[Analysis of contemporary hospital infrastructure pertaining to infection prevention in Germany]. / Ausstattung mit Händedesinfektionsmittelspendern und Einbettzimmern in Hinblick auf die Infektionsprävention - eine Bestandsaufnahme in Krankenhäusern in Deutschland.

BACKGROUND: A high percentage of single-bed rooms and antiseptic hand rub dispensers in hospitals are required for infection prevention OBJECTIVE: Data acquisition of the hospitals' current status of infrastructure pertaining to infection prevention MATERIALS AND METHODS: A electronic questionnaire was sent in March 2015 to all hospitals participating in the nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS) to collect operational infrastructure data. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received from 621 hospitals (response rate 46 %) and provided data about the building infrastructure of 534 intensive care units and 621 representative medical wards. While most beds in the intensive care unit are equipped with an antiseptic hand rub dispenser at the bedside, only 31.5 % of the medical ward beds are so equipped. Moreover, only 27.1 % of intensive care beds and 6.4 % of medical ward beds are in single-bed rooms. The intensive care room size showed a median of 18 m² for single-bed rooms and 28 m² for two-bed rooms. In the medical wards, 28.2 % of the patient rooms are not equipped with an ensuite toilet. CONCLUSIONS: The paucity of bedside antiseptic hand rub dispensers in medical wards should be rectified at once to optimize hand hygiene compliance of health care workers. Likewise, the lack of single-bed rooms on medical wards and intensive care units should be considered when renovating old or planning new buildings in the near future.

[The structural and spatial design of German intensive care units from the point of view of infection control measures : Survey among ICU-KISS participants]. / Die bauliche Struktur der deutschen Intensivstationen aus dem Blickwinkel der Infektionsprävention : Eine Umfrage unter den ITS-KISS-Teilnehmern.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive care unit (ICU) structural and spatial design may play a role in infection prevention and control. METHODS: Between 09/2021 and 11/2021 we performed an online survey among ICUs in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. RESULTS: A total of 597 (40%) of the invited ICUs answered the survey; 20% of the ICUs were built before 1990. The median number of single rooms with interquartile range is 4 (IQR 2-6). The median total room number is 8 (IQR 6-12). The median room size is 19 (IQR 16-22) m2 for single rooms and 31 (26-37.5) m2 for multiple bed rooms. Furthermore, 80% of ICUs have sinks and 86.4% have heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems in patient rooms. 54.6% of ICUs must store materials outside of storage rooms due to lack of space and only 33.5% have a room dedicated to disinfection and cleaning of used medical devices. Comparing ICUs built before 1990 and after 2011 we could show a slightly increase of single rooms (3 [IQR 2-5] before 1990 vs. 5 [IQR 2-8] after 2011; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: A large proportion of German ICUs do not meet the requirements of German professional societies regarding the number of single rooms and size of the patient rooms. Many ICUs lack storage space and other functional rooms. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to support the construction and renovation of intensive care units in Germany with adequate funding.

The Influence of Ventilation Measures on the Airborne Risk of Infection in Schools: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: To review the risk of airborne infections in schools and evaluate the effect of intervention measures reported in field studies. BACKGROUND: Schools are part of a country's critical infrastructure. Good infection prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of infection in schools as much as possible, since these are places where many individuals spend a great deal of time together every weekday in a small area where airborne pathogens can spread quickly. Appropriate ventilation can reduce the indoor concentration of airborne pathogens and reduce the risk of infection. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the databases Embase, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect using keywords such as school, classroom, ventilation, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, SARS-CoV-2, and airborne transmission. The primary endpoint of the studies selected was the risk of airborne infection or CO2 concentration as a surrogate parameter. Studies were grouped according to the study type. RESULTS: We identified 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria, six of them intervention studies. When specific ventilation strategies were lacking in schools being investigated, CO2 concentrations were often above the recommended maximum values. Improving ventilation lowered the CO2 concentration, resulting in a lower risk of airborne infections. CONCLUSIONS: The ventilation in many schools is not adequate to guarantee good indoor air quality. Ventilation is an important measure for reducing the risk of airborne infections in schools. The most important effect is to reduce the time of residence of pathogens in the classrooms.