The frequency and function of nucleoprotein-specific CD8+ T cells are critical for heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus infection.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediate host defense against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and tumors. However, the magnitude of CTL response and their function needed to confer heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus infection are unknown. We addressed the role of CD8+ T cells in the absence of any cross-reactive antibody responses to influenza viral proteins using an adenoviral vector expressing a 9mer amino acid sequence recognized by CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that both CD8+ T cell frequency and function are crucial for heterosubtypic immunity. Low morbidity, lower viral lung titers, low to minimal lung pathology, and better survival upon heterosubtypic virus challenge correlated with the increased frequency of NP-specific CTLs. NP-CD8+ T cells induced by differential infection doses displayed distinct RNA transcriptome profiles and functional properties. CD8+ T cells induced by a high dose of influenza virus secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and exhibited higher levels of cytotoxic function. The mice that received NP-CD8+ T cells from the high-dose virus recipients through adoptive transfer had lower viral titers following viral challenge than those induced by the low dose of virus, suggesting differential cellular programming by antigen dose. Enhanced NP-CD8+ T-cell functions induced by a higher dose of influenza virus strongly correlated with the increased expression of cellular and metabolic genes, indicating a shift to a more glycolytic metabolic phenotype. These findings have implications for developing effective T cell vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. IMPORTANCE: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are an important component of the adaptive immune system that clears virus-infected cells or tumor cells. Hence, developing next-generation vaccines that induce or recall CTL responses against cancer and infectious diseases is crucial. However, it is not clear if the frequency, function, or both are essential in conferring protection, as in the case of influenza. In this study, we demonstrate that both CTL frequency and function are crucial for providing heterosubtypic immunity to influenza by utilizing an Ad-viral vector expressing a CD8 epitope only to rule out the role of antibodies, single-cell RNA-seq analysis, as well as adoptive transfer experiments. Our findings have implications for developing T cell vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.

Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus.

Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.

Fluorescent MnO2@DEHP Nanoprobe for Rapid and Selective Detection of Fe(III) ions.

Particle extraction via the liquid-liquid interface (PELLI) method has been utilized to produce Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) coated MnO2 fluorescent nanoprobe denoted as MnO2@DEHP for the selective detection of Fe3+ ions. The synthesized MnO2@DEHP nanoprobe was characterized by various instrumental techniques such as FT-IR, PXRD, TEM, EDAX, HRTEM, DLS, and XPS. Since the high concentration of Fe3+ in waste water leads to water pollution, which in turn affects the ecosystem, and causes severe health hazards. Therefore, accurate detection of Fe3+ ions in the aqueous systems is essential as they are involved in various chemical and biological processes in living things. Here, the synthesized MnO2@DEHP nanoprobe selectively detects Fe3+ ions in the presence of various metal ions in an aqueous media by fluorescence quenching (turn-off) mechanism. The limit of detection (LOD) of MnO2@DEHP nanoprobe for Fe3+ was found to be 0.49 µM. The test-strip method and real water sample analysis were also used to demonstrate the viability of MnO2@DEHP as a fluorescent nanoprobe to detect Fe3+ ions visually and in environment monitoring applications.

Effect of schedule management plan in project management worth using structural equation modelling.

With the growing digitalization and the need for customers to have more personalized services available, there is a constant need to innovate and fulfil the demands of customers. However, this burden has contributed to further worsening the schedule management for the service companies. Customers now are demanding more personalized service but without having any compromise on the quality and time of delivery. This resulted in creating the need to have a schedule-driven management plan designed. Despite this advantage, there are very limited studies available that even focus on the concept whereas not any study works towards understanding its contribution in affecting project management for service companies. To overcome this, the study aims to assess the perception of 200 employees and 10 managers for understanding a schedule management plan and its impact on project management worth. The employee's perception evaluation via structural equation modelling revealed that there is no direct influence of schedule management on project management worth but via different factors and strategies the influence could be derived. Managers' perceptions validated the findings and provided insight that strategies like the building of a cloud-based platform or predictive modelling should be designed for better schedule management plan development.

A selective bis-thiophene chalcone-based spectrofluorimetric sensor for Fe3.

A highly selective bis thiophene-based chalcone as a chemosensor for detecting Fe3+ metal ions in DMF: H2O (9:1). This sensor was selective toward ferric ions over other metal ions with a detection limit in micromolar range.

Coffee leaf valorisation into functional wheat flour rusk: their nutritional, physicochemical, and sensory properties.

Coffee leaves are currently emerging as a promising agri-food resource rich in phenolics. This study aims to valorise coffee leaf powder (CLP) by incorporating it in refined wheat flour rusk formulations and analyse its physio-chemical, rheological, functional and sensory characteristics. The progressive replacement of CLP improved the dietary fibre (2.51 ± 0.2%), ash (1.09 ± 0.11%), and water absorption capacity (59.7 ± 0.1%) of the flours. It considerably enhanced the falling number and sedimentation values of the flour blends while decreased the loaf volume. Progressive increase in the dietary phenolics (232.21-435.19 mg/100 g), chlorogenic acid (6.0-7.5 mg/100 g), and ABTS antioxidant activity (963.89-1607.25 µMTEAC/g) of the rusks was observed upon CLP addition. Rusks with 3% CLP were found to have significantly acceptable physical and sensory characteristics. Thus, supplementation of CLP in rusk helps in valorising coffee leaves besides providing a functional bakery product to the coffee industry. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05927-z.

From cultivation to cancer: formation of N-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications.

Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the RAS oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.

Successful in vivo Transplantation of Cultured and Enriched Testicular Germ Cells of Pre-Pubertal Bucks to Busulfan-Treated Homologous Recipients.

The objective of the present study was to establish a workable approach for the production of germ cell (GC)-depleted recipient goat model using intra-testicular busulfan treatment and transplantation of cultured and enriched caprine-male GC (cmGCs) into the homologous recipients under ultrasonography (USG) guidance. The evaluation of post-transplantation colonization of donor cmGCs and restoration of the normal architecture of seminiferous tubules (ST) was performed. For this, the cmGCs of pre-pubertal male goats were isolated and enriched by differential platting for culture until the third passage. Thereafter, cells were harvested and further enriched by magnetic-activated cell sorting using rabbit-anti-CD90 antibody. After confirmation of metabolic viability (MTT-assay) and cluster-forming ability (crystal violet staining) of CD90+ cmGCs, the cells were labeled with a lipophilic red-fluorescent dye (PKH26) before transplanted into the recipient male goats by injection directly into the mediastinum testes under USG guidance. The colonization and repopulation of transplanted CD90+ cmGCs into the recipient ST was observed up to 8 weeks post-transplantation. The PKH26-labeled donor cell-derived colonies were identified in enzymatically digested ST and cryosections of recipient testes. Moreover, histochemical analyses revealed the restoration of the normal architecture of ST of recipient testis after GC transplantation. Therefore, the results suggest that the reproductive competence of infertile animals can be restored through mGC therapy and thus the methodology presented herein could be useful to obtain donor mGCs-derived functional male gametes in the recipient animal testis.

First report of Fusarium incarnatum associated with fruit rot disease of drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.) in India.

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is one of the important leafy vegetable trees widely spread from India to Africa and widely used as food and medicine. During field investigation (July, 2021) of drumstick fields in Hiriyur (13°95'79" N; 76°64'45" E), Karnataka, fruits of drumstick plants showed a characteristic rot disease with an incidence ranging from 10-12% in an area of 5 hectares surveyed. Initially water soaked lesions turned to small necrotic lesions and later coalesced to form larger areas covered with white mycelial growth leading to softening and later mummification of fruits. Infected fruits were collected (n=5) and infected fruit parts (margins of healthy and infected tissues) were cut into small pieces, surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (2%, v/v) and blotter dried after three sterile water washes. An associated fungal species was isolated on PDA medium amended with Streptomycin (40 mg/L) and incubated at 28 ºC for 1 week. The fungal isolate grown on PDA had dense, white, aerial mycelium with light brown coloration on the reverse side of the agar medium. Morphological characteristics of conidia were determined for single-spore cultures grown on water agar media. Microconidia were single-celled, hyaline, non septate, ovoid, and 8.4 - 9.8 × 1.8 - 2.94 µm (n=20). Macroconidia were three- to five-septate, slightly curved, tapered at the apex, and 24.4 - 28 × 2 - 4 µm (n=20). Based on morphological characters' pathogen was identified as Fusarium sp. (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). Further, three representative isolate (SMG, MYS1 & MYS2) were subjected for molecular identification. The genomic DNA was extracted following CTAB method and ITS-rDNA was amplified using ITS1/ITS4 primers (White et al., 1990) and translation elongation factor (tef-1α) gene was amplified using EF1/EF2 primers (O'Donnell et al., 2009) respectively. ITS-rDNA sequence shared 100% sequence similarity (650bp / 650bp) with reference sequence F. incarnatum (ON226997) followed by 100% sequence identity to F. equiseti (KT277307 & MT953927). But, tef-1α gene sequence analysis in nBLAST showed that the sequence shared 100% (123/123bp) identity with F. incarnatum (F. incarnatum NEAU-TG1 MH920853; M2JP3 OP312673; WEH ON456146). Combined phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate shared a common clade with reference sequence of F. incarnatum in the Fusarium-incarnatum-equiseti species complex thus confirming the identity of the isolated pathogen as F. incarnatum (Rob. ex Desm.) Sacc. 1886. The sequences obtained in the present study are deposited in GenBank database (ITS: OP508729, OQ159019, OQ159020 and tef-1α: OP477394, OQ176254, OQ176255). To prove Koch's postulates, pathogenicity test was carried out by inoculating healthy drumstick fruits cv. Bhagya (n=10) with spore suspension (105 conidia/ml). Control fruits (n=5) were sprayed with sterile water. The experiments were conducted in triplicates and repeated twice. Inoculated and control fruits were kept in a moist chamber at 26 ± 2°C for 2 days and observed at regular intervals. Development of disease symptoms were recorded on 52 out of 60 inoculated fruits which were identical with symptoms seen in the field and all control fruits remained symptomless. Identity was confirmed after re-isolation by morphology and culture studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. incarnatum causing a fruit rot of drumstick in India. This disease affected the cost of drumstick production and contributed to the decline in production in India.

Electron beam technology for Re-processing of personal protective equipment.

Beginning with the outbreak of COVID-19 at the dawn of 2020, the continuing spread of the pandemic has challenged the healthcare market and the supply chain of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) around the world. Moreover, the emergence of the variants of COVID-19 occurring in waves threatens the sufficient supply of PPE. Among the various types of PPE, N95 Respirators, surgical masks, and medical gowns are the most consumed and thus have a high potential for a serious shortage during such emergencies. Considering the unanticipated demand for PPE during a pandemic, re-processing of used PPE is one approach to continue to protect the health of first responders and healthcare personnel. This paper evaluates the viability and efficacy of using FDA-approved electron beam (eBeam) sterilization technology (ISO 11137) to re-process used PPE. PPEs including 3M N95 Respirators, Proxima Sirus gowns, and face shields were eBeam irradiated in different media (air, argon) over a dose range of 0-200 kGy. Several tests were then performed to examine surface properties, mechanical properties, functionality performance, discoloration phenomenon, and liquid barrier performance. The results show a reduction of filtration efficiency to about 63.6% in the N95 Respirator; however, charge regeneration may improve the re-processed efficiency. Additionally, mechanical degradation was observed in Proxima Sirus gown with increasing dose up to 100 kGy. However, no mechanical degradation was observed in the face shields after 10 times donning and doffing. Apart from the face shield, N95 Respirators and Proxima Sirus gown both show significant mechanical degradation with ebeam dose over sterilization doses (>25 kGy), indicating that eBeam technology is not appropriate for the re-processing these PPEs.

Effect of heat treatments on quinoa germ quality and its storage study.

Quinoa is a potential crop to address the situation as it offers a plethora of benefits as it is nutritionally rich and can adapt to extreme climatic and salt conditions. Quinoa germ consists of almost 25-30% of whole grain. Quinoa germ obtained using roller milling has remarkable nutritional properties with high protein, fat and mineral content. Presence higher fat content limits shelf-life of quinoa germ. The objective of the present investigation is to study the effect of different treatment on stabilization of quinoa germ and its storge study. Quinoa germ was subjected to microwave and infrared treatment for shelf-life extension. Colour properties of the germ has not changed drastically by both treatments. Sorption behavior of quinoa germ stored at different RH was studied and results showed typical sigmoid curve for all samples. Sorption studies revealed that treated quinoa germ were stable at 64% RH. The storage study was carried out at accelerated conditions using PET/PE packaging material. Based on the results of the study, it can be inferred that the quinoa germ can be kept up to three months at accelerated conditions. Study demonstrated that microwave treatments of quinoa germ showed highest shelf life of three months at accelerated conditions.

Study on the utilization of by-products of wheat milling industry for the development of biodegradable plates.

The present study aims at utilizing wheat bran and resultant atta to produce biodegradable-edible plates as an alternative to plastic plates. The edible plates were prepared using different combinations of wheat bran and resultant atta in different ratios viz., WB, 90:10 (WR10); 80:20 (WR20), 70:30 (WR30). Using farinograph, it was observed that the higher the bran higher the water absorption. The doughs from the blends were prepared with water at two different temperatures (100 °C and 27 °C), sheeted, moulded and baked. Plates produced from WR10, 20, 30 were analysed further and based on break test, leak test and sensory WR30 was chosen as the best. WR 30 was found to leak at 23.01 ± 0.24 min with hot water and 85.42 ± 0.11 min with water at room temperature. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, and total dietary fibre content was 4.3 ± 0.016, 4.90 ± 0.08, 3.86 ± 0.075, 16.06 ± 0.082 and 26.92 ± 0.166 respectively. Shelf-life predicted for plate was 250-285 days based on MSI studies done.

Correction: Study on the utilization of by-products of wheat milling industry for the development of biodegradable plates.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05738-8.].

Novel Schiff base scaffolds derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(phenyldiazenyl)benzaldehyde: Synthesis, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

The synthesis of four new azo-Schiff base ligands from 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(phenyldiazenyl)benzaldehyde and 4-aminoantipyrine is described in this study. The molecular structures of all the scaffolds were confirmed using NMR spectroscopies such as 1 H and 13 C, as well as FT-IR and Mass spectroscopy. After successful synthesis and characterization of all the ligands, their in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were carried out by using standard protocols. Results revealed that all the four ligands (L1-L4) possessed excellent biological potency.

Anticancer therapeutic potential of phosphorylated galactosylated chitosan against N-nitrosodiethyl amine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

Chitosan is a natural polyfunctional polymer that can be modified to achieve compounds with tailored properties for targeting and treating different cancers. In this study, we report the development and anticancer potential of phosphorylated galactosylated chitosan (PGC). The synthesized compound was characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The interaction of PGC with asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) and cellular internalization in HepG2 cells was studied using in silico and uptake studies respectively. PGC was evaluated for its metal chelating, ferric ion reducing, superoxide, and lipid peroxide (LPO) inhibiting potential. Further, anticancer therapeutic potential of PGC was evaluated against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in a mice model. After development of cancer, PGC was administered to the treatment group (0.5 mg/kg bw, intravenously), once a week for 4 weeks. Characterization studies of PGC revealed successful phosphorylation and galactosylation of chitosan. A strong interaction of PGC with ASGP-receptors was predicted by computational studies and cellular internalization studies demonstrated 98.76 ± 0.53% uptake of PGC in the HepG2 cells. A good metal chelating, ferric ion reducing, and free radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by PGC. The anticancer therapeutic potential of PGC was evident from the observation that PGC treatment increased number of tumor free animals (50%) (6/12) and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered tumor multiplicity as compared to untreated tumor group.

A Review on Metal Ion Sensors Derived from Chalcone Precursor.

Disclosure of new molecular probes as chromogenic and fluorogenic cation sensors is scientifically exigent work. Recently chalcone derivatives gained more attention because of their structural variability. A suitable donor and acceptor groups separated by delocalized π-orbitals display excellent chromogenic and fluorogenic properties because of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). These designed molecular frameworks provide the coordination sites to the incoming metal ions results in small changes in the optical properties. In a typical sensing behavior, coordination leads to a large conjugation plane with the probe resulted in hypo/hyperchromic shifts or red/blue shifts. In this review, we tried to converge the reported chalcone-derived sensors and explored the design, synthesis, metal ion sensing mechanism, and practical application of the probes. We expect that this review gives a basic outline for researchers to explore the field of chalcone-based sensors further.

Effect of Fenugreek fiber on Rheological and chapati making quality of whole wheat flour.

Increase in awareness of consumers and demand has led to the development of various fibre rich food products from different fiber source. In the present work novel roller milled fenugreek fiber rich fraction (FFRF) rich in galactomannans was used for the development of high fiber chapati. Farinograph water absorption and dough stability increased with increase in the addition of FFRF in blends. The creep measurement results showed reduction in the maximum creep compliance and viscoelastic compliance while the zero shear viscosity showed the increasing trend with the increase in the addition of FFRF. The pliability of chapatis significantly decreased on addition of FFRF. The sensory evaluation concluded that the chapati with 10% FFRF is acceptable. The shear force value of chapatis prepared from the control and WWF-FFRF blends were decreased as the storage time increased showing brittleness in the chapatis. The micrographs of an outer layer of chapati (crust) showed partially gelatinized starch. The crumb micrographs of the WWF-FFRF blends chapatis showed large and small starch granules coated with galactomannans gums, and this coating increased with increased addition of FFRF. The composition of 10% fenugreek fiber chapati contained higher amount of minerals, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber compared to that of control sample. The in vitro starch digestibility of formulated chapati showed significant decrease in the values.

Application and effect of hybrid grinding techniques on the quality of stone chakki atta (whole wheat flour) and flat bread.

Industrially packaged whole wheat flour (atta) is manufactured in motorized stone chakkis, which consumes more electric power. Present study is aimed towards evaluating the effect of hybrid grinding technique of wheat using roller mill on its grinding characteristics and quality of chakki atta and chapatti. Wheat was passed through the pair of first break rolls in MLU 202 with the roll gaps of 1 and 0.9 mm for two different samples. Electrical parameters for grinding energy were compared and the pre-milled wheat was ground in the stone chakki. Atta obtained from 2 different variations and control stone chakki atta were compared for physico-chemical, rheological and chapati making quality. Damaged starch increased from 15.25 for control atta to 17.3% for 0.9 mm sample, whereas, farinograph water absorption increased from 75.9 to 78.9% respectively. Chapatis were prepared and sensory studies were carried out. Chapati colour was found to be brighter for 0.9 mm sample.

Effect of grinding techniques and supplementation of quinoa on the carbohydrate profile of tortillas.

With an aim of studying the implication of the milling interventions and supplementation of non-wheat grains on the effect of the carbohydrate digestive profile of wheat flour the present study was conducted. Quinoa grain was selected for the study due its higher protein content and better amino acid profile than that of cereal grains. Milling of grains to produce atta (whole wheat flour) was carried out using traditional method of stone chakki mill and the other method of separation and recombination of different stream using roller mill. The atta flour was then supplemented with the quinoa flour in different combinations and the physico-chemical, rheological and product making characteristics were studied. The milling technique has an impact on the damaged starch with the difference of around 6% across the flour samples which further impacted the water absorption capacity and the gelatinization temperature of the flour. Carbohydrate digestive profile of the prepared tortillas have shown significant difference when the atta from roller mill substituted with quinoa flour upto 15%. Starch digestibility index of stone chakki atta was higher SDI (78.71) than that of roller milled quiooa supplemented flours (38.52 and 36.74). The rapidly digestible sugar decreased and the slow digestible sugar increased as compared to stone chakki atta tortillas which combinedly is responsible for lower glycaemic index. In the commercial point of view this will open a new avenue for food manufacturer to produce value added and healthy products from quinoa. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05365-9.

A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography.

Studying changes in cortical oscillations can help elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and the clinical effects of anaesthetic drugs. Propofol, a GABA-ergic drug produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing evoked responses. Dexmedetomidine, an α2- adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deep sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations. Sixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visuomotor task. The key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the Mv100 (visual M100) (27%) and Mv150 (52%) visual evoked fields (VEF), whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on movement related gamma synchrony (MRGS), movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD) or Mm100 (movement-related M100) movement-related evoked fields (MEF), although dexmedetomidine slowed the Mm300. Dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%, statistically non- significant). Overall, dexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, produce contrasting effects on visual induced GBR, VEF, PMBR and MEF. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs with their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.