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1.
J Therm Biol ; 74: 249-255, 2018 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29801635

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The Temperature Logger Implant is a newly developed device that is capable of providing data for animal studies on thermoregulatory function, hibernation, hypothermia, and general health. During research, it may be necessary to conduct a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination on an animal with this device implanted to assess anatomical changes or other conditions. Notably, this new device was specially designed to be unaffected by the electromagnetic fields used for MRI. Therefore, to verify that there would be no problems related to MRI, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate MRI-related issues for the Temperature Logger Implant. METHODS: Tests were performed on the Temperature Logger Implant using well-accepted techniques to evaluate magnetic field interactions (translational attraction and torque, 1.5 T), MRI-related heating (whole body averaged specific absorption rate, 2.9 W/kg), artifacts (T1-weighted, spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences), and functional changes related to exposure to eight different imaging conditions. RESULTS: Magnetic field interactions were relatively low (deflection angle 4°, no torque) and heating was minor (highest temperature rise, > 1.1 °C) indicating that these factors will not pose a hazard to an animal. The largest artifact (gradient echo pulse sequence) extended 10 mm from the size and shape of the Temperature Logger Implant. Exposure to the eight different conditions at 1.5 T/ 64 MHz did not alter or damage the operational aspects of the device. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrated that MRI can be performed safely on an animal with this new Temperature Logger Implant and, thus, this device is deemed "MR Conditional" (i.e., using current labeling terminology), according to the conditions used in this investigation.


Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Termometria/instrumentação , Artefatos , Temperatura Corporal , Desenho de Equipamento , Campos Magnéticos
3.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28396263

RESUMO

Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in breath show promise as an indicator of immediate metabolic fuel utilization in animals because tissue lipids have a lower δ13C value than carbohydrates and proteins. Metabolic fuel consumption is often estimated using the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which has lipid and carbohydrate boundaries, but does not differentiate between protein and mixed fuel catabolism at intermediate values. Because lipids have relatively low δ13C values, measurements of stable carbon isotopes in breath may help distinguish between catabolism of protein and mixed fuel that includes lipid. We measured breath δ13C and RER concurrently in arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii) during steady-state torpor at ambient temperatures from -2 to -26°C. As predicted, we found a correlation between RER and breath δ13C values; however, the range of RER in this study did not reach intermediate levels to allow further resolution of metabolic substrate use with the addition of breath δ13C measurements. These data suggest that breath δ13C values are 1.1‰ lower than lipid tissue during pure lipid metabolism. From RER, we determined that arctic ground squirrels rely on nonlipid fuel sources for a significant portion of energy during torpor (up to 37%). The shift toward nonlipid fuel sources may be influenced by adiposity of the animals in addition to thermal challenge.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Hibernação/fisiologia , Respiração , Animais , Temperatura Corporal , Carbono/metabolismo , Isótopos de Carbono/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Proteínas/metabolismo , Sciuridae/metabolismo
4.
Mol Ecol ; 23(22): 5524-37, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25314618

RESUMO

Hibernation is an energy-saving adaptation that involves a profound suppression of physical activity that can continue for 6-8 months in highly seasonal environments. While immobility and disuse generate muscle loss in most mammalian species, in contrast, hibernating bears and ground squirrels demonstrate limited muscle atrophy over the prolonged periods of physical inactivity during winter, suggesting that hibernating mammals have adaptive mechanisms to prevent disuse muscle atrophy. To identify common transcriptional programmes that underlie molecular mechanisms preventing muscle loss, we conducted a large-scale gene expression screen in hind limb muscles comparing hibernating and summer-active black bears and arctic ground squirrels using custom 9600 probe cDNA microarrays. A molecular pathway analysis showed an elevated proportion of overexpressed genes involved in all stages of protein biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis in muscle of both species during torpor of hibernation that suggests induction of translation at different hibernation states. The induction of protein biosynthesis probably contributes to attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy through the prolonged periods of immobility of hibernation. The lack of directional changes in genes of protein catabolic pathways does not support the importance of metabolic suppression for preserving muscle mass during winter. Coordinated reduction in multiple genes involved in oxidation-reduction and glucose metabolism detected in both species is consistent with metabolic suppression and lower energy demand in skeletal muscle during inactivity of hibernation.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Hibernação , Atrofia Muscular/genética , Sciuridae/genética , Ursidae/genética , Animais , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Transcriptoma
5.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Feb 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38014200

RESUMO

Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20°C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8°C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.

6.
Elife ; 132024 May 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38752835

RESUMO

Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20 °C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8 °C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.


Many animals use hibernation as a tactic to survive harsh winters. During this dormant, inactive state, animals reduce or limit body processes, such as heart rate and body temperature, to minimise their energy use. To conserve energy during hibernation, animals can use different approaches. For example, garden dormice undergo periodic states of extremely low core temperatures (down to 4­8oC); whereas Eurasian brown bears see milder temperature drops (down to 23­25oC). An important organ that changes during hibernation is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle typically uses large amounts of energy, making up around 50% of body mass. To survive, hibernating animals must change how their skeletal muscle uses energy. Traditionally, active myosin ­ a protein found in muscles that helps muscles to contract ­ was thought to be responsible for most of the energy use by skeletal muscle. But, more recently, resting myosin has also been found to use energy when muscles are relaxed. Lewis et al. studied myosin and skeletal muscle energy use changes during hibernation and whether they could impact the metabolism of hibernating animals. Lewis et al. assessed myosin changes in muscle samples from squirrels, dormice and bears during hibernation and during activity. Experiments showed changes in resting myosin in squirrels and dormice (whose temperature drops to 4­8oC during hibernation) but not in bears. Further analysis revealed that cooling samples from non-hibernating muscle to 4­8oC increased energy use in resting myosin, thereby generating heat. However, no increase in energy use was found after cooling hibernating muscle samples to 4­8oC. This suggest that resting myosin generates heat at cool temperatures ­ a mechanism that is switched off in hibernating animals to allow them to cool their body temperature. These findings reveal key insights into how animals conserve energy during hibernation. In addition, the results show that myosin regulates energy use in skeletal muscles, which indicates myosin may be a potential drug target in metabolic diseases, such as obesity.


Assuntos
Hibernação , Animais , Hibernação/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Miosinas de Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Ursidae/metabolismo , Ursidae/fisiologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Proteômica
7.
Front Neurol ; 14: 1009718, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36779060

RESUMO

Targeted temperature management (TTM) is standard of care for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Prevention of fever, not excluding cooling core body temperature to 33°C, is standard of care for brain injury post cardiac arrest. Although TTM is beneficial, HIE and cardiac arrest still carry significant risk of death and severe disability. Mammalian hibernation is a gold standard of neuroprotective metabolic suppression, that if better understood might make TTM more accessible, improve efficacy of TTM and identify adjunctive therapies to protect and regenerate neurons after hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Hibernating species tolerate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion better than humans and better than other models of cerebral ischemia tolerance. Such tolerance limits risk of transitions into and out of hibernation torpor and suggests that a barrier to translate hibernation torpor may be human vulnerability to these transitions. At the same time, understanding how hibernating mammals protect their brains is an opportunity to identify adjunctive therapies for TTM. Here we summarize what is known about the hemodynamics of hibernation and how the hibernating brain resists injury to identify opportunities to translate these mechanisms for neurocritical care.

8.
J Neurosci ; 31(30): 10752-8, 2011 Jul 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21795527

RESUMO

Torpor in hibernating mammals defines the nadir in mammalian metabolic demand and body temperature that accommodates seasonal periods of reduced energy availability. The mechanism of metabolic suppression during torpor onset is unknown, although the CNS is a key regulator of torpor. Seasonal hibernators, such as the arctic ground squirrel (AGS), display torpor only during the winter, hibernation season. The seasonal character of hibernation thus provides a clue to its regulation. In the present study, we delivered adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists into the lateral ventricle of AGSs at different times of the year while monitoring the rate of O(2) consumption and core body temperature as indicators of torpor. The A(1) antagonist cyclopentyltheophylline reversed spontaneous entrance into torpor. The adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) induced torpor in six of six AGSs tested during the mid-hibernation season, two of six AGSs tested early in the hibernation season, and none of the six AGSs tested during the summer, off-season. CHA-induced torpor within the hibernation season was specific to A(1)AR activation; the A(3)AR agonist 2-Cl-IB MECA failed to induce torpor, and the A(2a)R antagonist MSX-3 failed to reverse spontaneous onset of torpor. CHA-induced torpor was similar to spontaneous entrance into torpor. These results show that metabolic suppression during torpor onset is regulated within the CNS via A(1)AR activation and requires a seasonal switch in the sensitivity of purinergic signaling.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Hibernação/fisiologia , Receptor A1 de Adenosina/fisiologia , Sciuridae/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/farmacologia , Animais , Regiões Árticas , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hibernação/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Intraventriculares/métodos , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Antagonistas Purinérgicos/farmacologia , Agonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P1/farmacologia , Telemetria/métodos , Teofilina/análogos & derivados , Teofilina/farmacologia , Xantinas/farmacologia
9.
Funct Integr Genomics ; 12(2): 357-65, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22351243

RESUMO

Physical inactivity reduces mechanical load on the skeleton, which leads to losses of bone mass and strength in non-hibernating mammalian species. Although bears are largely inactive during hibernation, they show no loss in bone mass and strength. To obtain insight into molecular mechanisms preventing disuse bone loss, we conducted a large-scale screen of transcriptional changes in trabecular bone comparing winter hibernating and summer non-hibernating black bears using a custom 12,800 probe cDNA microarray. A total of 241 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.01 and fold change >1.4) in the ilium bone of bears between winter and summer. The Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed an elevated proportion in hibernating bears of overexpressed genes in six functional sets of genes involved in anabolic processes of tissue morphogenesis and development including skeletal development, cartilage development, and bone biosynthesis. Apoptosis genes demonstrated a tendency for downregulation during hibernation. No coordinated directional changes were detected for genes involved in bone resorption, although some genes responsible for osteoclast formation and differentiation (Ostf1, Rab9a, and c-Fos) were significantly underexpressed in bone of hibernating bears. Elevated expression of multiple anabolic genes without induction of bone resorption genes, and the down regulation of apoptosis-related genes, likely contribute to the adaptive mechanism that preserves bone mass and structure through prolonged periods of immobility during hibernation.


Assuntos
Hibernação/genética , Ílio/anatomia & histologia , Ílio/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima , Ursidae/fisiologia , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Reabsorção Óssea/genética , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genes , Ílio/metabolismo , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Tamanho do Órgão , Osteogênese/genética , Ursidae/genética , Ursidae/metabolismo
10.
BMC Genomics ; 12: 171, 2011 03 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21453527

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hibernation is an adaptive strategy to survive in highly seasonal or unpredictable environments. The molecular and genetic basis of hibernation physiology in mammals has only recently been studied using large scale genomic approaches. We analyzed gene expression in the American black bear, Ursus americanus, using a custom 12,800 cDNA probe microarray to detect differences in expression that occur in heart and liver during winter hibernation in comparison to summer active animals. RESULTS: We identified 245 genes in heart and 319 genes in liver that were differentially expressed between winter and summer. The expression of 24 genes was significantly elevated during hibernation in both heart and liver. These genes are mostly involved in lipid catabolism and protein biosynthesis and include RNA binding protein motif 3 (Rbm3), which enhances protein synthesis at mildly hypothermic temperatures. Elevated expression of protein biosynthesis genes suggests induction of translation that may be related to adaptive mechanisms reducing cardiac and muscle atrophies over extended periods of low metabolism and immobility during hibernation in bears. Coordinated reduction of transcription of genes involved in amino acid catabolism suggests redirection of amino acids from catabolic pathways to protein biosynthesis. We identify common for black bears and small mammalian hibernators transcriptional changes in the liver that include induction of genes responsible for fatty acid ß oxidation and carbohydrate synthesis and depression of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate catabolism, cellular respiration and detoxification pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that modulation of gene expression during winter hibernation represents molecular mechanism of adaptation to extreme environments.


Assuntos
Coração/fisiologia , Hibernação/fisiologia , Fígado/fisiologia , Ursidae/genética , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , DNA Complementar/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Hibernação/genética , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Estações do Ano , Ursidae/fisiologia
11.
Proc Biol Sci ; 278(1716): 2369-75, 2011 08 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21177687

RESUMO

Ecologists need an empirical understanding of physiological and behavioural adjustments that animals can make in response to seasonal and long-term variations in environmental conditions. Because many species experience trade-offs between timing and duration of one seasonal event versus another and because interacting species may also shift phenologies at different rates, it is possible that, in aggregate, phenological shifts could result in mismatches that disrupt ecological communities. We investigated the timing of seasonal events over 14 years in two Arctic ground squirrel populations living 20 km apart in Northern Alaska. At Atigun River, snow melt occurred 27 days earlier and snow cover began 17 days later than at Toolik Lake. This spatial differential was reflected in significant variation in the timing of most seasonal events in ground squirrels living at the two sites. Although reproductive males ended seasonal torpor on the same date at both sites, Atigun males emerged from hibernation 9 days earlier and entered hibernation 5 days later than Toolik males. Atigun females emerged and bred 13 days earlier and entered hibernation 9 days earlier than those at Toolik. We propose that this variation in phenology over a small spatial scale is likely generated by plasticity of physiological mechanisms that may also provide individuals the ability to respond to variation in environmental conditions over time.


Assuntos
Aclimatação/fisiologia , Clima , Hibernação/fisiologia , Sciuridae/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Alaska , Análise de Variância , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Especificidade da Espécie , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo
12.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 8281, 2021 04 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33859306

RESUMO

Physical inactivity leads to losses of bone mass and strength in most mammalian species. In contrast, hibernating bears show no bone loss over the prolonged periods (4-6 months) of immobility during winter, which suggests that they have adaptive mechanisms to preserve bone mass. To identify transcriptional changes that underlie molecular mechanisms preventing disuse osteoporosis, we conducted a large-scale gene expression screening in the trabecular bone and bone marrow, comparing hibernating and summer active bears through sequencing of the transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis showed a coordinated down-regulation of genes involved in bone resorption, osteoclast differentiation and signaling, and apoptosis during hibernation. These findings are consistent with previous histological findings and likely contribute to the preservation of bone during the immobility of hibernation. In contrast, no significant enrichment indicating directional changes in gene expression was detected in the gene sets of bone formation and osteoblast signaling in hibernating bears. Additionally, we revealed significant and coordinated transcriptional induction of gene sets involved in aerobic energy production including fatty acid beta oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondrial oxidation was likely up-regulated by transcriptionally induced AMPK/PGC1α pathway, an upstream stimulator of mitochondrial function.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/genética , Reabsorção Óssea/genética , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Hibernação/fisiologia , Osteogênese/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Ursidae/genética , Ursidae/metabolismo , Adenilato Quinase/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Expressão Gênica , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/fisiologia , Oxirredução , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Transcriptoma/genética
13.
BMC Genomics ; 11: 201, 2010 Mar 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20338065

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Species of the bear family (Ursidae) are important organisms for research in molecular evolution, comparative physiology and conservation biology, but relatively little genetic sequence information is available for this group. Here we report the development and analyses of the first large scale Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) resource for the American black bear (Ursus americanus). RESULTS: Comprehensive analyses of molecular functions, alternative splicing, and tissue-specific expression of 38,757 black bear EST sequences were conducted using the dog genome as a reference. We identified 18 genes, involved in functions such as lipid catabolism, cell cycle, and vesicle-mediated transport, that are showing rapid evolution in the bear lineage Three genes, Phospholamban (PLN), cysteine glycine-rich protein 3 (CSRP3) and Troponin I type 3 (TNNI3), are related to heart contraction, and defects in these genes in humans lead to heart disease. Two genes, biphenyl hydrolase-like (BPHL) and CSRP3, contain positively selected sites in bear. Global analysis of evolution rates of hibernation-related genes in bear showed that they are largely conserved and slowly evolving genes, rather than novel and fast-evolving genes. CONCLUSION: We provide a genomic resource for an important mammalian organism and our study sheds new light on the possible functions and evolution of bear genes.


Assuntos
Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Genoma , Ursidae/genética , Alaska , Processamento Alternativo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Evolução Molecular , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genoma/genética , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Especificidade de Órgãos , Filogenia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de Sequência
14.
Physiol Genomics ; 37(2): 108-18, 2009 04 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19240299

RESUMO

We conducted a large-scale gene expression screen using the 3,200 cDNA probe microarray developed specifically for Ursus americanus to detect expression differences in liver and skeletal muscle that occur during winter hibernation compared with animals sampled during summer. The expression of 12 genes, including RNA binding protein motif 3 (Rbm3), that are mostly involved in protein biosynthesis, was induced during hibernation in both liver and muscle. The Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment analysis consistently showed a highly significant enrichment of the protein biosynthesis category by overexpressed genes in both liver and skeletal muscle during hibernation. Coordinated induction in transcriptional level of genes involved in protein biosynthesis is a distinctive feature of the transcriptome in hibernating black bears. This finding implies induction of translation and suggests an adaptive mechanism that contributes to a unique ability to reduce muscle atrophy over prolonged periods of immobility during hibernation. Comparing expression profiles in bears to small mammalian hibernators shows a general trend during hibernation of transcriptional changes that include induction of genes involved in lipid metabolism and carbohydrate synthesis as well as depression of genes involved in the urea cycle and detoxification function in liver.


Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hibernação/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas/genética , Ursidae/genética , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , Temperatura Corporal , Biblioteca Gênica , Genômica/métodos , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Ursidae/metabolismo , Ursidae/fisiologia
15.
DNA Seq ; 18(5): 380-4, 2007 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17654014

RESUMO

Conduction in the heart requires gap junctions. In mammalian ventricular myocytes these consist of connexin43 (Cx43). Hearts of non-hibernating species display conduction disturbances at reduced temperatures. These may exacerbate into lethal arrhythmias. Hibernating species are protected against these arrhythmias by a non-resolved mechanism. To analyze whether the amino acid composition of Cx43 from the hibernating American black bear displays specific features, we cloned the full coding sequence of Ursus americanus Cx43 and compared with that of other (non)hibernating species. UaCx43 displays 99.7% identity to rabbit Cx43 at the amino acid level. No specific features were observed in UaCx43 when compared to previously cloned Cx43 from hibernating and non-hibernating mammals. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction of this and other published full-length Cx43 sequences reveals a very high level of conservation from fish to men. Finally, one of the previously identified six mammalian characteristic amino acids, is not conserved in the black bear.


Assuntos
Clonagem Molecular , Conexina 43/genética , Conexina 43/isolamento & purificação , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Filogenia , América , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Temperatura Corporal , Sequência Conservada , DNA Complementar , Ventrículos do Coração , Hibernação , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Isoformas de Proteínas , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Ursidae
16.
J Comp Physiol B ; 185(4): 447-61, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25648622

RESUMO

Black bears overwintering in outdoor hibernacula in Alaska decrease metabolism to as low as 25 % basal rates, while core body temperature (T(b)) decreases from 37 to 38 °C to a mid-hibernation average of 33 °C. T b develops cycles of 1.6-7.3 days length within a 30-36 °C range, with no circadian component. We do not know the mechanism or function underlying behind the T(b) cycles, although bears avoid T(b) of <30 °C and shorter cycles are predicted from higher rates of heat loss in colder conditions. To test this we manipulated den temperatures (T(den)) of 12 hibernating bears with body mass (BM) from 35.5 to 116.5 kg while recording T(b), metabolic rate (M), and shivering. T b cycle length (0.8-11.2 days) shortened as T den decreased (partial R(2) = 0.490, p < 0.001). Large bears with low thermal conductance (TC) showed more variation in T b cycle length with changes in T(den) than did smaller bears with high TC. Minimum T b across cycles was not consistent. At low T(den) bears shivered both during rising and decreasing phases of T(b) cycles, with minimum shivering during the fastest drop in T(b). At higher T den the T b pattern was more irregular. Mean M through T(b) cycles was negatively correlated to T den below lower critical temperatures (1.4-10.4 °C). Minimum M (0.3509 W/kg ± 0.0121 SE) during mid-hibernation scaled to BM [M (W) = 1.217 × BM (kg)(0.6979), R(2) = 0.855, p < 0.001]. Hibernating thermal conductance (TC) was negatively correlated to BM (R(2) = 0.721, p < 0.001); bears with high TC had the same T(b) cycle length as bears with low TC except at high T(den), thus not supporting the hypothesis that cooling rate alone determines T(b) cycle length. We conclude that T(b) cycling is effected by control of thermoregulatory heat production, and T(b) cycling may not be present when hibernating bears use passive thermoregulation. More intense shivering in the rising phase of cycles may contribute to the prevention of muscle disuse atrophy. Bears hibernating in cold conditions use more energy during hibernation than in warmer conditions. At T den below lower critical temperature, no extra energy expenditure results from T b cycling compared to keeping a stable T(b.)


Assuntos
Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Hibernação/fisiologia , Ursidae/fisiologia , Alaska , Animais , Eletromiografia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar/fisiologia , Estremecimento/fisiologia , Telemetria , Temperatura , Condutividade Térmica , Fatores de Tempo
17.
PLoS One ; 10(10): e0140500, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26460828

RESUMO

Several rodent species that are diurnal in the field become nocturnal in the lab. It has been suggested that the use of running-wheels in the lab might contribute to this timing switch. This proposition is based on studies that indicate feed-back of vigorous wheel-running on the period and phase of circadian clocks that time daily activity rhythms. Tuco-tucos (Ctenomys aff. knighti) are subterranean rodents that are diurnal in the field but are robustly nocturnal in laboratory, with or without access to running wheels. We assessed their energy metabolism by continuously and simultaneously monitoring rates of oxygen consumption, body temperature, general motor and wheel running activity for several days in the presence and absence of wheels. Surprisingly, some individuals spontaneously suppressed running-wheel activity and switched to diurnality in the respirometry chamber, whereas the remaining animals continued to be nocturnal even after wheel removal. This is the first report of timing switches that occur with spontaneous wheel-running suppression and which are not replicated by removal of the wheel.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Roedores/fisiologia , Animais , Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio
18.
J Appl Physiol (1985) ; 114(8): 1094-107, 2013 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23349455

RESUMO

Sustaining high-quality respirometry measurements on animals for estimating metabolic rate and fuel use is challenging. I present a general discussion and selected methods for automated measurements spanning over >4 mo with little need for adjustments or maintenance. 1) Lack of compensation for respiratory volume change may cause 6% error in the results on a fasting animal. The Haldane transformation provides the simplest calculation method for both O(2) and CO(2) measurements. 2) Use of Nafion tube dryers configured as countercurrent moisture exchangers provides maintenance-free drying of gases, with typical outlet dew points at -25 to -38°C and no CO(2) adsorption. The accuracy is improved by low dead space, making it feasible to pass gases though the same dryer. 3) A software algorithm employing a triple interpolation technique allows corrections for automated calibrations of O(2) and CO(2) with both zero-reference and span gas. 4) Burning known amounts of 100% ethanol provides total system verification of both O(2) consumption and respiratory quotient. A calculation method to supply instant CO(2) calibration gas from an alcohol burn is presented. 5) Automatic flow switching triggered by low/high O(2) thresholds improves accuracy of measurements and safety for the animals experiencing large ranges of O(2) consumption; this is a special requirement for recording metabolism in small hibernating mammals.


Assuntos
Calorimetria Indireta/métodos , Metabolismo Energético , Hibernação , Respiração , Ar , Algoritmos , Animais , Automação Laboratorial , Calibragem , Calorimetria Indireta/instrumentação , Calorimetria Indireta/normas , Desenho de Equipamento , Umidade , Modelos Biológicos , Consumo de Oxigênio , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Software , Fatores de Tempo
19.
Physiol Biochem Zool ; 86(5): 515-27, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23995482

RESUMO

Hibernating mammals become sequestered and cease foraging during prolonged seasonal periods of reduced or unpredictable food availability and instead rely on cached food and/or endogenous reserves of fat and protein accumulated during the previous active season. The gain in weight is due to increased food consumption, but it also has been hypothesized that hibernators maximize rates of fattening by decreasing costs of maintenance before weight gain, reflected in reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR). We recorded repeated measures of total body, lean, and fat mass in individual adult male and female arctic ground squirrels across their active season and found that squirrels increased body mass by 42% (males) and 62% (females). This gain was achieved through a 17% increase in lean mass and a 7-8-fold increase in fat mass; however, mass gain was not linear and patterns differed between sexes. Contrary to our hypothesis, decreases in RMR were not associated with rapid mass gain. We found RMR of males increased (whole-animal RMR or lean-mass-specific RMR) or remained constant (mass-specific RMR) for most of the active season and decreased only after the majority of mass had been gained. In females, although RMR (whole-animal, mass-specific, and lean-mass RMR) generally decreased across the active season, the greatest decrease occurred late in the active season after the majority of mass had been gained. In conclusion, arctic ground squirrels do not trade off metabolism to facilitate rates of weight gain before hibernation, but they do use energy sparing strategies before hibernation that help maintain peak mass.


Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Hibernação/fisiologia , Sciuridae/fisiologia , Aumento de Peso/fisiologia , Animais , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio , Estações do Ano , Fatores de Tempo
20.
Science ; 331(6019): 906-9, 2011 Feb 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21330544

RESUMO

Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30° to 36°C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.


Assuntos
Temperatura Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Hibernação , Consumo de Oxigênio , Ursidae/fisiologia , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Ursidae/metabolismo
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