Low soil moisture suppresses the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration.

The thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration contributes to a decrease in warming-induced enhancement of soil respiration over time, which could weaken the positive feedback between the carbon cycle and climate warming. Climate warming is also predicted to cause a worldwide decrease in soil moisture, which has an effect on the microbial metabolism of soil carbon. However, whether and how changes in moisture affect the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration are unexplored. Here, using soils from an 8-year warming experiment in an alpine grassland, we assayed the thermal response of microbial respiration rates at different soil moisture levels. The results showed that relatively low soil moisture suppressed the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration, leading to an enhanced response to warming. A subsequent moisture incubation experiment involving off-plot soils also showed that the response of microbial respiration to 100 d warming shifted from a slight compensatory response to an enhanced response with decreasing incubation moisture. Further analysis revealed that such respiration regulation by moisture was associated with shifts in enzymatic activities and carbon use efficiency. Our findings suggest that future drought induced by climate warming might weaken the thermal compensatory capacity of microbial respiration, with important consequences for carbon-climate feedback.

MiR-493-5p inhibits Th9 cell differentiation in allergic asthma by targeting FOXO1.

The role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) in asthma remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of miRNA in targeting FOXO1 in asthma. Results showed that miR-493-5p was one of the differentially expressed miRNAs in the PBMCs of asthmatic children, and was also associated with Th cell differentiation. The miR-493-5p expression decreased significantly in the OVA-induced asthma mice than the control groups. The miR-493-5p mimic inhibited the expression of the IL-9, IRF4 and FOXO1, while the inhibitor restored these effects. Moreover, the Dual-Luciferase analysis results showed FOXO1 as a novel valid target of miR-493-5p. According to the rescue experiment, miR-493-5p inhibited Th9 cell differentiation by targeting FOXO1. Then the exosomes in association with the pathogenesis of asthma was identified. Various inflammatory cells implicated in asthmatic processes including B and T lymphocytes, DCs, mast cells, and epithelial cells can release exosomes. Our results demonstrated that the DC-derived exosomes can inhibit Th9 cell differentiation through miR-493-5p, thus DC-derived exosomal miR-493-5p/FOXO1/Th9 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the development of asthma.

[Association of Haemophilus influenzae infection with environmental and climatic factors in Suzhou, China]. / è‹å·žåœ°åŒºæµæ„Ÿå—œè¡€æ†èŒæ„ŸæŸ“ä¸ŽçŽ¯å¢ƒæ°”å€™çš„ç›¸å ³å› ç´ åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory Haemophilus influenzae (HI) infection in children in Suzhou, China and its association with climatic factors and air pollutants. METHODS: The data on air pollutants and climatic factors in Suzhou from January 2016 to December 2019 were collected. Respiratory secretions were collected from 7 940 children with acute respiratory infection who were hospitalized during this period, and bacterial culture results were analyzed for the detection of HI. A stepwise regression analysis was used to investigate the association of HI detection rate with air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and climatic factors (monthly mean temperature, monthly mean humidity, monthly total rainfall, monthly total sunshine duration, and monthly mean wind speed). RESULTS: In 2016-2019, the 4-year overall detection rate of HI was 9.26% (735/7 940) among the children in Suzhou. The children aged <1 year and 1-<3 years had a significantly higher HI detection rate than those aged ≥3 years (P<0.01). The detection rate of HI in spring was significantly higher than that in the other three seasons, and the detection rate of HI in autumn was significantly lower than that in the other three seasons (P<0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that PM10 and monthly mean wind speed were independent risk factors for the detection rate of HI: the detection rate of HI was increased by 0.86% for every 10 µg/m3 increase in the concentration of PM10 and was increased by 5.64% for every 1 m/s increase in monthly mean wind speed. Air pollutants and climatic factors had a lag effect on the detection rate of HI. CONCLUSIONS: HI is an important pathogen for acute respiratory infection in children in Suzhou and is prevalent in spring. PM10 and monthly mean wind speed are independent risk factors for the detection rate of HI.

Molecular characterization of a RNA polymerase (RNAP) II (DNA directed) polypeptide H (POLR2H) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its role in response to high-pH stress.

RNA polymerase (RNAP) II (DNA-directed) (POLR2) genes are essential for cell viability under environmental stress and for the transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA. However, the function and characteristics of POLR2 genes in crustaceans are still unknown. In the present study, a POLR2H cDNA was isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and designated as Lv-POLR2H. The full-length Lv-POLR2H cDNA is 772 bp in length and contains a 32-bp 5'- untranslated region (UTR), a 284-bp 3'- UTR with a poly (A) sequence, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 456 bp encoding an Lv-POLR2H protein of 151 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 17.21 kDa. The Lv-POLR2H protein only contains one functional domain, harbors no transmembrane domains and mainly locates in the nucleus. The expression of the Lv-POLR2H mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all selected tissues, with the highest level in the gills. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis showed that Lv-POLR2H was mainly located in the secondary gill filaments, the transcript levels of Lv-POLR2H in the gills were found to be significantly affected after challenge by pH, low salinity and high concentrations of NO2- and NH4+, indicating that Lv-POLR2H in gill tissues might play roles under various physical stresses. Specifically, under high-pH stress, knockdown of Lv-POLR2H via siRNA significantly decreased the survival rate of the shrimp, indicating its key roles in the response to high-pH stress. Our study may provide the first evidence of the role of POLR2H in shrimp responding to high-pH stress and provides new insight into molecular regulation in response to high pH in crustaceans.

Preparation of molecular imprinted polymer based on attapulgite and evaluation of its performance for adsorption of benzoic acid in water.

In order to reduce the environmental impact of benzoic acid (BA), molecular imprinted polymers based on attapulgite were facilely prepared by molecular imprinted technique. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The adsorption performance, regeneration stability, and competitive selectivity of BA by benzoic acid-surface molecular imprinted polymers (BA-MIP) were systematically investigated by experiments. For this material, it has a high adsorption capacity of 41 mg/g and an equilibrium adsorption time of about 150 min. Compared with non-imprinted polymers, BA-MIP has a higher adsorption capacity for BA, and the dynamic adsorption behavior of BA by both of them conforms to the quasi-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation was fitted the isothermal adsorption experiment. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the adsorption process is an exothermic reaction. The adsorption capacity of BA first increases and then decreases with an increase in pH, and the maximum adsorption capacity is reached at pH = 5. BA-MIP also has excellent selective adsorption capacity and regeneration stability for BA.

Impact of RSV Coinfection on Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infections.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess epidemiological and clinical features of human bocavirus (HBoV) coinfection with other viruses. METHOD: Children coinfected with HBoV between January 2012 and December 2014 were enrolled and retrospectively reviewed. RESULT: A total of 984 patients were stratified into five groups: HBoV infection alone (n = 249), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection alone (n = 649), HBoV coinfection with RSV (n = 28), with human rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 39) and with other virus (n = 19). Length of hospitalization was longer in HBoV coinfection with RSV group than HBoV (9.0 days vs. 7.0 days, p = 0.001), RSV (9.0 days vs. 8.0 days, p = 0.016) infection alone group. Pneumonia was more common in the HBoV coinfection with RSV group compared with the HBoV, RSV infection alone group, respectively (75.0% vs. 44.2%, 31.3%, p < 0.001). HBoV DNA copy numbers (383 000 copies/ml) were positively correlated with the length of hospitalization (r = 0.334, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: HBoV coinfection with RSV increases HBoV infection severity.

[Detection of viral pathogens and allergens in infants and young children at high risk of asthma during a wheezing episode].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the viral etiology and allergen distribution in infants and young children at high risk of asthma during a wheezing episode. METHODS: A total of 135 infants and young children at high risk of asthma were enrolled who were admitted due to asthmatic bronchitis or asthmatic bronchopneumonia between April 2016 and August 2017. Fluorescent probe PCR was used to measure influenza A (Flu A), respiratory syncytium virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PinF), human rhinovirus (HRV), human partial lung virus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) in nasopharyngeal aspirates. ImmunoCAP was used to measure inhaled allergens, food allergens, and total IgE concentration. RESULTS: Among the 135 patients, the overall virus detection rate of nasopharyngeal aspirates was 49.6%, and HRV had the highest detection rate of 25.2%, followed by HBoV (9.6%), RSV (8.1%), PinF (5.9%), Flu-A (3.7%), ADV (1.5%) and hMPV (0.7%). The 1-3 years group had a significantly higher detection rate of HRV than the <1 year group (P<0.05). The positive rate of allergen screening was 59.3%, with 44% for inhaled allergens and 89% for food allergens. Among the inhaled allergens, dust mites had the highest positive rate of 77%, followed by mould (37%), pollen (26%) and animal dander (9%). Among the food allergens, egg white had a positive rate of 73% and milk had a positive rate of 68%. The <1 year group had a significantly higher positive rate of inhaled allergens than the 1-3 years group (P<0.05). The 1-3 years age group had a significantly higher level of T-IgE than the <1 year group (P<0.05). The positive virus group had a significantly higher positive rate of inhaled allergens than the non-virus group (P<0.05). The children with the second wheezing episode had significantly higher positive rates of inhaled allergens and food allergens and level of T-IgE than those with the first wheezing episode (P<0.05). The children with the second wheezing episode also had significantly higher positive rates of dust mites and mould than those with the first wheezing episode (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early HRV infection and inhaled allergen sensitization are closely associated with the development of wheezing in infants and young children at high risk of asthma.

OX40L induces helper T cell differentiation during cell immunity of asthma through PI3K/AKT and P38 MAPK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of OX40L in regulating helper T (Th) cells differentiation through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo experiments. METHODS: Serum samples of patients with asthma and healthy controls were used to explore the association between OX40L and Th cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum concentrations of OX40L, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17 and TGF-ß. Flow cytometry method was used to analyze Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. 3H-thymidine was used to determine the proliferation of T cells. Western Blot was used to detect protein expression and phosphorylation. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of OX40L in lung tissues. RESULTS: OX40L, IL-4, IL-17 increased in patient serum compared to healthy control and in the ovalbumin (OVA)-primed mononuclear cells compared to normal cells, while IFN-γ and TGF-ß were decreased. Besides, the OVA-primed CD4+ T cells treated with OX40L-Ig fusion protein promoted the proliferation of T cells and Th2 and Th17 cells differentiation as well as PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK signaling pathway, but suppressed Th1 and Treg cells differentiation. Moreover, helper T cells differentiation in OVA-primed CD4+ T cells could be markedly reversed by the addition of PI3K/AKT inhibition, p38 MAPK inhibition and anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we revealed that OX40L could regulate differentiation of helper T cells via PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in asthma. Besides, blockade of OX40/OX40L could inhibit the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and regulate polarization of helper T cells.

The role of miR-29c/B7-H3 axis in children with allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs play roles in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. However, the mechanism of miR-29c in allergic asthma remains unclear. This study is to elucidate the regulation of Th cell differentiation by miR-29c in mononuclear macrophages. METHODS: A total of 52 children with asthma exacerbation and 26 children as controls were enrolled in the study. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood. Differential expressions of microRNAs were evaluated using microarray analysis and miR-29c expression in monocytes was determined by qRT-PCR. The plasma B7-H3 was determined by ELISA. Transfection studies and luciferase reporter assay were performed to confirm target gene of miR-29c and its function. RESULTS: Compared to controls, 88 miRNAs in blood monocytes were up-regulated and 41 miRNAs down-regulated including miR-29c in asthma children. Children with asthma exacerbation had significantly lower level of miR-29c and higher level of plasma B7-H3 compared to controls (both P < 0.05). Functional studies based on luciferase reporter assay and immunofluorescence staining suggest that B7-H3 is the direct target of miR-29c and transfection anti-miR-29c into macrophages could enhance ROR-γt and GATA-3 expression in co-cultured CD4+ T cells and increase levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in supernatants. CONCLUSION: The axis of miR-29c/B7-H3 plays an important role in children with asthma through regulating Th2/Th17 cell differentiation and may provide new targets for treatment of asthma.

Associations between patient clinical characteristics and the presence of cytomegalovirus DNA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with recurrent wheezing.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in the Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with recurrent wheezing and to identify associations with certain patient clinical characteristics. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, pediatric patients (age < 36 months) admitted to Soochow University Hospital with recurrent wheezing (≥ 4 episodes of wheezing per year) were enrolled in the study. Cytomegalovirus DNA from their BALF was detected by real-time PCR. Subpopulations of blood immunoglobulins and T lymphocytes were quantified. The clinical characteristics of patients with and without BALF CMV DNA were compared. Comparisons of non-normally distributed continuous variables between groups were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Comparisons of frequency distributions were made using the Chi-squared test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate correlations between the number of CMV DNA copies and continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients aged 4 to 36 months (median 14.0 (IQR 8.0-22.0) months) were enrolled on to the study. Cytomegalovirus DNA was detected in 51.4% of patients (n = 111) with recurrent wheeze and was more prevalent among those aged 12 to 36 months with a positive modified asthma predictive index (mAPI) (n = 38, median 23.5 (IQR 19.7-31.2) months) than in those of the same age group with a negative mAPI (n = 25, median 15.0 (IQR 13.0-19.0) months) (57.9% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.003). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CMV DNA copy number [median 7560 (IQR 1200-71,150) copies/mL] was positively correlated with the duration of hospitalization (r = 0.33, p = 0.013), and negatively correlated with patient age (r = - 0.41, p = 0.002) and the percentage of BALF eosinophils (r = - 0.38, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: CMV infection or reactivation in children with recurrent wheeze is associated with certain clinical characteristics, including younger age and lower levels of BALF eosinophils. Higher CMV DNA copy numbers were associated with a longer duration of hospitalization. Further studies are needed to address whether specific antiviral treatment could be beneficial for BALF CMV positive patients.

Implicit sequence learning of chunking and abstract structures.

The current study investigated whether people can simultaneously acquire knowledge about concrete chunks and abstract structures in implicit sequence learning; and whether the degree of abstraction determines the conscious status of the acquired knowledge. We adopted three types of stimuli in a serial reaction time task in three experiments. The RT results indicated that people could simultaneously acquire knowledge about concrete chunks and abstract structures of the temporal sequence. Generation performance revealed that ability to control was mainly based on abstract structures rather than concrete chunks. Moreover, ability to control was not generally accompanied with awareness of knowing or knowledge, as measured by confidence ratings and attribution tests, confirming that people could control the use of unconscious knowledge of abstract structures. The results present a challenge to computational models and theories of implicit learning.

Increased concentrations of soluble B7-H3 and interleukin 36 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to explore the correlations of interleukin 36 (IL-36) and Soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with clinical characteristics and laboratory findings. METHODS: A total of 35 children with M. pneumnoiae pneumonia (MPP) and 15 control subjects were enrolled. BALF concentrations of sB7-H3 and IL-36 were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and clinical profiles of children with MPP were obtained. RESULTS: Children with MPP had significantly higher levels of sB7-H3 and IL-36 compared to control subjects (both P < 0.05). Meanwhile, children with pleural effusion had significantly higher levels of sB7-H3 and IL-36 compared to children without pleural effusion (both P < 0.05). BALF concentration of sB7-H3 was strongly associated with concentration of IL-36 (r = 0.796, P < 0.0001) and sB7-H3 was correlated with duration of fever (r = 0.427, P = 0.11) and length of stay (r = 0.345, P = 0.043). Both concentrations of sB7-H3 and IL-36 were significantly decreased in convalescent phase after treatment (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both soluble B7-H3 and IL-36 may play an important role in pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection and sB7-H3 could be useful as a prognostic predictor or biomarker of MPP.

ARF6 inhibition stabilizes the vasculature and enhances survival during endotoxic shock.

The vascular endothelium responds to infection by destabilizing endothelial cell-cell junctions to allow fluid and cells to pass into peripheral tissues, facilitating clearance of infection and tissue repair. During sepsis, endotoxin and other proinflammatory molecules induce excessive vascular leak, which can cause organ dysfunction, shock, and death. Current therapies for sepsis are limited to antibiotics and supportive care, which are often insufficient to reduce morbidity and prevent mortality. Previous attempts at blocking inflammatory cytokine responses in humans proved ineffective at reducing the pathologies associated with sepsis, highlighting the need for a new therapeutic strategy. The small GTPase ARF6 is activated by a MyD88-ARNO interaction to induce vascular leak through disruption of endothelial adherens junctions. In this study, we show that the MyD88-ARNO-ARF6-signaling axis is responsible for LPS-induced endothelial permeability and is a destabilizing convergence point used by multiple inflammatory cues. We also show that blocking ARF6 with a peptide construct of its N terminus is sufficient to reduce vascular leak and enhance survival during endotoxic shock, without inhibiting the host cytokine response. Our data highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking ARF6 and reducing vascular leak for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as endotoxemia.

[Association of T lymphocyte subsets and allergens with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by wheezing in infants and young children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the percentage of T lymphocyte subsets and allergen screening results in infants and young children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection complicated by wheezing. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of peripheral blood T cell subsets in 354 infants and young children with MP infection complicated by wheezing (MP wheezing group), 336 infants and young children with MP infection but without wheezing (MP non-wheezing group), and 277 children with recurrent wheezing (recurrent wheezing group). Allergen screening was also performed for these children. RESULTS: Both the MP wheezing group and recurrent wheezing group had significantly lower percentages of CD3+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes than the MP non-wheezing group (p<0.05). The MP groups with or without wheezing had a significantly higher percentage of CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes than the recurrent wheezing group (p<0.05). Both the MP wheezing group and recurrent wheezing group had significantly higher percentages of CD3-CD19+ and CD19+CD23+ lymphocytes than the MP non-wheezing group (p<0.05), and the recurrent wheezing group had the highest percentages (p<0.05). The overall positive rate of food allergens was significantly higher than that of inhaled allergens (30.3% vs 14.7%; p<0.05). The positive rates of food and inhaled allergens in the recurrent wheezing group and MP wheezing group were significantly higher than in the MP non-wheezing group (p<0.05), and the recurrent wheezing group had the highest rates. CONCLUSIONS: Imbalance of T lymphocyte subsets and allergic constitution play important roles in the pathogenesis of MP infection complicated by wheezing in infants and young children.

Alleviating Coral Thermal Stress via Inoculation with Quorum Quenching Bacteria.

In the background of global warming, coral bleaching induced by elevated seawater temperature is the primary cause of coral reef degradation. Coral microbiome engineering using the beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMCs) has become a hot spot in the field of coral reef conservation and restoration. Investigating the potential of alleviating thermal stress by quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria may provide more tools for coral microbial engineering remediation. In this study, QQ bacteria strain Pseudoalteromonas piscicida SCSIO 43740 was screened among 75 coral-derived bacterial strains, and its quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) compound was isolated and identified as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP). Then, the thermal stress alleviating potential of QQ bacteria on coral Pocillopora damicornis was tested by a 30-day controlled experiment with three different treatments: control group (Con: 29 °C), high temperature group (HT: 31 °C), and the group of high temperature with QQ bacteria inoculation (HTQQ: 31 °C + QQ bacteria). The results showed that QQ bacteria SCSIO 43740 inoculation can significantly mitigate the loss of symbiotic algae and impairment of photosynthesis efficiency of coral P. damicornis under thermal stress. Significant difference in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities between HT and HTQQ was not observed. In addition, QQ bacteria inoculation suppressed the coral microbial community beta-dispersion and improved the stability of microbial co-occurrence network under thermal stress. It was suggested that QQ bacteria inoculation can alleviate coral thermal stress via reshaping microbial interaction and maintain community stability of coral microbiome. This study provided new evidence for the probiotic function of QQ bacteria in corals, which shedding light on the development of new microbiological tools for coral reef conservation.

Effects of prolonged face mask use among patients with hypertension or diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the impacts of prolonged mask use on patients with hypertension or diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study included patients with hypertension or diabetes who visited the outpatient department of Nanjing Yimin Hospital between 1 February 2022 and 31 January 2023. We compared the change in blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma glucose in patients with hypertension or diabetes and adjustments to treatment between the group with prolonged mask-wearing group (≥20 hours/week) and the control group (<20 hours/week). RESULTS: Compared with the control group of hypertensive patients, the prolonged mask-wearing group had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). These two groups had had similar DBP and MAP 1 year earlier. Likewise, the prolonged mask-wearing group of patients with diabetes had a greater need than the control group for upgraded treatment to reach their therapeutic goals. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that prolonged mask use by patients with hypertension or diabetes has negative effects on hypertension and plasma glucose control. BP and plasma glucose monitoring should be improved in these patient populations and their treatment should be adjusted in a timely manner.

Simultaneous aerobic nitrogen and phosphate removal capability of novel salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4: Characterization, mechanism and application potential.

A salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4, was isolated from brackish-water ponds showing simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal capability. The optimal conditions for nitrogen and phosphate removal of strain A4 were pH 7-8, carbon/nitrogen ratio 10, phosphorus/nitrogen ratio 0.2, temperature 30 °C, and salinity range of 0-5 % using sodium succinate as the carbon source. The nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies were 96-100 % and 88-96 % within 24 h, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphate removal processes were matched with the modified Gompertz model, and the underlying mechanisms were confirmed by the activities of key metabolic enzymes. Under 10 % salinity, the immobilization technology was employed to enhance the nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies of strain A4, achieving 87 % and 76 %, respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of strain A4 in both freshwater and marine culture wastewater treatment.

Intervention with ICOSL Antibodies Alleviates Inflammatory Infiltrations in Mice with Neutrophilic Asthma.

Background: Neutrophilic asthma is characterized by the predominant infiltration of neutrophils in airway inflammation. Objective: To explore the therapeutic potential of an antibody against the inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL) in a mouse model of neutrophilic asthma. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to different groups. They were then injected with ovalbumin (OVA)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce neutrophilic asthma. The mice were then treated with either anti-ICOSL (the I group), control IgG (the G group), or no treatment (the N group). Additionally, a control group of mice received vehicle PBS and was labeled as the C group (n=6 per group). One day after the last allergen exposure, cytokine levels were measured in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using ELISA. After analyzing and categorizing BALF cells, the lung tissues were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Results: Administering anti-ICOSL resulted in a significant decrease in the total number of inflammatory infiltrates and neutrophils found in BALF. Moreover, it led to a decrease in the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and IL-17 in both BALF and plasma. Additionally, there was an increase in IFN-γ levels in the BALF of asthmatic mice (p<0.05 for all). Treatment with anti-ICOSL also reduced lung interstitial inflammation, mucus secretion, and ICOSL expression in asthmatic mice. Conclusion: The treatment of anti-ICOSL effectively improved lung interstitial inflammation and mucus secretion in mice with neutrophilic asthma by restoring the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. These findings indicate that blocking the ICOS/ICOSL signaling could be an effective way to manage neutrophilic asthma.

[Etiology of acute respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children in Suzhou from 2005 to 2011].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the etiology of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in hospitalized children in Suzhou from 2005 to 2011. METHODS: A total of 10 243 hospitalized children with ARI in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from September 2005 to October 2011 were enrolled in the study. The clinical information was collected; and the nasopharyngeal aspiration fluid and serum samples were sent for multi-pathogen detection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus type A and B (IV-A, IV-B), parainfluenza virus type 1-3 (PIV-1-PIV-3) and adenovirus (ADV) were detected by direct immunofluorescence assay. Human bocavirus (HBoV), mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) were detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR while human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Sputum culture was applied to detect bacterial infection and quantitative ELISA was adopted to detect the specific antibodies of MP and CP. The results of the above detections were analyzed, and thereby to explore the prevalent pathogens among different aging children and the seasonal distribution and characteristics of the disease. RESULTS: At least one type of pathogen was detected in 5871 out of 10 243 hospitalized children and the overall positive rate was 57.32%; including 3326 virus samples with positive rate at 32.47% (3326/10 243), 2870 bacteria samples with positive rate at 28.02% (2870/10 243) and 2759 atypical pathogen samples,with positive rate at 26.94% (2759/10 243). MP was the most common pathogen,whose detected rate was 25.74% (2637/10 243). The median age of children with RSV (6 months) or PIV-3(8 months) infection was younger than the median age of all hospitalized children (12 months) (χ(2) = 380.992, 34.826, P < 0.05). While the median age of children with ADV (42 months), HBoV (14 months) or IV-A (24 months) infection was older than it of all hospitalized children (χ(2) = 83.583, 13.169, 18.012, P < 0.05). The median age of children with MP (30 months),streptococcus pneumoniae (17 months) or haemophilus parainfluenzae (21 months) infection was older than it of all hospitalized children (χ(2) = 728.299, 60.463, 8.803, P < 0.05). The detected rate of RSV in the groups of children aging less than 6 months, 7-12 months, 2-3 years, 4-5 years and over 6 years was separately 25.59% (840/3283), 17.05% (333/1953), 11.85% (310/2615), 6.68% (90/1347), and 2.87% (30/1045); which decreased while the age grew (χ(2) = 178.46, P < 0.01). Conversely, the positive rate of MP increased with the age growing (χ(2) = 379.21, P < 0.01). The rate in the above groups was 8.25% (271/3283), 19.46% (380/1953), 33.00% (863/2615), 41.43% (558/1347), 54.07% (565/1045), respectively. RSV and IV-A were prevalent in winter, whose detected rates were 35.73% (941/2634) and 4.44% (117/2634) respectively.hMPV infection was common in spring, with the detected rate at 10.55% (278/2634); while HBoV infection was common in summer and autumn, with the positive rate at 9.99% (149/1491) and 9.71% (98/1009). MP and CP were frequently detected in summer, up to 31.27% (819/2619) and 10.07% (43/427) respectively. RSV was the most common pathogen in bronchiolitis (33.27% (866/2603)) and MP was the most common pathogen in bronchopneumonia (26.05% (1152/4422)) and lober pneumonia (52.25% (267/511)). CONCLUSION: MP and RSV were the most common pathogens in respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children. The novel virus included hMPV and HBoV, which also played an important role in ARI. Different pathogens were prevalent in different ages; with respective seasonal distribution and characteristics.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates among children in Suzhou, China.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is responsible for pneumococcal diseases with severe morbidity and mortality. High rates of drug resistance constitute serious public health concerns. Vaccination has proven to be an effective means of reducing disease burden. Epidemiological information of antibiotic susceptibilities and serotype distribution will be of great help to the management of pneumococcal infections. This study reported the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance pattern of SP in hospitalized children in Suzhou during the years 2017-2018. The aim is to reduce pneumococcal resistance and guide vaccination. Methods: The clinical data of hospitalized children with SP were collected and analyzed. A total of 2,446 strains of SP were isolated from these patients. Serotypes were determined using the Quellung reaction. Antibiotic resistance was tested using the E-test diffusion method. Results: The non-susceptible rates of the isolates to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime were 9.5%, 27.7%, and 27.2%, respectively. And 97.6% of SP isolates showed multidrug-resistant (MDR). The most common resistance pattern of non-invasive isolates was macrolides + sulfamethoxazole + clindamycin + tetracycline. The major serotypes of this resistance pattern were 6A, 23F, 6B, 19F, 15B. The most extensive resistance pattern of invasive isolates was macrolides + ß-lactams + sulfamethoxazole + clindamycin + tetracycline. The most common serotypes of the pattern were 19F, 19A, 6B, 23F, 6A. The most common serotypes were 19F (28.6%), 6B (11.9), 23F (11.2%), 6A (10.6%), and 19A (9.1%). In the isolates with MDR, the first five most common serotypes were 19F, non-vaccine serotype (NVT), 6B, 6A and 23F. Strains belonging to different serotypes exhibited distinct antimicrobial resistance patterns and were found to be associated with different diseases. The coverage rates of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)7 and PCV13 in all isolates reached 60.4% (310/513) and 80.9% (415/513), respectively. Conclusions: The main serotypes of SP in Suzhou were 19F, 6B, 23F, 6A, and 19A. The use of PCV13 is beneficial to children in Suzhou.