Exploring the cognitive profiles related to unimodal auditory versus multisensory hallucinations in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Hallucinations can be experienced across multiple sensory modalities, but psychiatric studies investigating the cognitive mechanisms of hallucinations have been somewhat restricted to the auditory domain. This study explored the cognitive profiles of individuals experiencing multisensory hallucinations (MH) in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) and compared these to those experiencing unimodal auditory hallucinations (AH) or no hallucinations (NH). METHODS: Participants included SSD patients (n = 119) stratified by current hallucination status (NH, AH, MH) and nonclinical controls (NCs; n = 113). Group performance was compared across several cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem-solving, social cognition, and inhibition. RESULTS: The clinical groups performed worse than NCs but differences between the clinical groups were not evident across most cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed that the MH group was more impaired on the visual learning task compared to the NH (but not AH) group. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results suggest that impaired visual learning may be related to MH. This could be attributed to the presence of visual hallucinations (VH), or greater psychopathology, in this group. However, replication is needed, as well as the investigation of other potential cognitive mechanisms of MH.

The relationship between cognitive clusters and telomere length in bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are complex mental illnesses that are associated with cognitive deficits. There is considerable cognitive heterogeneity that exists within both disorders. Studies that cluster schizophrenia and bipolar patients into subgroups based on their cognitive profile increasingly demonstrate that, relative to healthy controls, there is a severely compromised subgroup and a relatively intact subgroup. There is emerging evidence that telomere shortening, a marker of cellular senescence, may be associated with cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between cognitive subgroups in bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum disorders and telomere length against a healthy control sample. METHODS: Participants included a transdiagnostic group diagnosed with bipolar, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 73) and healthy controls (n = 113). Cognitive clusters within the transdiagnostic patient group, were determined using K-means cluster analysis based on current cognitive functioning (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery scores). Telomere length was determined using quantitative PCRs genomic DNA extracted from whole blood. Emergent clusters were then compared to the healthy control group on telomere length. RESULTS: Two clusters emerged within the patient group that were deemed to reflect a relatively intact cognitive group and a cognitively impaired subgroup. Telomere length was significantly shorter in the severely impaired cognitive subgroup compared to the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study replicates previous findings of transdiagnostic cognitive subgroups and associates shorter telomere length with the severely impaired cognitive subgroup. These findings support emerging literature associating cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders to accelerated cellular aging as indexed by telomere length.

Measuring cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test versus cued task-switching.

PURPOSE: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the most common measure of cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa (AN), but task-switching paradigms are beginning to be utilized. The current study directly compared performance on a cued task-switching measure and the WCST to evaluate their association in participants with a lifetime diagnosis of AN, and to assess which measure is more strongly associated with clinical symptoms. METHODS: Forty-five women with a lifetime diagnosis of AN completed the WCST, cued color-shape task-switching paradigm, Anti-saccade Keyboard Task, Running Memory Span, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales short form and Eating Disorder Flexibility Index. RESULTS: There was no evidence of a significant association between WCST perseverative errors and cued task-switching switch costs. Results suggest lower working memory capacity is a determinant of higher perseverative error rate. When controlling for mood variables, neither cognitive flexibility measure was a significant independent predictor of symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide support for previous suggestions that WCST perseverative errors could occur due to difficulties with working memory, sensitivity to feedback, and issues with concept formation. Cued task-switching paradigms may provide a useful measure of cognitive flexibility for future eating disorders research by reducing task-specific confounds. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Case-control analytic study.

Understanding self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility in people with and without lifetime anorexia nervosa.

Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder associated with several cognitive difficulties including poor cognitive flexibility (i.e. difficulties in effectively adapting to changes in the environment and/or changing task demands). AN research has primarily assessed cognitive flexibility using neurocognitive tests, and little is known about the differences or similarities between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility. This study investigated the relationship between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility in people with no history of an eating disorder (n = 207) and people with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of AN (n = 19).Methods: Participants completed self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility through an online study.Results: No significant correlations were found between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility for either group of the sample, suggesting that these assessments may evaluate different aspects of cognitive flexibility. Further, negative mood and self-reported eating disorder symptoms were found to significantly relate to self-reported cognitive flexibility, but were not associated with performance on neurocognitive tests of cognitive flexibility.Conclusions: To provide a comprehensive understanding of perceived and objective cognitive flexibility in AN, future research and clinical assessments should include both self-report and neurocognitive assessments.

The Relationship between Negative Symptoms and Both Emotion Management and Non-social Cognition in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: There is ongoing debate regarding the relationship between clinical symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The present study aimed to explore the potential relationships between symptoms, with an emphasis on negative symptoms, and social and non-social cognition. METHOD: Hierarchical cluster analysis with k-means optimisation was conducted to characterise clinical subgroups using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms in n = 130 SSD participants. Emergent clusters were compared on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, which measures non-social cognition and emotion management as well as demographic and clinical variables. Spearman's correlations were then used to investigate potential relationships between specific negative symptoms and emotion management and non-social cognition. RESULTS: Four distinct clinical subgroups were identified: 1. high hallucinations, 2. mixed symptoms, 3. high negative symptoms, and 4. relatively asymptomatic. The high negative symptom subgroup was found to have significantly poorer emotion management than the high hallucination and relatively asymptomatic subgroups. No further differences between subgroups were observed. Correlation analyses revealed avolition-apathy and anhedonia-asociality were negatively correlated with emotion management, but not non-social cognition. Affective flattening and alogia were not associated with either emotion management or non-social cognition. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified associations between negative symptoms and emotion management within social cognition, but no domains of non-social cognition. This relationship may be specific to motivation, anhedonia and apathy, but not expressive deficits. This suggests that targeted interventions for social cognition may also result in parallel improvement in some specific negative symptoms.

Working Memory and Attention Influence Antisaccade Error Rate in Schizophrenia.

Objectives: Antisaccade error rate has been proposed to be one of the most promising endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Increased error rate in patients has been associated with working memory, attention and other executive function impairments. The relationship between antisaccade error rate and other neuropsychological processes in patients compared to healthy controls has not been explored in depth. This study aimed to replicate the finding of heightened antisaccade error rate in patients and determine which cognitive processes were most strongly associated with antisaccade error rate in both patients and controls. In addition, the study investigated whether different antisaccade task paradigms engage different cognitive processes. Methods: One hundred and ninety-one participants (54 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 137 controls) completed the antisaccade task, which included both gap and step task parameters. Neuropsychological measures were obtained using the MCCB and the Stroop task. Results: The current study replicated a pronounced antisaccade error rate deficit in patients. In patients, working memory variance was most significantly associated with antisaccade errors made during the step condition, while attentional processes were most associated with errors made during the gap condition. In controls, overall global cognitive performance was most associated with antisaccade rates for both gap and step conditions. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that in schizophrenia patients, but not controls, elevated antisaccade error rate is associated with attention and working memory, but not with global cognitive impairment or psychopathological processes. Our novel findings demonstrate that the gap and step conditions of the antisaccade task engage different cognitive processes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 174-183).

Exploring Heterogeneity on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Cluster Analytical Investigation.

OBJECTIVES: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a complex measure of executive function that is frequently employed to investigate the schizophrenia spectrum. The successful completion of the task requires the interaction of multiple intact executive processes, including attention, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and concept formation. Considerable cognitive heterogeneity exists among the schizophrenia spectrum population, with substantive evidence to support the existence of distinct cognitive phenotypes. The within-group performance heterogeneity of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) on the WCST has yet to be investigated. A data-driven cluster analysis was performed to characterise WCST performance heterogeneity. METHODS: Hierarchical cluster analysis with k-means optimisation was employed to identify homogenous subgroups in a sample of 210 schizophrenia spectrum participants. Emergent clusters were then compared to each other and a group of 194 healthy controls (HC) on WCST performance and demographic/clinical variables. RESULTS: Three clusters emerged and were validated via altered design iterations. Clusters were deemed to reflect a relatively intact patient subgroup, a moderately impaired patient subgroup, and a severely impaired patient subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable within-group heterogeneity exists on the WCST. Identification of subgroups of patients who exhibit homogenous performance on measures of executive functioning may assist in optimising cognitive interventions. Previous associations found using the WCST among schizophrenia spectrum participants should be reappraised. (JINS, 2019, 25, 750-760).

Do schizotypy dimensions reflect the symptoms of schizophrenia?

OBJECTIVE: The personality characteristics and symptoms observed in schizophrenia are postulated to lie on a continuum, with non-clinical manifestations referred to as schizotypy. High schizotypy behaviours are argued to correspond with the three main clusters of symptoms in schizophrenia: positive, negative and cognitive/disorganised symptoms, yet there is limited empirical evidence to support this. This study aimed to investigate whether schizotypy dimensions significantly correlate with their respective schizophrenia symptomatology in the largest sample to date. METHODS: A total of 361 adults (103 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 258 healthy controls) were assessed for schizotypy using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery supplemented by the Stroop task and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was administered to all participants to obtain objective measurements of cognition. Schizophrenia symptomatology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in patients only. RESULTS: The results demonstrated significant correlations between the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences positive and negative subscales and their respective Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale subscales only, indicating that positive and negative schizotypy dimensions across patients and controls accurately reflect the respective schizophrenia symptomatology observed in patients. Cognitive performance did not correlate with cognitive/disorganised symptom dimensions of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, indicating that cognitive impairment is an independent symptom dimension that requires objective cognitive testing. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the findings provide empirical evidence for the continuum theory and support the use of schizotypy as a model for investigating schizophrenia.

Exploring the conceptualisation, measurement, clinical utility and treatment of formal thought disorder in psychosis: A Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Formal Thought Disorder (FTD) is a recognised psychiatric symptom, yet its characterisation remains debated. This is problematic because it contributes to poor efficiency and heterogeneity in psychiatric research, with salient clinical impact. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate expert opinion on the concept, measurement and clinical utility of FTD using the Delphi technique. METHOD: Across three rounds, experts were queried on their definitions of FTD, methods for the assessment and measurement of FTD, associated clinical outcomes and treatment options. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 56 experts, demonstrating varying levels of consensus across different aspects of FTD. While consensus (>80 %) was reached for some aspects on the concept of FTD, including its definition and associated symptomology and mechanisms, others remained less clear. Overall, the universal importance attributed to the clinical understanding, measurement and treatment of FTD was clear, although consensus was infrequent as to the reasons behind and methods for doing so. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute to the still elusive formal definition of FTD. The multitude of interpretations regarding these topics highlights the need for further clarity with this phenomenon. Our findings emphasised that the measurement and clinical utility of FTD are closely tied to the concept; hence, until there is agreement on the concept of FTD, difficulties with measuring and understanding its clinical usefulness to inform treatment interventions will persist. Future FTD research should focus on clarifying the factor structure and dimensionality to determine the latent structure and elucidate the core clinical phenotype.

Evidence for the factor structure of formal thought disorder: A systematic review.

Disorganised speech, or, formal thought disorder (FTD), is considered one of the core features of psychosis, yet its factor structure remains debated. This systematic review aimed to identify the core dimensions of FTD. In line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a systematic review was conducted on the FTD factor analytic literature. Sixteen studies were identified from PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science between October 1971 and January 2023. Across the 39 factor analyses investigated, findings demonstrated the prominence of a three-factor structure. Broad agreement was found for two factors within the three-factor model, which were typically referred to as disorganisation and negative, with the exact nature of the third dimension requiring further clarification. The quality assessment revealed some methodological challenges relating to the assessment of FTD and conducted factor analyses. Future research should clarify the exact nature of the third dimension across different patient groups and methodologies to determine whether a consistent transdiagnostic concept of FTD can be elucidated.

A detailed examination of pitch discrimination deficits associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.

Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and a history of experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) exhibit poor pitch discrimination relative to those with an SSD but no AVH history. The present study extended this research, asking if a lifetime history, and the current presence, of AVH exacerbated the pitch discrimination challenges that are seen in SSD. Participants completed a pitch discrimination task, where the tones presented differed in pitch by either 2 %, 5 %, 10 %, 25 % or 50 %. Pitch discrimination accuracy, sensitivity, reaction time (RT) and intra-individual RT variability (IIV) were examined in individuals with SSD and AVHs (AVH+; n = 46), or without AVHs (AVH-; n = 31), and healthy controls (HC; n = 131). Secondary analyses split the AVH+ group into state (i.e., actively experiencing AVH; n = 32) and trait hallucinators (i.e., a history of, but not actively experiencing, AVH; n = 16). Relative to HC, significantly poorer accuracy and sensitivity was detected in individuals with SSD at 2 % and 5 % pitch deviants, and in hallucinators at 10 %; however, no significant differences in accuracy, sensitivity, RT nor IIV were found between AVH+ and AVH- groups. No differences between state and trait hallucinators were observed. A general SSD deficit drove the current findings. The findings may inform future research into the auditory processing capabilities of AVH+ individuals.

Comparing the impact of high versus low lockdown severity on the mental health of young people in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Young Australians have been differentially affected by lockdowns and social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study compared the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions for young people in two Australian states, Victoria and Queensland, with Victoria experiencing more days in lockdown and greater infection rates. An online survey was completed between 01/04/2021 and 31/07/2021 by 687 young people, aged 16 to 24 years; 337 from Victoria and 350 from Queensland. Levels of negative emotion feelings (as measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), and COVID-19 risk factors for negative emotions (such as financial hardship, education disruption, loneliness and household conflict), as well as protective factors (resilience and self-esteem) were compared between the Victorian and Queensland samples, also considering some early pandemic data and pre-pandemic norms. No significant differences in negative emotions were found between young people living in the two states, despite substantial differences in pandemic restrictions. The results indicated that young people in Queensland and Victoria had experienced similarly high levels of negative emotions, at levels also seen at the start of the pandemic in Victoria. This is of grave concern, requiring urgent attention as the pandemic continues.

COVID-19 news consumption and distress in young people: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges for the mental health of young people. The volume, negative content and potential for misinformation within COVID-19 related news can be an additional cause of distress. This systematic review aims to synthesise the research findings on the relationship between COVID-19 news and distress in young people. METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases were searched on 24 April 2021 for articles that contained empirical research examining the association between COVID-19 news consumption and mental health in samples of young people with a mean age between 10 and 24 years. RESULTS: The 13 included studies involved 760,474 participants in predominantly cross-sectional studies, with data collected during COVID-19 lockdowns across seven countries. Increased consumption of COVID-19 news was associated with a decline in mental health (n = 11). The results were more consistent for news obtained on social media with variation for traditional media sources. Misinformation may further explain the relationship. LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity across study methodologies, lack of longitudinal research and validated measures of news consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed literature supports the association between increased consumption of COVID-19 related news and decreased mental health in young people. This group may benefit from support to mitigate the psychological impacts of COVID-19 news. Future research should utilise longitudinal designs, ecological momentary assessments, and reliable/valid measures of news consumption to explore the negative mental health associated with COVID-19 news in young people.

Cognitive flexibility and the risk of anorexia nervosa: An investigation using self-report and neurocognitive assessments.

Impaired cognitive flexibility has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa (AN). The current study aimed to 1) investigate cognitive flexibility in people at various levels of risk of AN; and 2) compare people with a history of AN to people at different levels of risk of AN in cognitive flexibility. The sample comprised of 262 community participants (79% female) and 36 participants with a lifetime diagnosis of AN (97.2% female) aged between 18 and 64 years old. Participants completed self-report (the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short-form version, the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire, the Neuroticism Scale, and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory) and neurocognitive (the Trail Making Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) assessments online to evaluate eating disorder symptoms, depression, neuroticism, and cognitive flexibility. Using a cluster analysis, participants were allocated into low-, medium-, and high-risk of AN groups (n = 88, 128, 46, and 36 respectively). Although high-risk participants self-reported significantly poorer cognitive flexibility than the other risk groups, performance on the neurocognitive tasks was similar across groups. Further, participants with lifetime AN reported significantly poorer cognitive flexibility than the low-risk group. People at high-risk of AN may perceive themselves to have poorer cognitive flexibility compared to those at a lower risk of AN. These results have implications for early identification of people at high-risk of AN.

Assessing the dimensionality of scores derived from the Revised Formal Thought Disorder Self-Report Scale in schizotypy.

The current work explored the dimensionality and convergent validity of responses to Barrera et al.'s (2015) 29-item Formal Thought Disorder-Self Scale (FTD-SS) obtained in two non-clinical samples. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted in Sample 1 (n = 324), yielding evidence of three correlated factors, although simple structure was not achieved until nine items were removed. Support for the correlated three factors model of responses to the revised 20-item scale (FTD-SS-R) was replicated when a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in Sample 2 (n = 610). Finally, convergent associations were found between FTD-SS-R scores and scores from other schizotypy measures across both samples, though these measures only explained half of the variance in FTD-SS-R scores. Additional research is needed to evaluate the appropriateness of the items and incremental validity of the scale in non-clinical samples.

Investigating predictors contributing to the expression of schizotypy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major disruptions to social and other forms of functioning, which may influence schizotypy expression. The current study aimed to explore possible distal and proximal predictors contributing to schizotypy in a sample of the Australian general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COvid-19 and you: mentaL heaLth in AusTralia now survEy (COLLATE) project is an online mental health study aimed at tracking key mental health indicators over the progression of the pandemic. Adults residing in Australia were invited to take part using non-discriminative snowball sampling. Demographic-clinical information was collected for 850 participants in either October 2020 or January 2021. To assess schizotypy facets, the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-Extended (LSHS-E) and Peters Delusions Inventory (PDI-21) were used to measure hallucination and delusion proneness respectively. Generalised linear models (with gamma and negative binomial distributions) were employed. Age, negative emotions and loneliness significantly contributed to both hallucination and delusion proneness; gender, education and religiosity also significantly contributed to delusion proneness, in the final regression models. Our study corroborated the specific contribution of loneliness, amongst other factors, in the prediction of schizotypy facets. Tackling loneliness represents a public health challenge that needs to be urgently addressed, especially in the face of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Surviving the COVID-19 pandemic: An examination of adaptive coping strategies.

The mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been significant in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate coping strategies that individuals have adopted to assist them through this stressful period. Survey data collected in September and December 2020 as part of a larger study (the COLLATE project) were analysed. The number of adaptive coping strategies endorsed by respondents had a significant negative relationship with depression and a significant positive relationship with resilience. Females tended to use more of these strategies than men, as did people who said their mental health had improved rather than deteriorated because of the COVID-19 restrictions imposed by government. Specific adaptive coping strategies differed for those with and without a mental illness. People with a mental illness were more likely to seek professional and online help, while people without a mental illness were more likely to use self-help. Focusing on what one is grateful for and keeping oneself productively occupied ("using the time to do things around the house") were the most beneficial coping strategies in terms of alleviating depression, anxiety and stress. Public health messaging promoting adaptive coping strategies may be useful in bolstering the mental health of individuals during lockdown periods. In particular, the promotion of coping flexibility should be recommended rather than the frequent use of the same coping strategies.

No influence of sex on the relationship between schizotypy factors and executive control across the schizophrenia spectrum.

Sex differences in symptoms and executive control across schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are consistently reported. Similarly, these findings of sex differences are also observed in schizotypy, that is, schizophrenia-like features occurring in healthy individuals in the absence of a clinical diagnosis. This study aimed to examine the relationships between performance on three major domains of executive control: performance monitoring, response inhibition, and cognitive set-shifting, and schizotypy factor scores in both SSD patients and healthy controls (HCs), and whether sex moderated any relationships observed. A total of 111 (67 males and 44 females) patients with SSD and 258 (129 males and 129 females) HCs were included in this study. Schizotypal personality traits (in both SSD and HC) was assessed using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). Executive control performance was assessed using seven tasks. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that performance on cognitive set-shifting tasks was significantly associated with the introvertive anhedonia, cognitive disorganisation, and unusual experiences subscales of the O-LIFE. When sex was examined as a moderator, it was not a significant moderator of any of the relationships between cognitive set-shifting tasks and schizotypy factors. The results suggest that independent of sex, cognitive set-shifting ability is associated to an increased vulnerability to schizotypal personality traits, although performance monitoring and response inhibition did not.

Psychological-health correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID pandemic.

Background: While physical inactivity is associated with adverse psychological outcomes, less is known about the psychological outcomes associated with sedentary behaviour, and specifically, its mentally active and passive forms. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a unique opportunity to study associations between these variables in light of widespread stay-at-home mandates and restrictions on outdoor exercise/social activities. Using a cross-sectional dataset acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, we examined whether physical activity and sedentary behaviour were associated with subjective quality of life (sQoL) and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depressive symptoms. Methods: 658 participants (males = 169, females = 489) self-reported data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in an online survey during May 2020-May 2021. Data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (both mentally active and passive types) was compared according to whether it was collected during or out of a lockdown period. Regression models were used to test associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with sQoL and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depression severity. Results: Physical activity was beneficially associated with sQoL, whereas sedentary behaviour (both total hours and the reduction of mentally active/increase in mentally passive behaviour) was detrimentally associated with sQoL. These associations were mediated by depression severity. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were also indirectly associated with subjective cognitive dysfunction by virtue of their associations with depression severity. Conclusions: There are important differences in the psychological correlates of mentally passive and active sedentary behaviours. Our findings suggest that health promotion strategies should focus on not only increasing physical activity but also reducing passive sedentary behaviours as a means of maintaining good psychological health.

Evidence that a working memory cognitive phenotype within schizophrenia has a unique underlying biology.

It is suggested studying phenotypes within the syndrome of schizophrenia will accelerate understanding the complex molecular pathology of the disorder. Supporting this hypothesis, we have identified a sub-group within schizophrenia with impaired working memory (WM) and have used Affymetrix™ Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays to compare their blood RNA levels (n=16) to a group of with intact WM (n=18). Levels of 72 RNAs were higher in blood from patients with impaired WM, 11 of which have proven links to the maintenance of different aspects of working memory (cognition). Overall, changed gene expression in those with impaired WM could be linked to cognition through glutamatergic activity, olfaction, immunity, inflammation as well as energy and metabolism. Our data gives preliminary support to the hypotheses that there is a working memory deficit phenotype within the syndrome of schizophrenia with has a biological underpinning. In addition, our data raises the possibility that a larger study could show that the specific changes in gene expression we have identified could prove to be the biomarkers needed to develop a blood test to identify those with impaired WM; a significant step toward allowing the use of personalised medicine directed toward improving their impaired working memory.