Development of a synthetic equivalent of α,α-dicationic acetic acid leading to unnatural amino acid derivatives via tetrafunctionalized methanes.

Diethyl mesoxalate (DEMO) exhibits high electrophilicity and accepts the nucleophilic addition of a less nucleophilic acid amide to afford N,O-hemiacetal. However, our research showed that elimination of the amide moiety proceeded more easily than dehydration upon treatment with a base. This problem was overcome by reacting DEMO with an acid amide in the presence of acetic anhydride to efficiently obtain N,O-acetal. Acetic acid was eliminated leading to the formation of N-acylimine in situ upon treatment with the base. N-Acylimine is also electrophilic, accepting the second nucleophilic addition by pyrrole or indole to form α,α-disubstituted malonates. Subsequent hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation resulted in (α-indolyl-α-acylamino)acetic acid formation; homologs of tryptophan. Through this process, DEMO serves as a synthetic equivalent of α,α-dicationic acetic acid to facilitate nucleophilic introduction of the two substituents.

Role of water in complexation of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6) with Li+ and K+ in hydrophobic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ionic liquid.

Complexation characteristics of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6, 18C6) with Li+ and K+ in a hydrophobic ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide under dry and humid conditions at 298.2 K were studied by 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts. The comparison of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of 18C6 molecule between the dry and humid IL solutions without the alkali metal ions showed that uncomplexed 18C6 molecules are solvated by water molecules in the humid ionic liquid solution. The changes in the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of 18C6 ligand molecule with the increases in the Li+ and K+ concentrations revealed that in both dry and humid ionic liquid solutions 18C6 molecule forms 1:1 complexes with Li+ and K+. The 1H NMR data of water molecules in the humid ionic liquid solutions demonstrated that water molecules interact with Li+-18C6 complexes and free Li+, but do not with K+-18C6 complexes and free K+. The mechanisms of the formation of the Li+ and K+ complexes in the humid ionic liquid solution are different from each other due to the differences in the complex-water interactions.

Invention of automated numerical algorithm adopting binarization for the evaluation of scalp hair coverage: An image analysis providing a substitute for phototrichogram and global photography assessment for hair diseases.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of therapeutic modalities for hair disease can be evaluated globally by photo assessment and more precisely by phototrichogram (PTG). However, the latter procedure is laborious, time consuming, subject to inter-observer variation, and requires hair clipping. OBJECTIVE: To establish an automated and patient/investigator friendly methodology enabling quantitative hair amount evaluation for daily clinical practice. METHODS: A novel automated numerical algorithm (aNA) adopting digital image binarization (i.e., black and white color conversion) was invented to evaluate hair coverage and measure PTG parameters in scalp images. Step-by-step improvement of aNA was attempted through comparative analyses of the data obtained respectively by the novel approach and conventional PTG/global photography assessment (GPA). RESULTS: For measuring scalp hair coverage, the initial version of aNA generally agreed with the cumulative hair diameter as assessed using PTG, showing a coefficient of 0.60. However, these outcomes were influenced by the angle of hair near the parting line. By integrating an angle compensation formula, the standard deviation of aNA data decreased from 5.7% to 1.2%. Consequently, the coefficient of determination for hair coverage calculated using the modified aNA and cumulative hair diameter assessed by PTG increased to 0.90. Furthermore, the change in hair coverage as determined by the modified aNA protocol correlated well with changes in the GPA score of images obtained using clinical trials. CONCLUSION: The novel aNA method provides a valuable tool for enabling simple and accurate evaluation of hair growth and volume for clinical trials and for treatment of hair disease.

Efficacy of autologous dermal sheath cup cell transplantation in male and female pattern hair loss: A Single-Arm, Multi-Center, phase III equivalent clinical study.

A previous, proof-of-concept clinical study suggested that dermal sheath cup cell injections into the affected areas of male/female pattern hair loss (PHL) may have some amelioratory effects, the clinical efficacy of which needs further examination. A phase III equivalent clinical study was conducted to further probe the therapeutic potential of this novel approach and verify its safety and efficacy in improving the appearance of PHL. Thirty-six participants with PHL were injected with dermal sheath cup cell harvested from non-affected occipital hair follicles twice in quarterly intervals. Global photographic assessment and phototrichogram were performed in a blinded manner. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed for 12 months. On global photographic assessment, 30% of the participants showed improvement. The analysis of phototricogram data detected the increases in the cumulative hair diameter, hair cross-sectional area, and mean hair diameter of 107.6 ± 152.6 µm/cm2 , 13069.1 ± 10960.7 µm2 /cm2 , and 0.9 ± 0.9 µm (ratios vs. baseline: +1.4%, +3.4%, and +2.2%), respectively. The female and high terminal hair ratio groups achieved better improvement. Of the total participants, 62.9% noted some degree of improvement. No serious adverse events were detected. This novel approach exhibited visible effects while ensuring safety and patient satisfaction. Therefore, it holds promise as a possible therapeutic option for treating PHL, especially in women.

Scallop DMT functions as a Ca2+ transporter.

We identified a DMT (divalent metal transporter) homologous protein that functions as a Ca(2+) transporter. Scallop DMT cDNA encodes a 539-amino-acid protein with 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and has a consensus transport motif in the fourth extracellular loop. Since its mRNA is significantly expressed in the gill and intestine, it is assumed that scallop DMT transports Ca(2+) from seawater by the gill and from food by the intestine. Scallop DMT lacks the iron-responsive element commonly found in iron-regulatory proteins, suggesting that it is free of the post-transcriptional regulation from intracellular Fe(2+) concentration. Scallop DMT distinctly functions as a Ca(2+) transporter unlike other DMTs, however, it also transports Fe(2+) and Cd(2+) similar to them.

Apelin inhibits diet-induced obesity by enhancing lymphatic and blood vessel integrity.

Angiogenesis is tightly associated with the outgrowth of adipose tissue, leading to obesity, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and hypertension, mainly because expanding adipose tissue requires an increased nutrient supply from blood vessels. Therefore, induction of vessel abnormality by adipokines has been well-studied, whereas how altered vascular function promotes obesity is relatively unexplored. Also, surviving Prox1 heterozygous mice have shown abnormal lymphatic patterning and adult-onset obesity, indicating that accumulation of adipocytes could be closely linked with lymphatic function. Here, we propose a new antiobesity strategy based on enhancement of lymphatic and blood vessel integrity with apelin. Apelin knockout (KO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed an obese phenotype associated with abnormal lymphatic and blood vessel enlargement. Fatty acids present in the HFD induced hyperpermeability of endothelial cells, causing adipocyte differentiation, whereas apelin promoted vascular stabilization. Moreover, treatment of apelin KO mice with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, that were fed an HFD improved vascular function and also attenuated obesity. Finally, apelin transgenic mice showed decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue attributable to inhibition of HFD-induced hyperpermeability of vessels. These results indicate that apelin inhibits HFD-induced obesity by enhancing vessel integrity. Apelin could serve as a therapeutic target for treating obesity and related diseases.

Effects of dissolved water on Li+ solvation in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ionic liquid studied by NMR.

(1)H and (7)Li NMR chemical shifts of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide-water solutions in the presence and absence of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide were determined at 293.2 K over a wide range of water concentrations from 0.0156 to 1.16 mol kg(-1). These results revealed the attractive interaction between water molecule and Li(+) as well as the hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Moreover, self-diffusion coefficients of water, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, Li(+), and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide anion in the ionic liquid solutions at various water contents were determined by (1)H, (7)Li, and (19)F NMR techniques. It was found that Li(+) is averagely hydrated by eight water molecules in the ionic liquid solutions. Furthermore, (7)Li longitudinal relaxation times of Li(+) in the ionic liquid solutions at 293.2 K were measured with two different magnetic fields and various water contents. The mean one-jump distances of Li(+) in the ionic liquid solutions were estimated from the correlation times and the self-diffusion coefficients. A comparison between the hydrodynamic radius and the mean one-jump distance of Li(+) suggested the formation of water channels in the ionic liquid solutions.

A novel silk-like shell matrix gene is expressed in the mantle edge of the Pacific oyster prior to shell regeneration.

During shell formation, little is known about the functions of organic matrices, especially about the biomineralization of shell prismatic layer. We identified a novel gene, shelk2, from the Pacific oyster presumed to be involved in the shell biosynthesis. The Pacific oyster has multiple copies of shelk2. Shelk2 mRNA is specifically expressed on the mantle edge and is induced during shell regeneration, thereby suggesting that Shelk2 is involved in shell biosynthesis. To our surprise, the database search revealed that it encodes a spider silk-like alanine-rich protein. Interestingly, most of the Shelk2 primary structure is composed of two kinds of poly-alanine motifs-GXNA(n)(S) and GSA(n)(S)-where X denotes Gln, Arg or no amino acid. Occurrence of common motifs of Shelk2 and spider silk led us to the assumption that shell and silk are constructed under similar strategies despite of their living environments.