Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa-What We Know and Where We Are Heading.

Recently, interest in the microbiome of cutaneous diseases has increased tremendously. Of particular interest is the gut-brain-skin axis proposed by Stokes and Pillsbury in 1930. The microbiome has been suggested in the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa, however the link between the commensals and the host is yet to be established. Across all studies, the increased abundance of Porphyromonas, Peptoniphilus, and Prevotella spp., and a loss of skin commensal species, such as Cutibacterium in HS lesions, is a consistent finding. The role of gut and blood microbiome in hidradenitis suppurativa has not been fully elucidated. According to studies, the main link with the intestine is based on the increased risk of developing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, however, further research is highly needed in this area. Lifestyle, dietary approaches, and probiotics all seem to influence the microbiome, hence being a promising modality as adjuvant therapy. The aim of this review was to present the latest reports in the field of research on skin, blood, and gut microbiome in terms of hidradenitis suppurativa.

Immunomodulatory Drugs in the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa-Possibilities and Limitations.

Hidradenitis suppurativa, also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, progressive, debilitating, recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by the occurrence of very severe, persistent, painful nodules, abscesses, and fistulas, most commonly found in the skin folds of the axilla, groin, gluteal, and perianal areas. Treatment is rather difficult and typically requires the use of multiple modalities. Regardless of the presence of several therapeutic options, treatment often turns out to be ineffective or poorly selected concerning the clinical picture of the disease. Thus, the search for new biologics and other target treatments of hidradenitis suppurativa is ongoing. The safety and efficacy of adalimumab, still the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved biologic in the hidradenitis suppurativa treatment, paved the way for new drugs to be compared with it. Several more drugs with new immunological targets are currently under investigation for the treatment of acne inversa. The aim of the article was to present the current and future targets of acne inversa treatment, simultaneously providing insights into the molecular pathomechanisms of the disease.

Off-Label Use of Botulinum Toxin in Dermatology-Current State of the Art.

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a neurotoxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Among seven different isoforms, only BoNT-A and BoNT-B are commercially used. Currently, botulinum toxin has been indicated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in several disorders, among others: chronic migraine, hyperhidrosis, urinary incontinence from detrusor overactivity, or cosmetics. However, there are numerous promising reports based on off-label BTX usage, indicating its potential effectiveness in other diseases, which remains unknown to many. Among them, dermatological conditions, such as rosacea, annal fissure, Raynaud phenomenon, hypertrophic scars and keloids, and also hidradenitis suppurativa, are currently being investigated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive update on the off-label use of botulinum toxin in dermatology, based on an analysis and summary of the published literature.

Could a handbook serve as a useful educational intervention in improving disease knowledge? A cross-sectional study among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa in Poland.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by the occurrence of severe, painful nodules, abscesses, and fistulas, most commonly found in the skin folds of the axilla, groin, gluteal, and perianal areas. The disease is of interest to many researchers, however, verified information for patients is still limited. Aim: To evaluate the baseline knowledge about acne inversa among patients suffering from the disease as well as to assess whether an educational intervention as a handbook can improve patients' knowledge of their illness. Material and methods: This research study was a cross-sectional survey conducted on HS Facebook support group. The respondents completed an anonymized questionnaire assessing their state of knowledge about acne inversa. After 1 month they were presented with a handbook. Thereafter the patients completed nearly the same anonymized questionnaire assessing the state of knowledge after reading the handbook. Results: We enrolled 102 participants before (group A) and 30 participants after (group B) the educational intervention. The vast majority of the participants (83.3%) appraised the idea of preparing a handbook as 10 points. In both groups, respondents who were aware of their disease severity had significantly superior results than the participants who were not. After reading the handbook extensively, more patients assessed the state of their general HS knowledge as 'good' than before. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that knowledge about HS among patients is still insufficient. Tools such as handbooks may prove useful in disseminating expertise and helping patients to understand their disease.

Triamcinolone Injection in the Treatment of Malar Edema.

INTRODUCTION: Tear-through deformities can be a detectable sign of facial aging. Over recent years, minimally invasive procedures such as hyaluronic acid filler injections have been shown to be effective in improving this area. Malar edema is the accumulation of fluid over the malar eminence persisting for 1 month or more. Given its nature, the management remains problematic. The most commonly reported treatment modality is injection with hyaluronidase. OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of triamcinolone injection in the treatment of malar edema. METHODS: A total of 15 female patients with malar edema, with a mean age of 43.77 years, were treated with triamcinolone injections. The volume injected was chosen by the investigator. Prior to the triamcinolone injection, all patients had been treated with hyaluronidase, which turned out to be ineffective in all cases. Patients were asked to note all adverse effects. RESULTS: Satisfactory results were achieved after a single treatment session for 14 patients and after two treatments for one patient. Overall, injections with triamcinolone were well tolerated and no adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Injection with triamcinolone appears to be a safe and effective option for the management of malar edema following hyaluronic acid filler injection. Nevertheless, further research with larger patient groups is compulsory.

Are YouTube videos a reliable source of information about body dysmorphic disorder?

Purpose: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with a non-existing or minimal defect in appearance. It affects around 2% of the population, causes distress in daily functioning and reduces the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and the quality of the most viewed videos regarding BDD on YouTube. Methods: YouTube was searched for the keywords "body dysmorphia" and "dysmorphophobia". The validated DISCERN instrument and the Global Quality Score (GQS) were used to assess video quality. The Video Power Index (VPI) score was used to evaluate the popularity of videos. Results: Only 3 videos were rated as good quality based on the DISCERN criteria. The mean DISCERN score between the raters was 32.89 ± 9.23, while the mean GCQ score was 2.84 ± 1.03. Even though only 23.7% of the videos were uploaded by a healthcare source, there was a significant difference between DISCERN scores depending on the source of the video: healthcare - 42 mean vs. non-healthcare - 30.07 mean (p = 0.0035). The mean score for the VPI was 2757 (range, 244.57-11,647.12). Conclusions: Our study showed that the quality of BDD-related videos on YouTube is poor. Physicians or healthcare organizations should publish more medical content on YouTube, increasing the amount of more reliable and better-quality content for patients.

Hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of current treatment options.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, progressive, debilitating, recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by the occurrence of very severe, persistent, painful nodules, abscesses, and fistulas, most commonly found in the skin folds of the axilla, groin, gluteal, and perianal areas. The pathogenesis of HS is still not completely understood; currently, it is considered to be an immune-mediated inflammatory illness (IMID). Due to the significant decrease in the patients' quality of life and a delayed beginning of a treatment, the selection of the appropriate therapy is extremely important in these patients. Regardless of the fact that there are multiple treatment options for HS, no uniformly effective therapy has been found. All the guidelines underline the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the disease, which enables providers to create the right management of HS. This article aims to provide updates on the current treatment options of acne inversa to raise awareness and improve the management of the disease.

Larva de Attagenus na cavidade nasal em um paciente com complicações após o uso de preenchimento de ácido hialurônico / Attagenus larva in the sinus cavity in a patient with complications after the use of hyaluronic acid filler

Uma ampla variedade de preenchimentos dérmicos está agora disponível para uso na indústria da beleza. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 33 anos com complicações após injeção de ácido hialurônico por um não médico. Duas semanas após a injeção, dor nos seios da face bilateral, febre e sensação de queimação ocorreram na área da bochecha. Ela foi submetida a um diagnóstico detalhado revelando larva de Attagenus nos seios paranasais. Apesar do tratamento, os sintomas continuaram presentes, sendo administrada hialuronidase na região infraorbital com remissão completa

A wide range of dermal fillers is now available for use in the beauty industry. We present a case of a 33-year-old woman with complications after hyaluronic acid injection by a non-medical practitioner. Two weeks after the injection, bilateral sinus pain, fever, and burning sensation occurred in the cheek area. She underwent a detailed diagnosis revealing Attagenus larva in the paranasal sinus. Despite treatment, the symptoms remained. Thus, hyaluronidase was administered in the infraorbital area, obtaining a full remission.