RESUMO
In the multimodal strategy context, to implement healthcare-associated infection prevention, bundles are one of the most commonly used methods to adapt guidelines in the local context and transfer best practices into routine clinical care. One of the most important measures to prevent surgical site infections is surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP). This narrative review aims to present a bundle for the correct SAP administration and evaluate the evidence supporting it. Surgical site infection (SSI) prevention guidelines published by the WHO, CDC, NICE, and SHEA/IDSA/APIC/AHA, and the clinical practice guidelines for SAP by ASHP/IDSA/SIS/SHEA, were reviewed. Subsequently, comprehensive searches were also conducted using the PubMed®/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, in order to identify further supporting evidence-based documentation. The bundle includes five different measures that may affect proper SAP administration. The measures included may be easily implemented in all hospitals worldwide and are based on minimal drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics knowledge, which all surgeons should know. Antibiotics for SAP should be prescribed for surgical procedures at high risk for SSIs, such as clean-contaminated and contaminated surgical procedures or for clean surgical procedures where SSIs, even if unlikely, may have devastating consequences, such as in procedures with prosthetic implants. SAP should generally be administered within 60 min before the surgical incision for most antibiotics (including cefazolin). SAP redosing is indicated for surgical procedures exceeding two antibiotic half-lives or for procedures significantly associated with blood loss. In principle, SAP should be discontinued after the surgical procedure. Hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship programmes can optimise the treatment of infections and reduce adverse events associated with antibiotics. In the context of a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach, it is essential to encourage an institutional safety culture in which surgeons are persuaded, rather than compelled, to respect antibiotic prescribing practices. In that context, the proposed bundle contains a set of evidence-based interventions for SAP administration. It is easy to apply, promotes collaboration, and includes measures that can be adequately followed and evaluated in all hospitals worldwide.
RESUMO
Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 95 años de edad, quien acudió al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba por presentar dolor abdominal difuso, de comienzo súbito con 48 horas de evolución, acompañado de náuseas y vómitos de escasa cuantía y de coloración oscura, así como ligera distención abdominal, sin expulsión de heces ni gases. Se decidió su ingreso para tratamiento quirúrgico urgente, con el diagnóstico presuntivo de oclusión intestinal. Durante la cirugía se encontró la vesícula distendida con su pedículo torcido. Se realizó colecistectomía típica. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y no presentó complicaciones posoperatorias.
The case report of a 95 years patient is described, she went to the emergency department of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba due to a diffuse abdominal pain, of sudden beginning with 48 hours of clinical course, accompanied by nauseas and vomits of scarce quantity and dark color, as well as slight abdominal distention, without expulsion of stools neither gases. Her admission was decided for emergency surgical treatment, with the presumptive diagnosis of intestinal occlusion. During the surgery the distended gallbladder with bent pedicle was found. A typical cholecystectomy was carried out. The patient had a favorable clinical course and she didn't present postoperative complications.