Pulmonary inflammatory leiomyosarcoma represents a potential diagnostic pitfall of DNA methylation-based classification of sarcomas: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary inflammatory leiomyosarcoma (PILMS) is a rare type of myogenic tumor with prominent lymphohistiocytic infiltration. Despite their histological similarities, PILMS is immunohistochemically and genetically distinct from soft tissue inflammatory leiomyosarcoma, and its clinicopathological picture including DNA methylome data remains still unknown. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we present a case of PILMS in an 18-year-old male who underwent lobectomy. As reported previously, the current case demonstrated spindle myoid cell proliferation with smooth muscle differentiation within a prominent lymphohistiocytic infiltration and a diploid genome with a MUC3A gene alteration. DNA methylation analysis predicted this case to be an "inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" (IMT) according to the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) classifier. The data was analyzed by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, which plotted the case tumor in the vicinity of IMT, however, there were no IMT histological features. These discordant results could be due to background non-neoplastic inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS: As the DNA methylation classification of PILMS might be a potential diagnostic pitfall, an integrative histological and genetic approach is required for its accurate diagnosis.

Modified open-thoracotomy-view approach in robotic-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection.

Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) is widely performed in thoracic surgery. The open-thoracotomy-view approach (OTVA) is one approach in RATS lung resection. OTVA is a good surgical approach that provides the same field of view as that with open thoracotomy and allows active participation of the assistant. However, the OTVA has certain limitations compared with other approaches, such as difficulty placing a robotic arm in the lower intercostal space, the assistant port is positioned further from the hilum, and CO2 insufflation is required. We have made some modifications to the OTVA by placing one of the robotic arms in the lower intercostal space, which enhances the operability for the surgeon without the need for CO2 insufflation. Additionally, by positioning the assistant port between the robotic arms, the assistant is closer to the hilum, and there is no requirement for a closed port owing to the absence of CO2 insufflation, resulting in improved performance by the assistant. Therefore, for the assistant to perform well, it is necessary to make modifications to the OTVA to widen the typically narrow space between the robotic arms. We performed lung resection using our modified 4-port 3-arm OTVA method in 20 patients from June 2022 to July 2023. Although we have not used our modified OTVA in a large number of cases, we have not observed critical issues to date. In this report, we introduce our modified OTVA as an option in RATS for lung resection.

Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm Diagnosed by Dynamic Digital Chest Radiography.

Pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAAs) are rare but clinically important because their rupture can cause sudden death. This report describes a case of an asymptomatic patient with an unruptured PAA that was successfully diagnosed by dynamic digital chest radiography (DDCR) and was treated surgically. DDCR is an advanced, temporally resolved radiographic technique that offers high-quality fluoroscopy-like images at a low radiation dose. Although noncontrast chest computed tomography revealed only a nonspecific nodule, DDCR delineated this lesion as a pulsatile nodule synchronized with cardiac pulsations, thereby establishing the diagnosis of PAA. This diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomographic pulmonary angiography and surgery.

Tuberculosis-associated chylothorax revealing an enlarged lymphatic duct due to tuberculosis lymphadenitis.

A 77-year-old woman presented to our hospital with complaints of persistent cough and low-grade fever for two months. On radiological analysis, she had moderate right-sided pleural effusion with right hilar and subcarinal lymphadenopathies. Thoracentesis showed chylothorax of unknown cause. Bronchoscopy revealed a non-specific inflammatory process. However, thoracoscopic surgery demonstrated a curiously enlarged lymphatic duct with its proximal portion compressed by subcarinal lymphadenopathies, pathologically diagnosed as granulomatous lymphadenitis. Hence, tuberculous lymphadenitis was proven to be the cause of chylothorax. Interestingly, cauterization of the lymphatic duct decreased the total amount of right-sided pleural effusion along with a change in colour from milky yellow to red. These were in favour of tuberculosis (TB)-associated chylothorax with the advent of the TB pleuritis. All symptoms and pleural effusion disappeared after the initiation of anti-tuberculous drugs. The present case showed definite evidence of TB-associated chylothorax development mechanism via compression of the lymphatic duct by mediastinal lymphadenopathies.

A severe combined immunodeficiency disease mouse model of human adenocarcinoma with lepidic-predominant growth.

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice with human lepidic adenocarcinoma were established by the intrabronchial implantation of fresh surgically resected specimens. Human pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue from 16 different cases was transplanted into SCID mice, and SCID mouse tumors were established from four of these cases (25%). Among the four tumors, the tumor cells of two SCID mice showed replacement lepidic growth of mouse alveolar structures accompanied by multiple intrapulmonary lesions. Human lung carcinoma cell lines showing lepidic growth are rare and the xenograft models using the SCID mouse model developed in the current study will be useful for analyzing the growth and/or progression patterns and clinical behavior of lepidic adenocarcinoma, the major histological subtype of human carcinoma of the lung.

Does postoperative serum interleukin-6 influence early recurrence after curative pulmonary resection of lung cancer?

PURPOSE: We examined the influence of inflammatory cytokine levels on postoperative early recurrence in patients who underwent curative lung cancer surgery. METHODS: In 107 patients who underwent curative pulmonary resections for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from November 2007 to June 2008, we measured serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels preoperatively, and on postoperative day (POD) 0, 1, and 2. Between July 2009 and August 2009, 1 year after the date of enrollment of the last patient, we investigated survival status of each patient and identified a group with recurrence. RESULTS: Among 107 patients, 29 patients developed recurrence with a mean follow-up of 18.1 months (range 14 to 21). P-stage was significantly more advanced in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.005). Serum IL-6 levels on POD 1 were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.007). In Cox's proportional hazards regression, P-stage and serum IL-6 levels on POD 1 were significant independent predicting factors for postoperative early recurrence (p = 0.006, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The higher the serum IL-6 levels on POD 1, the higher the risk of early postoperative recurrence, even when curative pulmonary resection can be accomplished in lung cancer patients.

Second primary digestive cancer after resection of lung cancer.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical findings of patients with second primary digestive cancers (SPDC) after the resection of lung cancer. METHODS: Among 772 patients who underwent resection of primary lung cancer at Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center between 1993 and 2002, 10 (1.3%) were diagnosed with SPDC during follow-up. These ten patients were classified into two groups based on whether the SPDC was incidentally (group I) or symptomatically (group S) diagnosed. RESULTS: The median interval to the detection of SPDC was 17 months in group I and 66 months in group S, and the disease was at an earlier stage in group I than in group S ( P = 0.008). Comparing body weight at the time of lung resection to that at the time of abdominal surgery, significant weight loss was evident in group S ( P = 0.009). The postoperative disease-specific survival rate was 100% in group I. No long-term survivor died of lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Special attention must be paid to the possibility of SPDC after the resection of lung cancer to improve the prognosis of patients with lung cancer.