic studies have shown that ALK expression in ALCL is associated with improved 5-year survival rates when compared with ALCL lacking ALK expression. This study used paraffin-embedded tissue to compare interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of t(2;5) with immunohistochemical analysis for the detection of ALK protein expression in 27 patients with CD30-positive ALCLs. ALK protein expression was detected with ALK1 antibody in 14 of the 27 patients. The neoplastic cells in 13 of these 14 lymphomas reacted with the p80NPM/ALK antibody. FISH, using a two-color ALK DNA probe, correlated 100% with the immunohistochemical results: a translocation involving the ALK gene was detected in all 14 lymphomas that reacted with anti-ALK1. RT-PCR, performed on 21 lymphomas, detected NPM-ALK mRNA in five of the lymphomas, all of which reacted with anti-ALK1 and showed ALK gene rearrangement by FISH. Lymphomas showing ALK1 reactivity occurred in a younger patient population (median age, 19.5 years) and were associated with improved 5-year survival rates (84%), as compared with lymphomas lacking ALK1 reactivity (median age, 68.0 years; 5-year survival rate, 35%; p = 0.008). We conclude that immunohistochemical studies, using antibody ALK1. and FISH for ALK gene rearrangement are equally effective for identifying patients with ALCL who have a favorable clinical outcome.

Herpes simplex infection causing acute necrotizing tonsillitis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and pathologic features of acute herpetic tonsillitis and to compare the histologic findings with those of herpetic lymphadenitis. DESIGN: We present a case report of a 22-year-old woman with bilateral cervical adenopathy, acute tonsillitis, and suspected peritonsillar abscess. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Histologic examination of the excised tonsils demonstrated discrete necrotic areas that contained cells with intranuclear viral inclusions. RESULTS: The diagnosis of herpetic tonsillitis was confirmed by demonstrating herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells on paraffin section immunostains and by positive HSV cultures of the tonsillar tissue. CONCLUSION: HSV infection is an uncommon cause of acute tonsillitis; the histologic findings are similar to those seen in herpes simplex lymphadenitis.

Adrenal insufficiency as a manifestation of disseminated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics, laboratory features, and outcome in five patients who had biochemically proven adrenal insufficiency attributable to pathologically confirmed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients at Mayo Clinic Rochester during the period from 1976 to 1994 to identify those with both NHL, as listed in the surgical pathology tissue registry, and adrenal insufficiency. Histologically, the patients were classified on the basis of the working formulation and the revised European-American lymphoma classification. RESULTS: Three patients had diffuse large cell NHL, one patient had small noncleaved NHL, and one patient had cutaneous T-cell NHL. All five patients had stage IV disease. Adrenal insufficiency was confirmed by morning and evening determinations of serum cortisol levels and cosyntropin stimulation tests. All patients demonstrated loss of circadian rhythm. The median age of the patients was 77 years (range, 60 to 89). Three of the five patients died without treatment from 5 to 22 days after assessment. One patient died of a cerebrovascular accident. Despite initiation of chemotherapy, two patients died of progressive NHL at 7 weeks and 7 months. CONCLUSION: In our experience, biochemically proven adrenal insufficiency in patients with NHL is a manifestation of clinically advanced disease in elderly patients. A stepwise diagnostic approach is critical for the appropriate management of such patients.

Proliferative rates of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas as assessed by Ki-67 antibody.

The Ki-67 antibody, a monoclonal antibody that reacts with nuclei in actively proliferating cells, was used in an immunohistochemical study to assess the growth fractions of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and related disorders. The lowest proliferative indices were found in small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia and intermediate lymphocytic/mantle zone lymphoma. An intermediate proliferative index was seen in the follicular lymphomas and diffuse small cleaved cell and diffuse mixed cell lymphomas. A high index was seen in the diffuse large cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma. The highest and most consistent proliferative index was seen in small noncleaved cell lymphoma. Cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia had a significantly higher proliferative index than those of follicular lymphoma. We conclude that the Ki-67 antibody has great utility in providing an estimate of the proliferative rate of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Prospective studies may show this information to have prognostic value independent of histologic classification.

Intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma: an immunophenotypic study with comparison to small lymphocytic lymphoma and diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma.

Sixteen cases of intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL), including eight cases with mantle zone architecture, were studied using cryostat sections, a biotin-avidin immunoperoxidase technique, and a large panel of monoclonal antibodies. The neoplastic cells invariably expressed IgM, most B lineage antigens (B1, TO15, Leu-12, 6A4, 41H, BA-1, and LN-2), and Ia. IgD was expressed in 12 cases. Leu-1 and Leu-8 were weakly expressed by the tumor cells in 12 and 11 cases, respectively. The neoplastic cells did not express common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) or the T10 antigen in any case. Because ILL is difficult to differentiate from small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL) on the basis of light microscopic criteria, the immunologic findings of ILL were compared to 31 cases of B cell SLL and 11 cases of B cell DSCCL previously studied in the laboratory to determine if immunologic findings might aid in the distinction. No absolute, and five statistically significant, differences were found; IgD in combination with IgM was seen more commonly in cases of ILL and DSCCL than in SLL (P less than .01), IgG was found more often in SLL than in ILL and DSCCL (P less than .05), Leu-8 was more commonly expressed in ILL and SLL than in DSCCL (P less than .05), T9 expression was less frequent in ILL as compared with SLL (P less than .05) and more proliferating cells were seen in ILL and DSCCL than in SLL (P less than .01). The investigators conclude that these three classes of lymphoma are remarkable much more for their immunologic similarities than for their differences and that immunologic studies are of limited usefulness in differentiating the three neoplasms. Their results also support the concept that these lymphomas are closely related to each other. In particular, DSCCL immunologically appears to be more closely related to SLL and ILL than to follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma.

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in Hodgkin's disease.

An initial survey of biopsy specimens from 16 cases of Hodgkin's disease revealed clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in one specimen, which contained large numbers of Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells. As a result of this finding, the configuration of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene DNA was investigated in biopsy tissues from other cases that were histologically and immunophenotypically consistent with Hodgkin's disease and contained numerous R-S cells. In six of seven such specimens (all of the nodular sclerosing subtype), selected solely on the basis of high R-S cell content and sufficient frozen tissue for study, at least one immunoglobulin gene was found to be rearranged in a clonal manner. Additionally, tissue samples obtained at two different time points from the original patient who showed immunoglobulin gene rearrangements revealed identical patterns of rearrangement. In the majority of cases, only a single gene showed rearrangement, and the rearranged bands in Southern blot autoradiograms were usually considerably less intense than the germline bands. No rearrangements of T-cell receptor DNA were detected in any case with a probe for the beta T-cell receptor gene. The results suggest that clonal cell populations possessing uniform immunoglobulin gene rearrangements are present in tissue in some cases of Hodgkin's disease. It is not possible to determine which cells contain these rearranged genes, but the increased incidence of detectable rearrangements in cases with high numbers of R-S cell raises the possibility that immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs in these cells.

Comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for detection of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.

In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were compared for detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in routinely processed tissue. Fifty-four formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples infected with CMV (36 tissues) or HSV (18 tissues) from 30 autopsies were studied. All tissues had either positive viral cultures (38 of 54) or characteristic viral inclusions on hematoxylin and eosin examination (39 of 54). The tissues examined included lung (28), liver (nine), kidney (five), heart (three), adrenal (two), spleen (two), and thymus, pancreas, appendix, esophagus, and duodenum (one each). Studies by ISH were performed with two detection systems, using biotinylated probes to CMV and HSV (Enzo Biochem, New York, NY). Using ISH with an alkaline phosphatase detection system, infected cells were detected in 33 of 54 tissues (CMV: 23 of 36, HSV: 10 of 18). Using ISH with a peroxidase detection system, infected cells were identified in 30 of 54 tissues (CMV: 22 of 36, HSV: eight of 18). With IHC, antibodies to CMV and HSV stained the infected cells in 34 of 54 tissues (CMV: 24 of 36, HSV: 10 of 18). All infections detected with ISH were also detected with IHC. We conclude that these techniques for ISH and IHC are equally effective for detecting CMV and HSV in paraffin sections. The results of both techniques correlate better with viral inclusions than with culture results. The ISH stains are more difficult to prepare and in some cases are more difficult to interpret. Therefore, IHC may be preferable to ISH for detecting CMV and HSV in routine diagnostic work.