Single-centre review of the management of intra-thoracic oesophageal perforation in a tertiary oesophageal unit: paradigm shift, short- and long-term outcomes over 15 years.

BACKGROUND: Oesophageal perforation is an uncommon surgical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. The timing and type of intervention is crucial and there has been a major paradigm shift towards minimal invasive management over the last 15 years. Herein, we review our management of spontaneous and iatrogenic oesophageal perforations and assess the short- and long-term outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients presenting with intra-thoracic oesophageal perforation between January 2004 and Dec 2020 in a single tertiary hospital. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were identified with oesophageal perforations: 58.1% were male; mean age of 68.28 ± 13.67 years. Aetiology was spontaneous in 42 (56.76%), iatrogenic in 29 (39.2%) and foreign body ingestion/related to trauma in 3 (4.1%). The diagnosis was delayed in 29 (39.2%) cases for longer than 24 h. There was change in the primary diagnostic modality over the period of this study with CT being used for diagnosis for 19 of 20 patients (95%). Initial management of the oesophageal perforation included a surgical intervention in 34 [45.9%; primary closure in 28 (37.8%), resection in 6 (8.1%)], endoscopic stenting in 18 (24.3%) and conservative management in 22 (29.7%) patients. On multivariate analysis, there was an effect of pathology (malignant vs. benign; p = 0.003) and surgical treatment as first line (p = 0.048) on 90-day mortality. However, at 1-year and overall follow-up, time to presentation (≤ 24 h vs. > 24 h) remained the only significant variable (p = 0.017 & p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Oesophageal perforation remains a condition with high mortality. The paradigm shift in our tertiary unit suggests the more liberal use of CT to establish an earlier diagnosis and a higher rate of oesophageal stenting as a primary management option for iatrogenic perforations. Time to diagnosis and management continues to be the most critical variable in the overall outcome.

COVID-19 pandemic impacts on conservation research, management, and public engagement in US national parks.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the timing and substance of conservation research, management, and public engagement in protected areas around the world. This disruption is evident in US national parks, which play a key role in protecting natural and cultural resources and providing outdoor experiences for the public. Collectively, US national parks protect 34 million ha, host more than 300 million visits annually, and serve as one of the world's largest informal education organizations. The pandemic has altered park conditions and operations in a variety of ways. Shifts in operational conditions related to safety issues, reduced staffing, and decreased park revenues have forced managers to make difficult trade-offs among competing priorities. Long-term research and monitoring of the health of ecosystems and wildlife populations have been interrupted. Time-sensitive management practices, such as control of invasive plants and restoration of degraded habitat, have been delayed. And public engagement has largely shifted from in-person experiences to virtual engagement through social media and other online interactions. These changes pose challenges for accomplishing important science, management, and public engagement goals, but they also create opportunities for developing more flexible monitoring programs and inclusive methods of public engagement. The COVID-19 pandemic reinforces the need for strategic science, management planning, flexible operations, and online public engagement to help managers address rapid and unpredictable challenges.

Ursodeoxycholic acid in the management of symptomatic gallstone disease: systematic review and clinician survey.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic gallstones are common. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid that dissolves gallstones. There is increasing interest in UDCA for symptomatic gallstones, particularly in those unfit for surgery. METHOD: A UK clinician survey of use and opinions about UDCA in symptomatic gallstones was performed, assessing clinicians' beliefs and perceptions of UDCA effectiveness. A systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were searched for studies of UDCA for symptomatic gallstones (key terms included 'ursodeoxycholic acid'; 'UDCA'; 'biliary pain'; and 'biliary colic'). Information was assessed by two authors, including bias assessment, with independent review of conflicts. RESULTS: Overall, 102 clinicians completed the survey, and 42 per cent had previous experience of using UDCA. Survey responses demonstrated clinical equipoise surrounding the benefit of UDCA for the management of symptomatic gallstones, with no clear consensus for benefit or non-benefit; however, 95 per cent would start using UDCA if there was a randomized clinical trial (RCT) demonstrating a benefit. Eight studies were included in the review: four RCTs, three prospective studies, and one retrospective study. Seven of eight studies were favourable of UDCA for biliary pain. Outcomes and follow-up times were heterogenous, as well as comparator type, with only four of eight studies comparing with placebo. CONCLUSION: Evidence for UDCA in symptomatic gallstones is scarce and heterogenous. Clinicians currently managing symptomatic gallstone disease are largely unaware of the benefit of UDCA, and there is clinical equipoise surrounding the benefit of UDCA. Level 1 evidence is required by clinicians to support UDCA use in the future.

Dietetic-led management of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric banding: early results.

BACKGROUND: Optimal results of bariatric surgery are achieved when it is performed within a multidisciplinary team. Within this team, the dietician plays a key role before and after surgery in patient education and behaviour change. With long-term follow-up, the number of patients per surgeon increases exponentially. This study evaluated the outcomes of a dietician-only led management program for patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric banding in our unit. METHODS: Between April 2003 and November 2007, 1,335 patients underwent laparoscopic gastric banding in two hospitals by the same surgical team. Weight loss outcomes were compared for patients in a dietician-led management program against a surgeon/nurse specialist follow-up program with more frequent patient visits. For the dietician-led group, a standard protocol of six postoperative visits and two to three fluoroscopic adjustments was developed from referral until 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: There were 316 patients followed up in a dietician-led program. They were compared with the remaining patients who were followed up in a surgeon/ nurse specialist led program. The mean preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) for the dietetic-led subset was significantly higher (weight: 147.4 +/- 30.2; BMI: 52.8 +/- 8.9) compared with the remaining group (weight: 113.8 +/- 18.7; BMI: 41.6 +/- 5.2; p < 0.001: Mann-Whitney test). Percent BMI loss was initially lower in the dietician-led group, but this difference disappeared at the end of 24 months (p = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: A patient management program led by specialist dieticians is an effective way to manage large numbers of patients after laparoscopic gastric banding while maintaining comparable weight loss to surgeon/nurse-led series.

Band slippage and erosion after laparoscopic gastric banding: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding has the lowest morbidity and mortality rates among the common bariatric procedures. Troublesome complications associated with this procedure include band slippage and erosion, often requiring revisionary surgery. Rates of slippage have decreased, and this appears to be due to changes in surgical technique. In the authors' experience, units with a low slippage rate also have a low erosion rate and vice versa. Thus a systematic review was undertaken to investigate this relationship. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched up to 31 December 2008. Publications focusing solely on laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with at least 500 patients and a minimum follow-up period of 2 years were included in the study. Publications in languages other than English and those that failed to mention erosion and slippage rates were excluded. Multivariate meta-analyses were conducted separately for the pars flaccida group, the perigastric group, and the combined overall group to pool the average rates of both erosion and slippage for each paper included. The correlation between the occurrence rates for both erosion and slippage then was examined. RESULTS: The inclusion criteria were met by 19 studies. The mean rates of erosion and slippage were 1.03 and 4.93, respectively. The results demonstrated a statistically significant overall correlation between erosion and slippage rates (r = 0.48, p = 0.032). A very strong correlation between erosion and slippage was found if the perigastric technique of insertion was used (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). However, this correlation was not statistically significant where the pars flaccida technique of insertion was used (r = 0.34, p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: The high correlation rate between erosion and slippage for the perigastric group strongly suggests that these complications share a common pathophysiology. This correlation is reduced with the pars flaccida technique, suggesting that perhaps a different etiology is associated with erosion in these studies. Surgical techniques that help to eliminate lap band slippage should also reduce rates of erosion.

Age > or =50 does not influence outcome in laparoscopic gastric banding.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is an accepted treatment for obesity. Age greater than 50 carries a theoretically increased risk from weight loss surgery and perhaps less clinical benefit in the long term. We compare results of gastric banding at age 50 and above with age below 50 in our unit. METHODS: Between April 2003 and November 2007, 1,335 patients, mean weight 121.7 kg (range 73-268 kg), mean body mass index (BMI) 44.1 kg/m(2) (range 35-99), underwent gastric banding. Three hundred and twenty four patients had age > or =50. Band adjustments were usually carried out using fluoroscopy. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative weights and BMIs for the two patient groups (age < 50: weight 120.7 +/- 24.9, BMI 43.6 +/- 7.3 kg/m(2); age > or = 50: weight 118 +/- 23.7 kg, BMI 43.8 +/- 7 kg/m(2)). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference with regards to excess percent BMI loss in the two groups over 36 months (age < 50 = 49 +/- 27.9; age > or = 50 = 47.3 +/- 35.1). There was no difference in the incidence of complications with patient age. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that, at age > or =50, this procedure is successful in producing weight loss and, at the same time, has a complication rate comparable to younger patients.

Metabolic outcomes of obese diabetic patients following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an independent risk factor in the development of diabetes. Weight loss surgery is the most effective treatment of morbid obesity. This study examines the effect of gastric banding on metabolic profile in diabetics. METHODS: Between April 2003 and November 2007, 1,335 patients underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Metabolic profile was examined on a subset of 254 patients. Of these, 122 were diabetic. Data collection included body mass index, weight, blood pressure, HbA1c, fasting glucose, total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and medications taken for blood pressure and diabetes both preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Comorbid conditions in the diabetic patients included hypercholesterolemia (49.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (53.8%) and hypertension (92%). In 1 year, mean BMI reduced from 52.9 kg/m(2) to 41.5 kg/m(2). Of the patients, 93.1% experienced an improvement in fasting glucose levels and 75.4% patients an improvement in HbA1c levels at the end of 1 year. All patients experienced a decrease in insulin requirements, and 36.6% were able to totally discontinue using it. Of the patients, 100% showed improvement in their triglyceride level, and 90.9% showed improvement in their total cholesterol level. The mean arterial pressure improved in 87.5% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The metabolic syndrome associated with morbid obesity is difficult to adequately control with medication. Laparoscopic gastric banding can be considered a potentially curative treatment option in the management of this syndrome.

The "Birmingham stitch"--avoiding slippage in laparoscopic gastric banding.

BACKGROUND: Slippage rates of 1.4-24 % are frequently quoted after adjustable gastric banding. This complication can be extremely serious and has contributed to many units offering more invasive interventions in the surgical management of morbid obesity. We present results of the first 1,140 Laparoscopic Bands performed in our unit. METHODS: Between April 2003 and June 2007, 1140 consecutive patients, mean weight 121.5 kg (range 73-268 kg), mean body mass index (BMI) 44.3 kg/m(2) (range 35-88) underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). An identical surgical technique of one gastropexy suture in addition to the two routine gastro-gastro tunnel sutures was used in all cases. Fluoroscopy-guided adjustments were performed at 3 and 6 months and fluoroscopic evaluations were performed later if clinically indicated. RESULTS: There was no mortality and only one major septic complication of gastric perforation 1 week postoperatively which was managed conservatively. The mean stay was 1.02 days (range 0-30 days). Excess percent BMI loss in these patients at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months were 25.4%, 34.7%, 38.3%, 41.1%, 43.7%, 44.4%, and 58.9%, respectively. Slippage with urgent readmission occurred in one patient (0.08%) at 5 months. Two partial slippages were noticed at 12 and 18 months, respectively. One patient had the band removed and the other was treated by band deflation and repositioning 6 months later. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that in our unit, laparoscopic gastric band insertion is successful in producing weight loss and at the same time has a very low slippage and pouch dilatation rate. This difference is most probably secondary to operative technique.

More than meets the eye: subtle but important CT findings in Bouveret's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Gallstones are a rare cause of duodenal or gastric outlet obstruction and therefore are not commonly suspected. Rigler's radiographic triad of pneumobilia, bowel obstruction, and an ectopic gallstone is seen in few of these patients. The symptoms are insidious and nonspecific, and the diagnosis is usually made radiologically. Although CT scans are far more sensitive, 25% of cases are still missed, often because the size of the offending gallstone is underestimated. CONCLUSION: Better assessment of stone size, and therefore higher accuracy of diagnosis, could be achieved if attention is paid to more subtle but nonetheless important signs. These include compressed air in dependent areas of the duodenal lumen, an area of soft-tissue rather than fluid density surrounding the calcified rim of the stone, and a faint radiolucency in or beyond this soft-tissue area that could represent laminations of fat or air in the stone.

Laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: changing trend toward "true" day-case procedure.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy is the most effective therapy for achalasia. All case series have reported a minimum length of stay of more than 1 day. "True" day-case laparoscopic Heller myotomy has not been reported, so far. The aim of this study was to review our results with laparoscopic Heller myotomy with respect to the length of stay following the procedure. METHODS: All patients undergoing laparoscopic Heller myotomy between August 2000 and July 2007 under the care of one surgeon were included in the study. This was performed by incising 6 cm of distal esophageal musculature, extending to 2 cm below the gastroesophageal junction. The myotomy was covered by an anterior fundoplication. All patients were reviewed in the clinic at a median of 6 weeks after surgery and, thereafter, if necessary. RESULTS: Over the 7-year period, 24 consecutive patients with achalasia were treated in this manner. There were 13 women and 11 men, with an age range of 12-73 years. Intraoperative complications included mucosal perforation in 2 patients (sutured immediately) with no postoperative complications or conversion to open surgery. There were no deaths. The average length of stay was 1.9 days (range, 0-4). The last 2 patients were discharged on the same day, and the 5 previous to this were discharged within 23 hours of surgery. There were no adverse outcomes related to early discharge, and there were no readmissions. All patients reported good to excellent results with a relief of dysphagia on follow-up. Three patients (12%) developed recurrent dysphagia after an initial improvement, requiring dilatation only several months later. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our own experience, we believe that laparoscopic Heller myotomy with anterior partial fundoplication is safe and achieves a good outcome in the treatment of achalasia. It is well tolerated and can be considered a true day-case procedure.

Building a model for day case hiatal surgery - Lessons learnt over a 10 year period in a high volume unit: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery has become the standard treatment for symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease refractory to medical therapy. Successful anti-reflux surgery involves safe, minimally invasive surgery, resulting in symptom resolution with minimal side effects. This study aims to assess the feasibility and safety of day case anti-reflux surgery focussing on peri- and post-operative outcomes as a measure of success. METHODS: Data was collected from the hospital database from 2003 to 2012. Data collection included demographics, surgeon, mode of admission, length of stay and complications. Electronic records were independently scrutinised for all patients with a length of stay of more than two nights. RESULTS: 723 patients underwent laparoscopic fundoplication ±â€¯small hiatus hernia repair (<5 cm) with a day case rate of 67.1%. The 30 day readmission rate in these patients was 2.9% (21/723 patients). Nine patients had a failure of their initial laparoscopic fundoplication (defined as recurrence of symptoms). Three patients required a re-operation within 12 months of their initial procedure (re-operation rate = 0.41% (3/723 patients)). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic hiatal surgery can be performed safely as a day case in high volume specialist centres with good outcomes. Raising the national standard for day case fundoplication promotes good practice and should be the model for future commissioning.

Medium and long-term results of gastric banding: outcomes from a large private clinic in UK.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has been an established bariatric procedure for the last three decades and was, for many years, the first-choice procedure for the treatment of chronic obesity. However, more recently, the popularity of the LAGB has been in sharp decline and has been replaced by other procedures such as the Roux-En-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. A key driver in this decline has been the high revision and early explanation rates reported in some studies. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 2246 patients who underwent LAGB at a large private clinic in the UK between June 2004 and October 2014. RESULTS: 2246 patients were included in the study; 1945 (84.6%) were women. All patients were followed up for 2 years following their procedure and subsequent follow up was at the discretion of patients. Mean follow up duration was 43.7 +/- 29.3 months. Operative mortality was zero and there were no in-hospital returns to theatre. Mean preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) were 111.2 ± 22.1 kg and 39.9 ± 6.7 kg/m2 respectively. Mean excess % BMI loss at 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-years of follow-up was 43.1 ± 25.4, 47.9 ± 31.9, 52.4 ± 41.7 and 57.1% ± 28.6 respectively. There was no significant difference in mean excess % BMI loss between those < 50 or ≥ 50 years old (p value = 0.23) or between patients with an initial BMI of < or ≥ 50 kg/m2 (p value = 0.65). Complications over nine years occurred in 130 (5.8%) patients and included: 39 (1.7%) slippage or pouch dilatation, 2 (0.04%) erosions and 76 (3.4%) problems related to the access port or LAGB tubing. The overall re-operation rate for LAGB complications was 4.2% over 9 years with a LAGB explantation rate of 1.5%. 39 LAGBs were converted to a sleeve or gastric bypass procedure, 11 of these due to complications. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report on LAGB outcomes from a private clinic in the UK. LAGB is a safe procedure, which delivers significant and durable weight loss with acceptable complications rates and low re-operation rate.

Impact of Bariatric Surgical Intervention on Peripheral Blood Neutrophil (PBN) Function in Obesity.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of weight loss following gastric band surgery on multiple measures of peripheral blood neutrophil (PBN) function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-three obese patients undergoing gastric band surgery were recruited to a longitudinal intervention study, alongside non-obese, healthy gender- and age-matched controls. Eighteen pairs of patients and controls completed all stages of the study. PBNs were isolated by density centrifugation and a comprehensive analysis of PBN function was undertaken at various stages of the patients' bariatric surgical care pathway. RESULTS: Obese patients exhibited exaggerated PBN activity in response to various stimuli, characterised by higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (n = 18, p < 0.001) and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (n = 10, p < 0.05) and lower PBN extracellular trap (NET) formation (n = 18, p < 0.01). PBN chemotactic accuracy was also impaired prior to surgery (n = 18, p < 0.01). Weight loss was associated with normalised NET production and lower ROS production and cytokine release relative to healthy controls. However, chemotactic accuracy remained impaired in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss following gastric band surgery was associated with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory activities of peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs). A hyper-inflammatory PBN phenotype, involving excess ROS and cytokine release, reduced NET formation and chemotaxis, may lead to a reduced ability to eliminate infection, alongside inflammation-mediated tissue damage in obese individuals.

Influence of social deprivation on provision of bariatric surgery: 10-year comparative ecological study between two UK specialist centres.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of residential location and socioeconomic deprivation on the provision of bariatric surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional ecological study. SETTING: Patients resident local to one of two specialist bariatric units, in different regions of the UK, who received obesity surgery between 2003 and 2013. METHODS: Demographic data were collected from prospectively collected databases. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD 2010) was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. Obesity prevalences were obtained from Public Health England (2006). Patients were split into three IMD tertiles (high, median, low) and also tertiles of time. A generalised linear model was generated for each time period to investigate the effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the relationship between bariatric case count and prevalence of obesity. We used these to estimate surgical intervention provided in each population in each period at differing levels of deprivation. RESULTS: Data were included from 1163 bariatric cases (centre 1-414, centre 2-749). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated to measure the associations between predictor and response variables. Associations were highly non-linear and changed over the 10-year study period. In general, the relationship between surgical case volume and obesity prevalence has weakened over time, with high volumes becoming less associated with prevalence of obesity. DISCUSSION: As bariatric services have matured, the associations between demand and supply factors have changed. Socioeconomic deprivation is not apparently a barrier to service provision more recently, but the positive relationships between obesity and surgical volume we would expect to find are absent. This suggests that interventions are not being taken up in the areas of need. We recommend a more detailed national analysis of the relationship between supply side and demand side factors in the provision of bariatric surgery.

Preoperative Very Low-Calorie Diet Reduces Technical Difficulty During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Obese Patients.

This study investigates the effectiveness of preoperative very low-calorie diet (VLCD) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken. At the preoperative visit, all patients were advised to adhere to VLCD for 2 weeks before surgery (<800 kcal/d). Patients were judged to have complied with the VLCD if weight loss >2 kg. Technical difficulty was assessed using questionnaires. A total of 38 patients met the inclusion criteria. Difficulty of visualization and dissection of Calot's triangle in obese patients was twice that of nonobese patients (P=0.01). In 62% of procedures involving obese VLCD noncompliant patients, the surgeon experienced ≥1 area of technical difficulty, compared with 0% of procedures on obese, compliant patients (P=0.018). Difficulty of dissection of the gallbladder bed was 3 times higher in obese, noncompliant patients, compared with obese, compliant patients (P=0.07). Adherence to a 2-week preoperative VLCD may reduce technical difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in obese patients.

Trends in Ranavirus Prevalence Among Plethodontid Salamanders in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Emerging pathogens are a potential contributor to global amphibian declines. Ranaviruses, which infect ectothermic vertebrates and are common in aquatic environments, have been implicated in die-offs of at least 72 amphibian species worldwide. Most studies on the subject have focused on pool-breeding amphibians, and infection trends in other amphibian species assemblages have been understudied. Our primary study objective was to evaluate hypotheses explaining ranavirus prevalence within a lungless salamander assemblage (Family Plethodontidae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. We sampled 566 total plethodontid salamanders representing 14 species at five sites over a 6-year period (2007-2012). We identified ranavirus-positive individuals in 11 of the 14 (78.6%) sampled species, with salamanders in the genus Desmognathus having greatest infection prevalence. Overall, we found the greatest support for site elevation and sampling year determining infection prevalence. We detected the greatest number of infections in 2007 with 82.5% of sampled individuals testing positive for ranavirus, which we attribute to record drought during this year. Infection prevalence remained relatively high in low-elevation sites in 2008 and 2009. Neither body condition nor aquatic dependence was a significant predictor of ranavirus prevalence. Overall, our results indicate that life history differences among species play a minor role determining ranavirus prevalence compared to the larger effects of site elevation and yearly fluctuations (likely due to environmental stressors) during sampling years.

Reinstating weight loss after leakage from gastric bands: a simple pull-through technique to replace the broken band.

PURPOSE: Gastric bands are mechanical devices and are susceptible to mechanical failure. Leakage from the silicone balloon represents a permanent failure of the device that inevitably leads to further surgery. We have developed a simple solution to this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe a straightforward, railroad technique to replace a leaking but otherwise successful gastric band. We identified patients from our prospectively collected database who had undergone this procedure to record weight change before and after band replacement, along with complications up to 2 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Eight patients with complete records were identified. The mean percentage excess weight loss before band leakage was 39.7% over a mean 38 months. The mean weight regain resulting from band failure was 5.6% before band replacement. After replacement, the mean excess weight loss stands at 46.1% from time of the original gastric banding. No complications or readmissions to hospital have been recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Our small series demonstrates this to be a safe technique to replace a damaged gastric band and results in continued weight loss. We therefore propose it to be the procedure of choice for this group of patients.

Medium-term outcomes of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is effective in the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is a popular form of bariatric surgery, but very limited data are available on its long-term effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study examined the effect of gastric banding on a consecutive cohort of unselected patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at a teaching hospital in Birmingham, United Kingdom. METHODS: From April 2003 to December 2008, 200 patients with diabetes underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding at our unit. All those with insulin-dependent diabetes and ≥1 year of follow-up were included in the present analysis. Data collection included the body mass index, weight, blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and medication dose preoperatively and 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 69 patients were taking insulin, with a mean daily preoperative dose of 132.3 U (range 15-500). At 1 year, 27 of these patients had discontinued using insulin (34.8%). At 2 years, 34 patients had discontinued using insulin (54.8% of the patients taking insulin preoperatively and who had also completed 2 yr of follow-up). At 3 years, 40 patients had discontinued using insulin (80% of patients who were taking insulin preoperatively and who had also completed 3 yr of follow-up). These changes were accompanied by an improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and mean arterial pressures. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic gastric banding can be considered a powerful treatment option in the management of obese patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and becomes increasingly effective with time ≤3 years after surgery.

The effect of biliopancreatic diversion surgery on renal function--a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalences of obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased simultaneously. Should a pathophysiological relationship exist between the two conditions, bariatric surgery and associated weight loss could be an important intervention in extremely obese individuals to slow the progression of CKD. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 25 patients who had undergone biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) surgery for extreme obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m(2)), with mean follow-up of 4 years. We assessed pre- and post-surgery renal function, body weight and blood pressure (BP) obtained from electronic hospital and primary care records. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in mean body weight at 4 years by 50.3 kg (SD = 20.65). The creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) also improved significantly: serum creatinine reduced by 16.2 µmol/l (SD = 19.57) while the eGFR improved by 10.6 ml/min/m(2) (SD = 15.45). The greatest improvement in eGFR was in the group (n = 7) with eGFR ≤60 ml/min/m(2). A subset of patients (n = 11) had evaluable BP readings and had a reduction in BP of 17/10 mmHg (SD = 33/12). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrates a clinically significant improvement in renal function following BPD. Several mechanisms including weight loss could account for the positive impact on renal function. The physiology underlying this improvement requires further study.