Antitumor activity of ipilimumab or BRAF ± MEK inhibition after pembrolizumab treatment in patients with advanced melanoma: analysis from KEYNOTE-006.

BACKGROUND: Antitumor activity of ipilimumab or BRAF ± MEK inhibitors (BRAFi ± MEKi) following pembrolizumab administration in melanoma is poorly characterized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the phase III KEYNOTE-006 study, patients with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma received pembrolizumab (10 mg/kg) once every 2 or 3 weeks (Q3W) or ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) Q3W. The current post hoc analysis evaluates outcomes with ipilimumab or BRAFi ± MEKi as first subsequent systemic therapy after pembrolizumab administration and includes patients who completed or discontinued pembrolizumab after one or more dose. Pembrolizumab arms were pooled. RESULTS: At data cut-off (4 December 2017), median follow-up was 46.9 months. Of 555 pembrolizumab-treated patients, first subsequent therapy was ipilimumab for 103 (18.6%) and BRAFi ± MEKi for 59 (10.6%) [33 received BRAFi + MEKi, 26 BRAFi alone; 37 (62.7%) were BRAFi ± MEKi naïve]. In the subsequent ipilimumab group, ORR with previous pembrolizumab was 17.5% [1 complete response (CR); 17 partial response (PR)]; 79.6% had discontinued pembrolizumab due to progressive disease (PD); median overall survival (OS) was 21.5 months. ORR with subsequent ipilimumab was 15.5%; 11/16 responses (8 CRs; 3 PRs) were ongoing. ORR with subsequent ipilimumab was 9.7% for patients with PD as best response to pembrolizumab. Median OS from ipilimumab initiation was 9.8 months. In the subsequent BRAFi ± MEKi group, ORR with previous pembrolizumab was 13.5% (8 PR); 76.3% had discontinued pembrolizumab due to PD; median OS was 17.9 months. ORR with subsequent BRAFi ± MEKi was 30.5%, 7/18 responses (4 CR, 3 PR) were ongoing. Median OS from BRAFi ± MEKi initiation was 12.9 months. ORR for BRAFi ± MEKi-naïve patients who received subsequent BRAFi ± MEKi was 43.2%; 6/16 were ongoing (3 CR, 3 PR). CONCLUSIONS: Ipilimumab and BRAFi ± MEKi have antitumor activity as first subsequent therapy after pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma.

Changes in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Surrogate biomarkers of efficacy are needed for anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy, given the existence of delayed responses and pseudo-progressions. We evaluated changes in serum IL-8 levels as a biomarker of response to anti-PD-1 blockade in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Metastatic melanoma and NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab alone or nivolumab plus ipilimumab were studied. Serum was collected at baseline; at 2-4 weeks after the first dose; and at the time-points of response evaluation. Serum IL-8 levels were determined by sandwich ELISA. Changes in serum IL-8 levels were compared with the Wilcoxon test and their strength of association with response was assessed with the Mann-Whitney test. Accuracy of changes in IL-8 levels to predict response was estimated using receiver operation characteristics curves. RESULTS: Twenty-nine melanoma patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab were studied. In responding patients, serum IL-8 levels significantly decreased between baseline and best response (P <0.001), and significantly increased upon progression (P =  0.004). In non-responders, IL-8 levels significantly increased between baseline and progression (P =  0.013). Early changes in serum IL-8 levels (2-4 weeks after treatment initiation) were strongly associated with response (P <0.001). These observations were validated in 19 NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab (P =  0.001), and in 15 melanoma patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab (P <0.001). Early decreases in serum IL-8 levels were associated with longer overall survival in melanoma (P =  0.001) and NSCLC (P =  0.015) patients. Serum IL-8 levels also correctly reflected true response in three cancer patients presenting pseudoprogression. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in serum IL-8 levels could be used to monitor and predict clinical benefit from immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma and NSCLC patients.

Pilot study of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells combined with immunomodulatory doses of chemotherapy and sequenced with interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Experiments in animal tumor models suggest that the antitumor effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-2 in combination with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells can be enhanced by chemotherapy agents such as cyclophosphamide or doxorubicin or by the biologic agent interferon alpha. PURPOSE: We determined the toxicity and clinical response rate of an IL-2-LAK cell regimen modified by the addition of moderate, immunomodulatory doses of chemotherapy and sequenced with interferon alfa-2a (IFN alpha-2a) in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: IL-2 (3-6 million units/m2 per day) was administered by continuous infusion on days 0-5 and days 11-16. LAK cells were infused on days 11 and 12 or on days 11, 12, and 14. Low doses of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2) and doxorubicin (25 mg/m2) were given on day 9 before the LAK cell infusions. Following the IL-2-LAK cell infusion, IFN alpha-2a (12 million units/m2) was administered for a total of nine doses to complete a cycle of treatment. A total of 89 patients were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: For each histology, there were eight partial responses in 40 assessable patients, for an overall response rate of 20% (90% confidence interval = 10%-33%). The median response duration was 5 months, although two patients with renal cell carcinoma and one patient with metastatic melanoma had almost complete disappearance of tumor and are still responding after 26+, 22+, and 26+ months, respectively. Toxic effects were severe in patients receiving the highest dose of IL-2 administered in this study and similar to those reported with other high-dose IL-2-LAK cell regimens. Although toxic effects were completely reversible in most patients, there were four treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This regimen is active in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma and produces meaningful responses in a small percentage of these patients; however, it is not clear whether cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and IFN alpha-2a as used in this protocol appreciably augmented the antitumor activity of the IL-2-LAK cell regimen.

Phase I study of high-dose continuous-infusion recombinant interleukin-2 and autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with metastatic or unresectable malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

The current study was undertaken to determine the maximum tolerated dose of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) that could be administered as a continuous infusion in conjunction with autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. All 55 patients in this study received a priming dose of rIL-2 of 1.0 mg/m2 per day given as a continuous infusion over 4.5 days. Patients later received (days 11-16) one of three doses of rIL-2 per day (1.0, 1.25, or 1.50 mg/m2) in conjunction with LAK cells given on days 11, 12, and 14. Because of unacceptable toxicity occurring early in the LAK cell phase of therapy at the rIL-2 dose level of 1.50 mg/m2, we concluded that the maximum tolerated dose of rIL-2 given as a continuous infusion with LAK cells is 1.25 mg/m2 per day.

Phase II trial of interleukin 1 alpha and indomethacin in treatment of metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: The rising incidence of malignant melanoma and the lack of curative therapies for metastatic disease represent a therapeutic challenge. New agents effective in treating this disease are needed. PURPOSE: Because of the additive antitumor effects of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and indomethacin in vivo, we conducted a phase II trial of this combination in patients with melanoma. We used the recommended dose determined from our phase I trial to ascertain the antitumor activity of the combination. METHODS: From August 1, 1990, through July 28, 1992, 49 patients entered the study. They were stratified into two groups based on the presence of visceral (n = 14) and nonvisceral (n = 35) metastases. The patients received 7 days of both IL-1 alpha (O.1 micrograms/kg per day by intravenous bolus) infusion) and indomethacin (50 mg orally every 8 hours). At least two cycles of therapy, repeated at 21-day intervals, were planned. Additional treatment was given to those patients who had stable or responding lesions. A chi-squared test for homogeneity of proportions was used to compare groups on several measures. All P values resulted from two-sided tests. RESULTS: Fever, chills, and hypotension were among the most common side effects. None of the 14 patients with visceral metastases responded to the treatment. Of the 35 patients with non-visceral metastases, three showed a partial response for 6 months each and one showed a complete response for more than 34 months; the response rate was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5%-26%). All responding patients required phenylephrine for treatment of IL-1 alpha-induced hypotension, whereas six (19%) of 31 of the nonresponding patients with nonvisceral metastases required phenylephrine (P = .0008). The response rate in women was higher; three of 10 women (30%; 95% CI = 11%-60%) responded, whereas one of 25 men (4%; 95% CI = 0%-20%) responded (P = .029). All three women were positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B7 expression (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of IL-1 alpha and indomethacin has minimal antitumor activity in melanoma patients. All responses were confined to patients with nonvisceral metastases. IL-1 alpha-induced hypotension, gender, and HLA B7 expression were positively associated with response. IMPLICATIONS: Administration of higher doses of IL-1 alpha alone has been shown to produce hypotension in a large proportion of patients but can be given safely with phenylephrine support. Because of the association of hypotension with antitumor activity, treatment with higher IL-1 alpha doses alone may be a strategy for attaining better response rates.

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with CD3-negative tumors: a phase IA/B study.

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies induce the proliferation of human T-cells in vitro and activate specific and nonspecific cytolysis by human T-cell clones and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In vivo administration of anti-CD3 prevents tumor growth of a UV-induced mouse fibrosarcoma. We conducted a phase I trial to determine the toxicity and immunomodulatory properties of low doses of anti-CD3 in 36 patients with cancer. In 23 patients, anti-CD3 was given i.v. over 3 h at 1, 10, 30, and 100 mcg/patient. Five other patients received anti-CD3 at 30 mcg by i.v. bolus. Patients were treated every 3 days for a total of four doses. An additional eight patients received anti-CD3 daily for 14 days at 3 mcg by i.v. bolus, 3-h infusion, or 24-h infusion. Dose-limiting toxicity was headache. Headache was often accompanied by signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation leading to performance of a lumbar puncture in nine patients. The opening pressure was usually elevated, and six patients had a cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis with an elevated protein. Increased levels of interleukin 6 were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. The maximum tolerated dose by 3-h infusion was 30 mcg. There were no objective tumor responses. There was a dose-related increase in the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing the T-cell activation antigen CD69 (Leu 23), but no changes were seen in CD25 (interleukin 2 receptor) expression, and no changes were observed in the serum levels of the soluble interleukin 2 receptor. Even at these low doses of anti-CD3, 8 of 16 patients tested developed human anti-mouse antibodies.

Phase I and immunomodulatory study of a muramyl peptide, muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine.

Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE; CGP 19835A from Ciba Geigy) is a synthetic muramyl tripeptide structurally related to bacterial cell wall constituents. MTP-PE activates monocytes in vitro to a tumoricidal state and has in vivo antitumor effects in animal models. We studied the toxicity and immunomodulatory effects of once weekly i.v. administration of liposomal-encapsulated MTP-PE for 8 weeks in 27 patients with advanced malignancies. Doses ranged from 0.1 to 2.7 mg/m2. No major tumor responses were seen; 11 patients had stable disease after 8 weeks of therapy and 3 continued on maintenance therapy because of minor tumor regressions and/or clinical improvement. MTP-PE at these doses was well tolerated. Shaking chills and fevers were the most common toxicities and occurred at all dose levels. There was no treatment-induced loss of performance status. Immunomodulatory studies revealed evidence of a biological effect on monocytes. C-reactive protein levels rose in the majority of patients with end-of-treatment values 2 to 10 times higher than baseline. Serum neopterin levels were consistently increased 24 h after MTP-PE administration and significant decreases in expression of two different types of Fc receptors on peripheral blood monocytes were noted 6 h after treatment. Although no major tumor responses were seen in this group of patients with advanced malignancies, MTP-PE was well tolerated and exerted biological effects on monocytes. Serum neopterin levels may be a useful marker for the biological effects of MTP-PE.

Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and toxicity of a high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) regimen in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred fifty-five assessable patients were entered onto seven phase II clinical trials. Proleukin (aldesleukin; Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA) 600,000 or 720,000 IU/kg was administered by 15-minute intravenous (i.v.) infusion every 8 hours for up to 14 consecutive doses over 5 days as clinically tolerated with maximum support, including pressors. A second identical cycle of treatment was scheduled following 5 to 9 days of rest, and courses could be repeated every 6 to 12 weeks in stable or responding patients. RESULTS: The overall objective response rate was 14% (90% confidence interval [CI], 10% to 19%), with 12 (5%) complete responses (CRs) and 24 (9%) partial responses (PRs). Responses occurred in all sites of disease, including bone, intact primary tumors, and visceral metastases, and in patients with large tumor burdens or bulky individual lesions. The median response duration for patients who achieved a CR has not been reached, but was 19.0 months for those who achieved a PR. Baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was the only predictive prognostic factor for response to IL-2. While treatment was associated with severe acute toxicities, these generally reversed rapidly after therapy was completed. However, 4% of patients died of adverse events judged to be possibly or probably treatment-related. CONCLUSION: High-dose IL-2 appears to benefit some patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma by producing durable CRs or PRs. Despite severe acute treatment-associated toxicities, IL-2 should be considered for initial therapy of patients with appropriately selected metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

A phase II study of high-dose continuous infusion interleukin-2 with lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Thirty-three patients with metastatic melanoma were treated in a phase II study with an intravenous continuous infusion (IVCI) of interleukin-2 (IL2) given with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The dose of IL2 was the optimal priming dose for LAK-cell induction, followed by the maximally tolerated LAK-cell dose that could be given by an IVCI schedule as determined by a previous phase I trial. The CI schedule was chosen for evaluation because of a postulated reduction in toxicity with the possibility of administering a more prolonged IL2 infusion and because greater rebound lymphocytosis and LAK-cell generation had been reported using this dose and schedule. The 33 patients were similar in age, performance status, and sites of disease to those treated in previous IL2 trials. All patients were assessable for response and toxicity. One patient (3%) achieved a partial response of 10 months duration. There were no other clinically significant responses. Significant toxicity included hypotension requiring pressors (45%), dyspnea (36%), renal insufficiency (24%), hepatic dysfunction (66%), and cardiac arrhythmias (18%). These toxicities reversed with cessation of the infusion. There were four deaths during the first 30 days of treatment, three from infection (one related to central line, one related to LAK cells, one related to tumor), and one from tumor-related hemorrhage. Toxicity was unexpectedly high and at least comparable to that seen in previous studies using a high-dose IV bolus schedule of IL2. When comparing the IVCI schedule with high-dose bolus IL2 to LAK cells in nonrandomized but sequential studies in patients with advanced melanoma, it appears that CI IL2 is less efficacious.

Randomized phase III trial of treatment with high-dose interleukin-2 either alone or in combination with interferon alfa-2a in patients with advanced melanoma.

PURPOSE: To compare the response rate, survival, and toxicity of treatment with high-dose intravenous (IV) bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon alfa-2a (IFN-alpha) with high-dose IL-2 alone in patients with advanced melanoma in a randomized phase III trial design. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-five patients with advanced melanoma were randomly assigned to receive IL-2 6 X 10(6) U/m2 per dose every 8 hours as tolerated for a maximum of 14 doses on days 1 through 5 and 15 through 19, or IL-2 4.5 X 10(6) U/m2 per dose, plus IFN-alpha 3 X 10(6) U/m2 using an identical schedule. A planned interim analysis was performed after 85 patients were entered, which forms the basis for this report. RESULTS: Partial response (PR) occurred in two of 44 patients (5%; 95% confidence interval, 1% to 15%) receiving IL-2 alone, compared with four of 41 patients (10%; 95% confidence interval, 3% to 23%) receiving IL-2/IFN-alpha (P = .30). There were no complete responses (CRs). The median duration of response was 11.5 months (range, 2.0 to 15.7+). There was no significant difference in the median survival duration for patients receiving IL-2 alone (10.2 months) compared with patients receiving IL-2/IFN-alpha (9.7 months). The median and mean number of doses of IL-2 were equivalent in both groups, as was toxicity. There were three treatment-related deaths, two in the IL-2-alone arm and one in the IL-2/IFN-alpha arm. The trial was terminated after the first interim analysis based on predefined early-stopping rules, which included termination if the response rate in the IL-2/IFN-alpha arm was less than 25%. CONCLUSION: Using the preparation, dose, and schedule of IL-2 in our trial, IFN-alpha failed to enhance significantly the response rate to high-dose IL-2 in the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma.

Phase IB clinical trial of anti-CD3 followed by high-dose bolus interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical and immunologic effects.

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of an anti-CD3 antibody, OKT3, in combination with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2), and to determine whether OKT3 can enhance the expansion of CD3+, CD25+ (IL-2 receptor alpha [IL-2R alpha])-expressing T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma receiving high-dose IL-2. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a phase IB trial of a murine monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) with high-dose IL-2 in patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Fifty-four patients were enrolled, with cohorts of 10 or more patients receiving escalating doses of OKT3 at 75, 200, 400, and 600 micrograms/m2 on day 1 followed by IL-2 at an initial dose 0.45 and then 1.33 mg/m2 every 8 hours on days 2 through 6 and 16 through 20 (maximum, 28 doses). An additional cohort of 14 patients received high-dose IL-2 (1.33 mg/m2 per dose) alone. Circulating CD3+, CD25+ cells were monitored before therapy and following the initial week of IL-2. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients were enrolled. The MTD for OKT3 was defined as 400 micrograms/m2 based on a reduction in the number of IL-2 doses that could be administered. Increases in CD3+, CD25+ cells were observed within all cohorts; however, the increase was not OKT3 dose-dependent. On the other hand, we found that 60% (nine of 15) of patients tested at OKT3 dose levels of 200, 400, and 600 micrograms/m2 had increases in serum sCD25 (soluble IL-2R alpha) to more than 100,000 U/mL, while none of 10 patients who received IL-2 alone or with OKT3 at the 75-micrograms dose had increases greater than 60,000 U/mL. Of 29 patients with renal cell carcinoma who received OKT3 with IL-2 (1.33 mg/m2), there were three objective tumor responses (all partial responses). In the 16 patients with melanoma who received OKT3 plus IL-2, there was a single objective response (complete response). CONCLUSION: The doses of OKT3 administered on this schedule failed to enhance significantly the number of circulating CD3+, CD25+ T cells and did not appear to increase the antitumor activity of IL-2 alone, which underscores the need for other approaches to enhance the efficacy of IL-2 therapy.

Dose-related immunologic effects of levamisole in patients with cancer.

PURPOSE: This phase I study was conducted to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and the immunologic properties of levamisole in cancer patients when administered alone and in combination with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with advanced cancer and 36 patients with completely resected melanoma (n = 33) or renal cell cancer (n = 3) received levamisole orally every other day for six doses at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. Ten days later, patients restarted levamisole and began IFN-gamma 0.1 mg/m2 by subcutaneous injection every other day. Blood samples were collected for measurement of neopterin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), and for flow-cytometric analysis. RESULTS: The MTD of levamisole was 5 mg/kg, and this was not changed by the addition of IFN-gamma. Dose-related increases in serum levels of neopterin and sIL-2R were noted. Multiple doses of > or = 5 mg/kg of levamisole were required to elicit immune changes, which were more prominent in patients with minimal tumor burdens. Increased expression of CD64 and class I and class II major histocompatibility antigens on monocytes was also observed. The combination of IFN-gamma and levamisole did not result in greater immunologic effects than those observed in previous trials of IFN-gamma alone. CONCLUSION: Levamisole induces dose-related immunologic changes in patients with large or minimal tumor burdens. These changes may be involved in the beneficial effects noted in recent adjuvant trials of levamisole. Ongoing clinical trials should correlate immune changes with response, and trials exploring different schedules of administration using higher, more immunologically active, doses of levamisole should be performed.

A randomized phase II trial of continuous infusion interleukin-2 or bolus injection interleukin-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer cells for advanced renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Since 1985, multiple centers have demonstrated that interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells produce durable anticancer responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. High-dose recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) has been administered by intravenous bolus injection (Rosenberg SA, et al: N Engl J Med 313:1485-1492, 1985) and by continuous intravenous infusion (West WH, et al: N Engl J Med 316:898-905, 1987) combined with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, with both methods producing responses in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. The Extramural IL-2/LAK Working Group has conducted a randomized phase II trial of two intravenous high-dose rIL-2 regimens (bolus three times daily or 24-hour continuous infusion) to determine if either one manifests greater anticancer activity or a more acceptable toxicity profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-four patients with measurable advanced renal cell carcinoma were enrolled on this study: 46 to the bolus injection arm and 48 to the continuous infusion arm. On both arms, patients underwent a priming phase of rIL-2 administration, four daily lymphocytaphereses to harvest mononuclear cells that were placed in 3- to 4-day culture for generation of LAK cells, and an rIL-2/LAK coadministration phase. Patients were then observed monthly for evidence of response to this therapy and were offered up to two additional courses of treatment every 3 months if evidence of response was detected. RESULTS: Twenty percent of patients on the bolus injection arm experienced objective responses (three complete responses and six partial responses); 15% of patients on the continuous infusion arm responded (two complete responses and five partial responses). Complete responses were durable, persisting for 310+ to 700+ days. The incidence of severe life-threatening toxicities typical of high-dose rIL-2 therapy was similar in both arms (eg, patients with hypotension requiring pressors: bolus 71%, continuous 63%; oliguria less than or equal to 200 mL/8 hours: bolus 65%, continuous 71%). More episodes of fever, infection, and serum alkaline phosphatase elevation were associated with the continuous infusion arm, while more thrombocytopenia occurred on the bolus injection arm. Four patients (three bolus injection, one continuous infusion) died of respiratory and circulatory failure while under treatment. No clinical or laboratory parameter accompanying treatment on either arm was, by univariate or multivariate analysis, associated with an increased likelihood of response. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods of high-dose rIL-2/LAK cell administration produce nearly equivalent anticancer activity and toxicity in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. The ability to predict responding patients based on patient or treatment characteristics is not possible.

High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993.

PURPOSE: To determine the short- and long-term efficacy and toxicity of the high-dose intravenous bolus interleukin 2 (IL-2) regimen in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred seventy assessable patients were entered onto eight clinical trials conducted between 1985 and 1993. IL-2 (Proleukin [aldesleukin]; Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA) 600,000 or 720,000 IU/kg was administered by 15-minute intravenous infusion every 8 hours for up to 14 consecutive doses over 5 days as clinically tolerated with maximum support, including pressors. A second identical treatment cycle was scheduled after 6 to 9 days of rest, and courses could be repeated every 6 to 12 weeks in stable or responding patients. Data were analyzed through fall 1996. RESULTS: The overall objective response rate was 16% (95% confidence interval, 12% to 21%); there were 17 complete responses (CRs) (6%) and 26 partial responses (PRs) (10%). Responses occurred with all sites of disease and in patients with large tumor burdens. The median response duration for patients who achieved a CR has not been reached and was 5.9 months for those who achieved a PR. Twelve (28%) of the responding patients, including 10 (59%) of the patients who achieved a CR, remain progression-free. Disease did not progress in any patient responding for more than 30 months. Baseline performance status and whether patients had received prior systemic therapy were the only predictive prognostic factors for response to IL-2 therapy. Toxicities, although severe, generally reversed rapidly after therapy was completed. Six patients (2%) died from adverse events, all related to sepsis. CONCLUSION: High-dose IL-2 treatment seems to benefit some patients with metastatic melanoma by producing durable CRs or PRs and should be considered for appropriately selected melanoma patients.

Therapy of renal cell carcinoma with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells: phase II experience with a hybrid bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 regimen.

Forty-seven patients with metastatic or unresectable renal cell carcinoma were treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-cell therapy, using a hybrid IL-2 regimen. IL-2 was administered initially by intravenous bolus (10(5) U/kg [Cetus Corp, Emeryville, CA] every 8 hours for 3 days) during the priming phase, and subsequently by continuous infusion (3 x 10(6) U/m2 for 6 days); during this second treatment period, in vitro-generated LAK cells were administered. Despite selection of patients for good performance status (PS) (29, PS 0; 18, PS 1) prior nephrectomy (43 of the 47 patients), and low tumor burden, the response rate was low (two complete [CRs] and two partial responses [PRs], for an overall objective response rate of 9%). Toxicity was comparable to that experienced with the high-dose bolus regimen. These results suggest that the dose and schedule of IL-2 administration may influence the likelihood of response to IL-2 in renal cell carcinoma.

Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: a phase II study.

Forty-seven patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with two 5-day cycles of 100,000 U/kg recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) intravenously (IV) every 4 hours separated by 1 week. This dose and schedule of IL-2 were identical to those used in a previous combined IL-2 and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell phase II clinical trial of the IL-2/LAK Working Group. Patient eligibility criteria, and clinical management guidelines were similar to those used in the previous trial. Forty-six patients were assessable for response. Objective responses were observed in 10 of 46 patients (two complete responses [CRs], eight partial responses [PRs]) or 22% with responses occurring in lung and liver as well as lymph nodes and subcutaneous sites. The median response duration was 8 months. Toxicity was significant; three patients developed myocardial infarction, and one patient died during therapy. Overall the toxicity and response rate for single-agent IL-2 are similar to that observed with IL-2 administered in combination with LAK cells in the previous trial. These results suggest that single-agent therapy with IL-2 when administered in this schedule has significant antimelanoma activity in humans, and that LAK cells generated from peripheral blood add little to the antimelanoma activity of this dose and schedule of IL-2.

Metastatic malignant melanoma treated with combined bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells.

Fifty patients with advanced melanoma received high-dose bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2) with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in an attempt to improve the therapeutic index of this active but toxic therapy. Treatment began with up to nine bolus doses of IL-2 administered over 3 days. After 1 day of rest, patients underwent daily leukapheresis for 4 days, and the leukocytes were cultured with IL-2 in vitro to prepare LAK cells. Continuous infusion IL-2 was begun 1 day after the last leukapheresis and continued for up to 148 hours; LAK cells were administered on days 1, 2, and 4 of the infusion. Responding patients were eligible to receive up to two additional cycles of therapy at 3-month intervals. Most patients completed each cycle without dose reduction. One patient had a complete response and six patients had partial responses (14% response rate). The complete responder and three of the partial responders (8%) remain free from disease progression with follow-up of 21 to 24 months. Of these four patients with durable remissions, one had extensive liver and lymph node metastases, one had lymph node, pleural, and parenchymal lung metastases, and two had disease limited to lymph nodes or subcutaneous tissues. Seventeen patients (34%) required pressors for hypotension, three patients (6%) developed hemodynamically significant arrhythmias, and six patients (12%) developed dyspnea at rest, but none required intubation and there were no treatment-related deaths. Unacceptable toxicity developed in two patients during bolus IL-2 administration and therapy was aborted; both returned to baseline status within 4 days of discontinuing IL-2. Fever, oliguria, and elevated creatinine or transaminase levels occurred frequently but were also transient. Despite less frequent severe toxicity with this modified regimen, these results confirm the ability of IL-2 and LAK cell therapy to induce durable remissions in some patients with advanced melanoma.

Phase I trial of anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ T cells, infusional interleukin-2, and cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced cancer.

PURPOSE: We performed a phase I trial to determine whether in vivo expansion of activated CD4+ T cells was possible in cancer patients. 111Indium labeling was used to observe trafficking patterns of the infused stimulated CD4+ T cells. The influence of cyclophosphamide (CTX) dosing on immunologic outcome was also examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid tumors or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma received CTX at 300 or 1,000 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.). Leukapheresis was performed to harvest peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) either just before the CTX dose, or when the patient was either entering or recovering from the leukocyte nadir induced by CTX. An enriched population of CD4+ T cells was obtained by negative selection. The CD4+ T cells were activated ex vivo with anti-CD3, cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 4 days, and adoptively transferred. After adoptive transfer, patients received IL-2 (9.0 x 10(6) IU/m2/d) by continuous infusion for 7 days. RESULTS: The absolute number of CD4+, CD4+/DR+, and CD4+/CD45RO+ T cells increased in a statistically significant fashion in all cohorts after the first course of therapy. The degree of CD4 expansion was much greater than CD8 expansion, which resulted in a CD4:CD8 ratio that increased in 26 of 31 patients. The greatest in vivo CD4 expansion occurred when cells were harvested as patients entered the CTX-induced nadir. One complete response (CR), two partial responses (PRs), and eight minor responses were observed. Trafficking of 111Indium-labeled CD4 cells to subcutaneous melanoma deposits was also documented. CONCLUSION: CD4+ T cells can be expanded in vivo in cancer patients, which results in increased CD4:CD8 ratios. The timing of pheresis in relation to CTX administration influences the degree of CD4 expansion. Tumor responses with this regimen were observed in a variety of tumors, including melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; a high percentage of patients had at least some tumor regression from the regimen that produced the greatest CD4+ T-cell expansion.

Phase I study of subcutaneously administered interleukin-2 in combination with interferon alfa-2a in patients with advanced cancer.

PURPOSE: Although high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) can produce durable remissions in a subset of responding patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), this occurs in the setting of significant toxicity. The purpose of this study is to define the maximum-tolerated dosage (MTD) of IL-2 and interferon alfa-2a (IFN alpha-2a) that can be administered chronically on an outpatient basis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients with advanced cancer of variable histology with good prognostic features were treated in six cohorts. Patients in cohorts one through five received IL-2 (1.5 or 3.0 x 10(6) million units (mU)/m2) Monday through Friday and IFN alpha-2a (1.5 or 3 x 10(6) mU/m2) daily for a 4-week cycle. In cohort six, IFN alpha-2a was given three times a week. Immunologic monitoring, including serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and neopterin, flow cytometry, and natural killer cell (NK) activity, were measured. Patients were evaluated for toxicity, response, and survival. RESULTS: Almost all patients developed grade I/II toxicities commonly associated with cytokine therapy. Symptoms were most severe with the first treatment of each week. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade III fatigue, hypotension, and creatinine elevations. The MTD was 1.5 mU/m2 daily x 5 given subcutaneously repeated weekly for IL-2 and 1.5 mU/m2 daily subcutaneously (dose level 3) for IFN. Six of 25 assessable patients with RCC (24%) achieved a partial response (PR), including four of eight patients who were previously untreated. There were no objective responses in patients with other tumors, including 12 melanoma patients. CONCLUSION: IL-2 and IFN alpha-2a can be given with tolerable toxicities on an outpatient basis and shows significant activity in patients with metastatic RCC.