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1.
Immunity ; 46(1): 148-161, 2017 01 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27986455

RESUMO

Animal models have highlighted the importance of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in multiple immune responses. However, technical limitations have hampered adequate characterization of ILCs in humans. Here, we used mass cytometry including a broad range of surface markers and transcription factors to accurately identify and profile ILCs across healthy and inflamed tissue types. High dimensional analysis allowed for clear phenotypic delineation of ILC2 and ILC3 subsets. We were not able to detect ILC1 cells in any of the tissues assessed, however, we identified intra-epithelial (ie)ILC1-like cells that represent a broader category of NK cells in mucosal and non-mucosal pathological tissues. In addition, we have revealed the expression of phenotypic molecules that have not been previously described for ILCs. Our analysis shows that human ILCs are highly heterogeneous cell types between individuals and tissues. It also provides a global, comprehensive, and detailed description of ILC heterogeneity in humans across patients and tissues.


Assuntos
Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Fenótipo
2.
Immunity ; 45(2): 442-56, 2016 08 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27521270

RESUMO

Depending on the tissue microenvironment, T cells can differentiate into highly diverse subsets expressing unique trafficking receptors and cytokines. Studies of human lymphocytes have primarily focused on a limited number of parameters in blood, representing an incomplete view of the human immune system. Here, we have utilized mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze T cell trafficking and functional markers across eight different human tissues, including blood, lymphoid, and non-lymphoid tissues. These data have revealed that combinatorial expression of trafficking receptors and cytokines better defines tissue specificity. Notably, we identified numerous T helper cell subsets with overlapping cytokine expression, but only specific cytokine combinations are secreted regardless of tissue type. This indicates that T cell lineages defined in mouse models cannot be clearly distinguished in humans. Overall, our data uncover a plethora of tissue immune signatures and provide a systemic map of how T cell phenotypes are altered throughout the human body.


Assuntos
Sangue/imunologia , Movimento Celular , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Especificidade de Órgãos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/fisiologia , Animais , Biodiversidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Camundongos , Receptores de Retorno de Linfócitos/metabolismo , Transcriptoma
3.
Cancer ; 130(10): 1758-1765, 2024 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38422026

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), recurrence is frequently observed. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a noninvasive tool to risk stratify patients for recurrence after curative intent therapy. This study aimed to risk stratify patients with early-stage NSCLC via a personalized, tumor-informed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) next-generation sequencing assay. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients with stage I-III NSCLC. Recruited patients received standard-of-care management (surgical resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surveillance). Whole-exome sequencing of NSCLC resected tissue and matched germline DNA was used to design patient-specific mPCR assays (Signatera, Natera, Inc) to track up to 16 single-nucleotide variants in plasma samples. RESULTS: The overall cohort with analyzed plasma samples consisted of 57 patients. Stage distribution was 68% for stage I and 16% each for stages II and III. Presurgery (i.e., at baseline), ctDNA was detected in 15 of 57 patients (26%). ctDNA detection presurgery was significantly associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS; hazard ratio [HR], 3.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-12.62; p = .009). In the postsurgery setting, ctDNA was detected in seven patients, of whom 100% experienced radiological recurrence. ctDNA positivity preceded radiological findings by a median lead time of 2.8 months (range, 0-12.9 months). Longitudinally, ctDNA detection at any time point was associated with shorter RFS (HR, 16.1; 95% CI, 1.63-158.9; p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: ctDNA detection before surgical resection was strongly associated with a high risk of relapse in early-stage NSCLC in a large unique Asian cohort. Prospective studies are needed to assess the clinical utility of ctDNA status in this setting.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , DNA Tumoral Circulante , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasia Residual , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangue , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , DNA Tumoral Circulante/sangue , DNA Tumoral Circulante/genética , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Estudos Retrospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/sangue , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Neoplasia Residual/genética , Neoplasia Residual/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos
4.
Hum Genomics ; 17(1): 66, 2023 07 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37461096

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cancer predisposition is most often studied in the context of single cancers. However, inherited cancer predispositions can also give rise to multiple primary cancers. Yet, there is a paucity of studies on genetic predisposition in multiple primary cancers, especially those outside of well-defined cancer predisposition syndromes. This study aimed to identify germline variants associated with dual primary cancers of the breast and lung. METHODS: Exome sequencing was performed on germline DNA from 55 Singapore patients (52 [95%] never-smokers) with dual primaries in the breast and lung, confirmed by histopathology. Using two large control cohorts: the local SG10K_Health (n = 9770) and gnomAD non-cancer East Asians (n = 9626); and two additional local case cohorts of early-onset or familial breast cancer (n = 290), and lung cancer (n = 209), variants were assessed for pathogenicity in accordance with ACMG/AMP guidelines. In particular, comparisons were made with known pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the ClinVar database, pathogenicity predictions were obtained from in silico prediction software, and case-control association analyses were performed. RESULTS: Altogether, we identified 19 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants from 16 genes, detected in 17 of 55 (31%) patients. Six of the 19 variants were identified using ClinVar, while 13 variants were classified pathogenic or likely pathogenic using ACMG/AMP guidelines. The 16 genes include well-known cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA2, TP53, and RAD51D; but also lesser known cancer genes EXT2, WWOX, GATA2, and GPC3. Most of these genes are involved in DNA damage repair, reaffirming the role of impaired DNA repair mechanisms in the development of multiple malignancies. These variants warrant further investigations in additional populations. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified both known and novel variants significantly enriched in patients with primary breast and lung malignancies, expanding the body of known cancer predisposition variants for both breast and lung cancer. These variants are mostly from genes involved in DNA repair, affirming the role of impaired DNA repair in the predisposition and development of multiple cancers.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Células Germinativas , Glipicanas/genética
5.
Nature ; 557(7706): 575-579, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29769722

RESUMO

Various forms of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, are proving to be effective at restoring T cell-mediated immune responses that can lead to marked and sustained clinical responses, but only in some patients and cancer types1-4. Patients and tumours may respond unpredictably to immunotherapy partly owing to heterogeneity of the immune composition and phenotypic profiles of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within individual tumours and between patients5,6. Although there is evidence that tumour-mutation-derived neoantigen-specific T cells play a role in tumour control2,4,7-10, in most cases the antigen specificities of phenotypically diverse tumour-infiltrating T cells are largely unknown. Here we show that human lung and colorectal cancer CD8+ TILs can not only be specific for tumour antigens (for example, neoantigens), but also recognize a wide range of epitopes unrelated to cancer (such as those from Epstein-Barr virus, human cytomegalovirus or influenza virus). We found that these bystander CD8+ TILs have diverse phenotypes that overlap with tumour-specific cells, but lack CD39 expression. In colorectal and lung tumours, the absence of CD39 in CD8+ TILs defines populations that lack hallmarks of chronic antigen stimulation at the tumour site, supporting their classification as bystanders. Expression of CD39 varied markedly between patients, with some patients having predominantly CD39- CD8+ TILs. Furthermore, frequencies of CD39 expression among CD8+ TILs correlated with several important clinical parameters, such as the mutation status of lung tumour epidermal growth factor receptors. Our results demonstrate that not all tumour-infiltrating T cells are specific for tumour antigens, and suggest that measuring CD39 expression could be a straightforward way to quantify or isolate bystander T cells.


Assuntos
Efeito Espectador/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/citologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Apirase/análise , Apirase/deficiência , Apirase/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Separação Celular , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Receptores ErbB/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Fenótipo
8.
Lancet Oncol ; 19(12): 1654-1667, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30413378

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lorlatinib is a potent, brain-penetrant, third-generation inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 tyrosine kinases with broad coverage of ALK mutations. In a phase 1 study, activity was seen in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, most of whom had CNS metastases and progression after ALK-directed therapy. We aimed to analyse the overall and intracranial antitumour activity of lorlatinib in patients with ALK-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS: In this phase 2 study, patients with histologically or cytologically ALK-positive or ROS1-positive, advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer, with or without CNS metastases, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0, 1, or 2, and adequate end-organ function were eligible. Patients were enrolled into six different expansion cohorts (EXP1-6) on the basis of ALK and ROS1 status and previous therapy, and were given lorlatinib 100 mg orally once daily continuously in 21-day cycles. The primary endpoint was overall and intracranial tumour response by independent central review, assessed in pooled subgroups of ALK-positive patients. Analyses of activity and safety were based on the safety analysis set (ie, all patients who received at least one dose of lorlatinib) as assessed by independent central review. Patients with measurable CNS metastases at baseline by independent central review were included in the intracranial activity analyses. In this report, we present lorlatinib activity data for the ALK-positive patients (EXP1-5 only), and safety data for all treated patients (EXP1-6). This study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01970865. FINDINGS: Between Sept 15, 2015, and Oct 3, 2016, 276 patients were enrolled: 30 who were ALK positive and treatment naive (EXP1); 59 who were ALK positive and received previous crizotinib without (n=27; EXP2) or with (n=32; EXP3A) previous chemotherapy; 28 who were ALK positive and received one previous non-crizotinib ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with or without chemotherapy (EXP3B); 112 who were ALK positive with two (n=66; EXP4) or three (n=46; EXP5) previous ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors with or without chemotherapy; and 47 who were ROS1 positive with any previous treatment (EXP6). One patient in EXP4 died before receiving lorlatinib and was excluded from the safety analysis set. In treatment-naive patients (EXP1), an objective response was achieved in 27 (90·0%; 95% CI 73·5-97·9) of 30 patients. Three patients in EXP1 had measurable baseline CNS lesions per independent central review, and objective intracranial responses were observed in two (66·7%; 95% CI 9·4-99·2). In ALK-positive patients with at least one previous ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EXP2-5), objective responses were achieved in 93 (47·0%; 39·9-54·2) of 198 patients and objective intracranial response in those with measurable baseline CNS lesions in 51 (63·0%; 51·5-73·4) of 81 patients. Objective response was achieved in 41 (69·5%; 95% CI 56·1-80·8) of 59 patients who had only received previous crizotinib (EXP2-3A), nine (32·1%; 15·9-52·4) of 28 patients with one previous non-crizotinib ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EXP3B), and 43 (38·7%; 29·6-48·5) of 111 patients with two or more previous ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EXP4-5). Objective intracranial response was achieved in 20 (87·0%; 95% CI 66·4-97·2) of 23 patients with measurable baseline CNS lesions in EXP2-3A, five (55·6%; 21·2-86·3) of nine patients in EXP3B, and 26 (53·1%; 38·3-67·5) of 49 patients in EXP4-5. The most common treatment-related adverse events across all patients were hypercholesterolaemia (224 [81%] of 275 patients overall and 43 [16%] grade 3-4) and hypertriglyceridaemia (166 [60%] overall and 43 [16%] grade 3-4). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 19 (7%) of 275 patients and seven patients (3%) permanently discontinued treatment because of treatment-related adverse events. No treatment-related deaths were reported. INTERPRETATION: Consistent with its broad ALK mutational coverage and CNS penetration, lorlatinib showed substantial overall and intracranial activity both in treatment-naive patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, and in those who had progressed on crizotinib, second-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or after up to three previous ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, lorlatinib could represent an effective treatment option for patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer in first-line or subsequent therapy. FUNDING: Pfizer.


Assuntos
Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/antagonistas & inibidores , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aminopiridinas , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/enzimologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Feminino , Rearranjo Gênico , Humanos , Lactamas , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Pirazóis , Fatores de Tempo , Carga Tumoral
9.
BMC Cancer ; 18(1): 1198, 2018 Dec 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30509246

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Afatinib is an oral irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) indicated in first-line treatment of advanced EGFR-mutant (EGFRm+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Dose dependent side effects can limit drug exposure, which may impact on extracranial and central nervous system (CNS) disease control. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 125 patients diagnosed with advanced EGFRm+ NSCLC treated with first-line afatinib at a tertiary Asian cancer center, exploring clinicopathological factors that may influence survival outcomes. Median progression free survival (PFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Comparison of PFS between subgroups of patients was done using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Out of 125 patients, 62 (49.6%) started on 40 mg once daily (OD) afatinib, 61 (48.8%) on 30 mg OD and 1 (0.8%) on 20 mg OD. After median follow-up of 13.8 months from afatinib initiation, the observed response rate was 70.4% and median PFS 11.9 months (95% CI 10.3-19.3). 42 (33.6%) patients had baseline brain metastases (BM) and PFS of those who started on 40 mg OD (n = 17) vs. 30 mg OD (n = 25) was 13.3 months vs. 5.3 months (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.15-0.99). BM+ patients who started on 40 mg had similar PFS to patients with no BM (13.3 months vs. 15.0 months; HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.34-1.80). CONCLUSION: In patients with advanced EGFRm+ NSCLC with BM+, initiating patients on afatinib 40 mg OD was associated with improved PFS compared to 30 mg OD, underscoring the potential importance of dose intensity in control of CNS disease.


Assuntos
Afatinib/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutação/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Receptores ErbB/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
11.
Pharmacogenet Genomics ; 27(3): 120-123, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28059867

RESUMO

The critical role of lysine demethylase 4A (KDM4A), in regulating chromatin structure and consequently in driving cellular proliferation and oncogenesis has been the focus of recent studies. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with adenocarcinoma histology who were homozygous for KDM4A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-A482 (rs586339) were recently shown to have significantly worse overall survival (OS) compared with patients with the wild-type or the heterozygous genotype at this locus (hazard ratio=1.68, P=0.042). In the current study, we investigated the association between the same polymorphism with OS in our Asian NSCLC-adenocarcinoma patients comprising Chinese (N=572), Malays (N=50), and Indians (N=22). KDM4A SNP-A482 genotype status was determined by Sanger sequencing. OS was calculated from the date of diagnosis to date of death or censored at the date of last follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, and Cox regression methods were utilized to evaluate OS outcomes. KDM4A SNP-A482 had a minor allele (C) frequency of 18.8% and a major allele (A) frequency of 81.2% in our Asian NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) patients. However, the OS in our Asian NSCLC patients homozygous for KDM4A SNP-A482 was not significantly different from those who were wild type or heterozygous at this locus [CC vs. AA/AC: median OS (95% confidence interval): 40.2 (18.7-61.6) vs. 29.6 (26.9-32.3) months; P=0.858]. The results remained statistically nonsignificant even after adjustment for epidermal growth factor receptor mutational status, suggesting that KDM4A SNP-A482 does not significantly influence OS in Asian NSCLC patients.


Assuntos
Povo Asiático/etnologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Povo Asiático/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/etnologia , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sobrevida
12.
Lancet Oncol ; 17(8): e347-e362, 2016 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27511159

RESUMO

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and is classically divided into two major histological subtypes: non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although NSCLC and SCLC are considered distinct entities with different genomic landscapes, emerging evidence highlights a convergence in therapeutically relevant targets for both histologies. In adenocarcinomas with defined alterations such as EGFR mutations and ALK translocations, targeted therapies are now first-line standard of care. By contrast, many experimental and targeted agents remain largely unsuccessful for SCLC. Intense preclinical research and clinical trials are underway to exploit unique traits of lung cancer, such as oncogene dependency, DNA damage response, angiogenesis, and cellular plasticity arising from presence of cancer stem cell lineages. In addition, the promising clinical activity observed in NSCLC in response to immune checkpoint blockade has spurred great interest in the field of immunooncology, with the scope to develop a diverse repertoire of synergistic and personalised immunotherapeutics. In this Review, we discuss novel therapeutic agents for lung cancer that are in early-stage development, and how prospective clinical trials and drug development may be shaped by a deeper understanding of this heterogeneous disease.


Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia
13.
Lancet Oncol ; 17(5): 577-89, 2016 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27083334

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib and the reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib are approved for first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of afatinib and gefitinib in this setting. METHODS: This multicentre, international, open-label, exploratory, randomised controlled phase 2B trial (LUX-Lung 7) was done at 64 centres in 13 countries. Treatment-naive patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and a common EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion or Leu858Arg) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive afatinib (40 mg per day) or gefitinib (250 mg per day) until disease progression, or beyond if deemed beneficial by the investigator. Randomisation, stratified by EGFR mutation type and status of brain metastases, was done centrally using a validated number generating system implemented via an interactive voice or web-based response system with a block size of four. Clinicians and patients were not masked to treatment allocation; independent review of tumour response was done in a blinded manner. Coprimary endpoints were progression-free survival by independent central review, time-to-treatment failure, and overall survival. Efficacy analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population and safety analyses were done in patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This ongoing study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01466660. FINDINGS: Between Dec 13, 2011, and Aug 8, 2013, 319 patients were randomly assigned (160 to afatinib and 159 to gefitinib). Median follow-up was 27·3 months (IQR 15·3-33·9). Progression-free survival (median 11·0 months [95% CI 10·6-12·9] with afatinib vs 10·9 months [9·1-11·5] with gefitinib; hazard ratio [HR] 0·73 [95% CI 0·57-0·95], p=0·017) and time-to-treatment failure (median 13·7 months [95% CI 11·9-15·0] with afatinib vs 11·5 months [10·1-13·1] with gefitinib; HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·58-0·92], p=0·0073) were significantly longer with afatinib than with gefitinib. Overall survival data are not mature. The most common treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were diarrhoea (20 [13%] of 160 patients given afatinib vs two [1%] of 159 given gefitinib) and rash or acne (15 [9%] patients given afatinib vs five [3%] of those given gefitinib) and liver enzyme elevations (no patients given afatinib vs 14 [9%] of those given gefitinib). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 17 (11%) patients in the afatinib group and seven (4%) in the gefitinib group. Ten (6%) patients in each group discontinued treatment due to drug-related adverse events. 15 (9%) fatal adverse events occurred in the afatinib group and ten (6%) in the gefitinib group. All but one of these deaths were considered unrelated to treatment; one patient in the gefitinib group died from drug-related hepatic and renal failure. INTERPRETATION: Afatinib significantly improved outcomes in treatment-naive patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC compared with gefitinib, with a manageable tolerability profile. These data are potentially important for clinical decision making in this patient population. FUNDING: Boehringer Ingelheim.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores ErbB/genética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Quinazolinas/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Afatinib , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/classificação , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/genética , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Gefitinibe , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Quinazolinas/efeitos adversos
14.
Cancer ; 121(10): 1599-607, 2015 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25639864

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to report the long-term results of a trial comparing concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CCRT) with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in patients with stage III/IV nonmetastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Patients with stage III/IV resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were randomized to surgery followed by RT or CCRT. The trial was halted prematurely due to poor accrual. Human papillomavirus status was tested on archival material using polymerase chain reaction sequencing. RESULTS: Of the total of 119 patients, 60 patients were randomized to primary surgery (S arm) and 59 patients were randomized to CCRT (C arm). Human papillomavirus status was tested in 75 patients, and only 3 were found to be positive. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 13 years. Analysis of the entire cohort demonstrated no statistically significant difference in overall survival and disease-specific survival (DSS): 5-year rates were 45% versus 35% for overall survival (P = .262) and 56% versus 46% for DSS (P = .637) for the S arm and C arm, respectively. Analysis by subsites indicated that this difference favoring the S arm was mainly driven by survival data among patients with cancers of the oral cavity and maxillary sinus. For patients with oral cavity cancer, survival was significantly better in those who underwent primary surgery compared with CCRT; the 5-year DSS rate was 68% versus 12% for the S arm and C arm, respectively (P = .038). For patients with cancers of the maxillary sinus, the 5-year DSS rate was 71% for patients on the S arm and 0% for patients on the C arm (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: These long-term results demonstrate a significant advantage for primary surgery in patients with cancers of the oral cavity or maxillary sinus, providing strong support for primary surgery as the main modality of treatment for these subsites. In other subsites, CCRT and surgery with adjuvant RT were found to demonstrate similar efficacy for survival in patients with advanced resectable tumors.


Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Quimiorradioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/terapia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Adulto , Idoso , Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Seguimentos , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/virologia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Resultado do Tratamento
15.
Mol Ther ; 22(1): 132-9, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24297049

RESUMO

The outcomes for patients with metastatic or locally recurrent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain poor. Adoptive immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) has proven clinical efficacy, but it has never been evaluated in the first-line treatment setting in combination with chemotherapy. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a chemotherapy in combination with adoptive EBV-CTL transfer, we conducted a phase 2 clinical trial consisting of four cycles of gemcitabine and carboplatin (GC) followed by up to six doses of EBV-CTL. Thirty-eight patients were enrolled, and 35 received GC and EBV-CTL. GC-CTL therapy resulted in a response rate of 71.4% with 3 complete responses and 22 partial responses. With a median follow up of 29.9 months, the 2-year and 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 62.9 and 37.1%, respectively. Five patients did not require further chemotherapy for more than 34 months since initiation of CTL. Infusion of CTL products containing T cells specific for LMP2 positively correlated with OS (hazard ratio: 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.84; P = 0.014). Our study achieved one of the best survival outcomes in patients with advanced NPC, setting the stage for a future randomized study of chemotherapy with and without EBV-CTL.


Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/imunologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/mortalidade , Metástase Neoplásica , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologia
16.
Mol Cancer ; 13: 13, 2014 Jan 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24461128

RESUMO

The advent of effective targeted therapeutics has led to increasing emphasis on precise biomarkers for accurate patient stratification. Here, we describe the role of ACK1, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase in abrogating migration and invasion in KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Bosutinib, which inhibits ACK1 at 2.7 nM IC50, was found to inhibit cell migration and invasion but not viability in a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Knockdown of ACK1 abrogated bosutinib-induced inhibition of cell migration and invasion specifically in KRAS mutant cells. This finding was further confirmed in an in vivo zebrafish metastatic model. Tissue microarray data on 210 Singaporean lung adenocarcinomas indicate that cytoplasmic ACK1 was significantly over-expressed relative to paired adjacent non-tumor tissue. Interestingly, ACK1 expression in "normal" tissue adjacent to tumour, but not tumour, was independently associated with poor overall and relapse-free survival. In conclusion, inhibition of ACK1 with bosutinib attenuates migration and invasion in the context of KRAS mutant NSCLC and may fulfil a therapeutic niche through combinatorial treatment approaches.


Assuntos
Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Proteínas ras/genética , Animais , Western Blotting , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mutação , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise Serial de Tecidos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Peixe-Zebra
17.
Int J Cancer ; 135(5): 1092-100, 2014 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24482041

RESUMO

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, with a burden of genomic alterations exceeding most other tumors. The goal of our study was to evaluate the frequencies of co-occurring mutations and copy-number aberrations (CNAs) within the same tumor and to evaluate their potential clinical impact. Mass-spectrometry based mutation profiling using a customized lung cancer panel evaluating 214 mutations across 26 key NSCLC genes was performed on 230 nonsquamous NSCLC and integrated with genome-wide CNAs and clinical variables. Among the 138 cases having at least one mutation, one-third (41, 29.7%) showed two or more mutations, either in the same gene (double mutation) or in different genes (co-mutations). In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant cancers, there was a double mutation in 18% and co-mutations in the following genes: TP53 (10%), PIK3CA (8%), STK11 (6%) and MET (4%). Significant relationships were detected between EGFR mutation and 1p, 7p copy gains (harboring the EGFR gene) as well as 13q copy loss. KRAS mutation was significantly related with 1q gain and 3q loss. For Stage I, tumors harboring at least one mutation or PIK3CA mutation were significantly correlated with poor prognosis (p-value = 0.02). When combining CNAs and mutational status, patients having both KRAS mutation and the highest related CNA (3q22.3 copy loss) showed a significant poorer prognosis (p-value = 0.03). Our study highlights the clinical relevance of studying tumor complexity by integrative genomic analysis and the need for developing assays that broadly screen for both "actionable" mutations and copy-number alterations to improve precision of stratified treatment approaches.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Quinases Proteína-Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Receptores ErbB/genética , Feminino , Genômica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Prognóstico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteínas ras/genética
18.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol ; 70(2): 155-66, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24193570

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This exploratory study was aimed at elucidating the pharmacogenetics of regulatory nuclear receptors (PXR, CAR, RXRα and HNF4α) and their implications on docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in local Chinese nasopharyngeal cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including tag-SNPs and functionally relevant SNPs of the genes encoding these regulatory nuclear receptors (PXR/NR1I2, CAR/NR1I3, RXRα/NR2B1 and HNF4α/NR2A1), were profiled in the patients enrolled in our study by direct sequencing (N = 50). The generalized linear model was employed to estimate the haplotypic effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the patients. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic profiles of docetaxel in these patients were characterized by marked interindividual variability, with approximately four- to sixfold variations observed in Cmax, AUC0-∞ and CL. Individual SNP association tests revealed that polymorphisms in NR2B1 and NR2A1 were significantly correlated with altered docetaxel pharmacokinetics. Subsequent haplotype association analysis identified the NR2B1 LD block 2 AG haplotype [*+4458G>A(rs3132291) and *+4988A>G(rs4842198)] to be significantly associated with altered pharmacokinetics, in which patients carrying two copies of the AG haplotype had approximately a 20 % decreased Cmax and AUC0-∞ and a 21 % increased CL compared to those who carried only one copy or no copies of the haplotype. A number of SNPs in NR1I2, NR1I3, NR2B1 and NR2A1 were also associated with a significant decrease in blood counts from baseline. No haplotype was found to exert any effects on the pharmacodynamics parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The present exploratory study identified several SNPs in the genes encoding regulatory nuclear receptors which may account for the interpatient variability in docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These findings highlight the important role of regulatory nuclear receptors on the disposition of docetaxel.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Taxoides/farmacocinética , Adulto , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/sangue , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Povo Asiático/genética , Carcinoma , Receptor Constitutivo de Androstano , Docetaxel , Feminino , Haplótipos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Contagem de Plaquetas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Taxoides/sangue , Taxoides/farmacologia
19.
Cancer Res ; 84(12): 2009-2020, 2024 Jun 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38587551

RESUMO

Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) in nonsmokers are mostly driven by mutations in the oncogenes EGFR, ERBB2, and MET and fusions involving ALK and RET. In addition to occurring in nonsmokers, alterations in these "nonsmoking-related oncogenes" (NSRO) also occur in smokers. To better understand the clonal architecture and genomic landscape of NSRO-driven tumors in smokers compared with typical-smoking NSCLCs, we investigated genomic and transcriptomic alterations in 173 tumor sectors from 48 NSCLC patients. NSRO-driven NSCLCs in smokers and nonsmokers had similar genomic landscapes. Surprisingly, even in patients with prominent smoking histories, the mutational signature caused by tobacco smoking was essentially absent in NSRO-driven NSCLCs, which was confirmed in two large NSCLC data sets from other geographic regions. However, NSRO-driven NSCLCs in smokers had higher transcriptomic activities related to the regulation of the cell cycle. These findings suggest that, whereas the genomic landscape is similar between NSRO-driven NSCLC in smokers and nonsmokers, smoking still affects the tumor phenotype independently of genomic alterations. SIGNIFICANCE: Non-small cell lung cancers driven by nonsmoking-related oncogenes do not harbor genomic scars caused by smoking regardless of smoking history, indicating that the impact of smoking on these tumors is mainly nongenomic.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Mutação , Oncogenes , Fumar , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Oncogenes/genética , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto
20.
Lancet Oncol ; 13(5): 528-38, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22452896

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Afatinib, an irreversible ErbB-family blocker, has shown preclinical activity when tested in EGFR mutant models with mutations that confer resistance to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. We aimed to assess its efficacy in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with previous treatment failure on EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. METHODS: In this phase 2b/3 trial, we enrolled patients with stage IIIB or IV adenocarcinoma and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance (ECOG) performance score of 0-2 who had received one or two previous chemotherapy regimens and had disease progression after at least 12 weeks of treatment with erlotinib or gefitinib. We used a computer-generated sequence to randomly allocate patients (2:1) to either afatinib (50 mg per day) or placebo; all patients received best supportive care. Randomisation was done in blocks of three and was stratified by sex and baseline ECOG performance status (0-1 vs 2). Investigators, patients, and the trial sponsor were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was overall survival (from date of randomisation to death), analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00656136. FINDINGS: Between May 26, 2008, and Sept 21, 2009, we identified 697 patients, 585 of whom were randomly allocated to treatment (390 to afatinib, 195 to placebo). Median overall survival was 10·8 months (95% CI 10·0-12·0) in the afatinib group and 12·0 months (10·2-14·3) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 1·08, 95% CI 0·86-1·35; p=0·74). Median progression-free survival was longer in the afatinib group (3·3 months, 95% CI 2·79-4·40) than it was in the placebo group (1·1 months, 0·95-1·68; hazard ratio 0·38, 95% CI 0·31-0·48; p<0·0001). No complete responses to treatment were noted; 29 (7%) patients had a partial response in the afatinib group, as did one patient in the placebo group. Subsequent cancer treatment was given to 257 (68%) patients in the afatinib group and 153 (79%) patients in the placebo group. The most common adverse events in the afatinib group were diarrhoea (339 [87%] of 390 patients; 66 [17%] were grade 3) and rash or acne (305 [78%] patients; 56 [14%] were grade 3). These events occurred less often in the placebo group (18 [9%] of 195 patients had diarrhoea; 31 [16%] had rash or acne), all being grade 1 or 2. Drug-related serious adverse events occurred in 39 (10%) patients in the afatinib group and one (<1%) patient in the placebo group. We recorded two possibly treatment-related deaths in the afatinib group. INTERPRETATION: Although we recorded no benefit in terms of overall survival with afatinib (which might have been affected by cancer treatments given after progression in both groups), our findings for progression-free survival and response to treatment suggest that afatinib could be of some benefit to patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma who have failed at least 12 weeks of previous EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor treatment. FUNDING: Boehringer Ingelheim Inc.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Adulto , Afatinib , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Método Duplo-Cego , Cloridrato de Erlotinib , Feminino , Gefitinibe , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico
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