Thiophene π-bridge-based second near-infrared luminogens with aggregation-induced emission for biomedical applications.

In the past 5 years, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) optical window have aroused great interest in bioimaging and disease phototheranostics, benefiting from the merits of deep penetration depth, reduced light scatting, high spatial resolution, and minimal photodamage. To construct NIR-II AIEgens, thiophene derivatives are frequently adopted as π-bridge by virtue of their electron-rich feature and good modifiability. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of NIR-II AIEgens by employing thiophene derivatives as π-bridge mainly compassing unsubstituted thiophene, alkyl thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and benzo[c]thiophene, with a discussion on their structure-property relationships and biomedical applications. Finally, a brief conclusion and perspective on this fascinating area are offered.

miR-26 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells by targeting BNIP3.

This study was carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism of microRNA-26 (miR-26) targeting BNIP3 to mediate proliferation and apoptosis of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. The expression of miR-26 and BNIP3 in MM and normal tissues was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. According to the average expression of miR-26 and BNIP3, the patients were divided into 12 cases with high miR-26 expression group, 18 cases with low miR-26 expression group, 20 cases with BNIP3 high expression group, and 10 cases with BNIP3 low expression group. The correlation between the expression of miR-26 and BNIP3 and the clinicopathological characteristics of MM patients was compared and analyzed. The effect of up-regulation of miR-26 expression and BNIP3 overexpression on the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells RPMI8226 was examined by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of miR-26 expression and BNIP3 overexpression on the apoptosis of RPMI8226 cells. The dual luciferase reporter assay validated the targeted regulation of miR-26 on BNIP3. The expression level of miR-26 in MM tissues was lower than that in normal tissues (P<0.05), and the expression level of BNIP3 in MM tissues was higher than that in normal tissues (P<0.05). miR-26 was closely related to clinical stage, M protein type and light chain type (P<0.05), while BNIP3 was closely related to M protein type and light chain type (P<0.05). After up-regulating miR-26 expression, cell viability was significantly decreased (P<0.05), apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0.05) Dual luciferase reporter experiments confirmed that miR-26 could target BNIP3 and negatively regulate the expression of BNIP3 (P<0.05). Overexpression of BNIP3 reversed the effect of up-regulation of miR-26 expression on proliferation and apoptosis of RPMI8226 cells. Up-regulation of miR-26 expression inhibits MM cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by targeting BNIP3.

Near-Infrared-Emissive AIE Bioconjugates: Recent Advances and Perspectives.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence materials have exhibited formidable power in the field of biomedicine, benefiting from their merits of low autofluorescence background, reduced photon scattering, and deeper penetration depth. Fluorophores possessing planar conformation may confront the shortcomings of aggregation-caused quenching effects at the aggregate level. Fortunately, the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) thoroughly reverses this dilemma. AIE bioconjugates referring to the combination of luminogens showing an AIE nature with biomolecules possessing specific functionalities are generated via the covalent conjugation between AIEgens and functional biological species, covering carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, DNA, and so on. This perfect integration breeds unique superiorities containing high brightness, good water solubility, versatile functionalities, and prominent biosafety. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of NIR-emissive AIE bioconjugates focusing on their design principles and biomedical applications. Furthermore, a brief prospect of the challenges and opportunities of AIE bioconjugates for a wide range of biomedical applications is presented.

A Standardized Extubation Schedule Reduces Respiratory Events After Extubation Following Mandibular Distraction in Infants.

PURPOSE: The rational time for intubation during early mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) in infants is unknown. To investigate the differences in clinical outcomes following MDO before and after a standardized extubation protocol implementation in infants. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed for infant patients under 1 year old undergoing MDO. The study population was composed of all patients presenting for evaluation and management who underwent MDO between November 2016 and February 2021. We divided them into 2 groups: the pre-protocol group and the protocol group. The inpatient charts of infants were assessed. The primary outcome was respiratory events after extubation. The secondary outcomes were duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), postoperative length of stay (LOS), and success rate of the first extubation. Other variables included age, sex, weight, height, and information related to diagnosis, distraction, anesthesia, and operation. The logistic regression model and linear regression model were used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) for associations between 2 groups and the primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: There were 142 infants in the pre-protocol group and 135 infants in the protocol group. The patients in the protocol group were heavier in weight than those in the pre-protocol group (P<.05). The Cormack-Lehane grade and the duration of operation and anesthesia were higher and longer in the pre-protocol group than in the protocol group (P<.05). Respiratory events after extubation were significantly more common in the pre-protocol group than in the protocol group [21.1 vs. 9.6%, adjusted relative risk 0.46 (95% CI 0.22-0.89), P <.01]. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants undergoing MDO, the standardization of extubation practices can reduce respiratory events after extubation compared with traditional management.

Combined non-intubated anaesthesia and paravertebral nerve block in comparison with intubated anaesthesia in children undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study is to investigate if non-intubated anaesthesia combined with paravertebral nerve block (PVNB) can enhance recovery in children undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). METHODS: A randomized controlled trial including 60 patients aged 3 to 8 years old who underwent elective VATS was performed. They were randomly assigned to receive non-intubated anaesthesia combined with PVNB or general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome was the length of postoperative in-hospital stay. The secondary outcomes included emergence time, the incidence of emergence delirium, time to first feeding, time to first out-of-bed activity, pain score and in-hospital complications. RESULTS: The non-intubated group had shorter postoperative in-hospital stay than the control group (4 days [IQR, 4-6] vs 5 days [IQR, 5-8], 95% CI 0-2; P = .013). When compared to the control group, the incidence of emergence delirium (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% CI 1.01-11.41; P = .043), emergence time, duration in the PACU, time to first eating food, first out-of-bed activity, pain score and consumption of sufentanil (at 6 and 12 hours after surgery) were decreased in the intervention group. In contrast, the incidence of airway complications was higher in the control than the intervention group (27.6% vs 6.9%, P = .037). There was no statistical significance in the occurrence of PONV, pneumothorax and other complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Non-intubated anaesthesia combined with PVNB enhances recovery in paediatric patients for video-assisted thoracic surgery although further multi-centre study is needed.

Impacts of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury on Expressions of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2B1, 2D1, and 3A2 in Rats.

The hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme superfamily is one of the most important drug-metabolizing enzyme systems, which is responsible for the metabolism of a large number of clinically relevant medications used in traumatic brain injury (TBI) therapy. Modification of CYP450 expression may have important influences on drug metabolism and lead to untoward effects on those with narrow therapeutic windows. However, the impact of blast-induced TBI (bTBI) on the expression of CYP450 has received little attention. The subfamilies of CYP1A, 2B, 2D, and 3A account for about 85 % of all human drug metabolism of clinical significance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expressions of hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 in rats suffering bTBI. Meanwhile, we also measured some important cytokines in serum after injury, and calculated the correlation between these cytokines and the expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2. The results showed that bTBI could significantly reduce mRNA expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 at the early stage and induce the expressions from 48 h to 1 week after injury. The protein expressions of these CYP450s had all been downregulated from 24 to 48 h post- injury, and then began to elevate at 48 h after bTBI. The cytokines, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased significantly in the early phase, and began to reduce at the delayed phase of bTBI. The serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α but not IL-2 were significantly negative correlated with the mRNA expressions of CYP2B1 and CYP2D1 and the proteins expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2. In conclusion, our work has, for the first time, indicated that bTBI has significant impact on the expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2, which may be related to the cytokines induced by the injury.

Intrathecal Administration of Tempol Reduces Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats by Increasing SOD Activity and Inhibiting NGF Expression.

We investigate the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal and intraperitoneal tempol administration in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain and explore the underlying antinociceptive mechanisms of tempol. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 per group): sham group, CCI group, Tem1 group (intrathecal injection of tempol), and Tem2 group (intraperitoneal injection of tempol). Neuropathic pain was induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve. Tempol was intrathecally or intraperitoneally administered daily for 7 days beginning on postoperative day one. The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were tested on preoperative day 3 and postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Structural changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, toluidine blue staining, and electron microscopy. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined using the thiobarbituric acid and nitroblue tetrazolium methods, respectively. Nerve growth factor (NGF) expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Intrathecal, but not intraperitoneal, injection of tempol produced a persistent antinociceptive effect. Intraperitoneal injection of tempol did not result in high enough concentration of tempol in the cerebrospinal fluid. Intrathecal, but not intraperitoneal, injection of tempol inhibited CCI-induced structural damage in the spinal cord reduced MDA levels, and increased SOD activities in the spinal cord. Furthermore, intrathecal, but not intraperitoneal, injection of tempol further downregulated the expression of NGF in the spinal cord following CCI, and this effect was blocked by p38MAPK inhibitor. Intrathecal injection of tempol produces antinociceptive effects and reduces CCI-induced structural damage in the spinal cord by increasing SOD activities and downregulating the expression of NGF via the p38MAPK pathway. Intraperitoneal administration of tempol does not exhibit antinociceptive effects.

Electroconvulsive in a Schizophrenic Patient With Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Rhabdomyolysis.

We present the case of a middle-aged man with a chronic history of schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, stable on a second-generation antipsychotic. Psychotic symptoms recurred contingent to medication noncompliance necessitating hospitalization. Treatment was complicated by the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). In addition, subsequent medication rechallenges failed because of recurrent rhabdomyolysis and atypical NMS. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment was initiated, affording remission of psychotic symptoms and nonrecurrence of NMS and rhabdomyolysis. Our experience confirmed the efficacy of ECT treatment in providing symptom relief of psychosis complicated by recurrent episodes of NMS and atypical NMS. Likewise, it illustrated the efficacy of ECT treatment for rhabdomyolysis.

Involvement of a membrane potassium channel in heparan sulphate-induced activation of macrophages.

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) -mediated systemic inflammatory response syndrome accompanied by multiple organ failure, is one of the most common causes of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Recent reports have revealed that heparan sulphate (HS) proteoglycan, a component of extracellular matrices, potentiates the activation of intracellular pro-inflammatory responses via TLR4, contributing to the aggravation of acute pancreatitis. However, little is known about the participants in the HS/TLR4-mediated inflammatory cascades. Our previous work provided a clue that a membrane potassium channel (MaxiK) is responsible for HS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, in this report we attempted to reveal the roles of MaxiK in the activation of macrophages stimulated by HS. Our results showed that incubation of RAW264.7 cells with HS up-regulated MaxiK and TLR4 expression levels. HS could also activate MaxiK channels to promote the efflux of potassium ions from cells, as measured by the elevated activity of caspase-1, whereas this was significantly abolished by treatment with paxilline, a specific blocker of the MaxiK channel. Moreover, it was found that paxilline substantially inhibited HS-induced activation of several different transcription factors in macrophages, including nuclear factor-κB, p38 and interferon regulatory factor-3, followed by decreased production of tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-ß. Taken together, our investigation provides evidence that the HS/TLR4-mediated intracellular inflammatory cascade depends on the activation of MaxiK, which may offer an important opportunity for a new approach in therapeutic strategies of severe acute pancreatitis.

Effect of a bolus dose of fentanyl on the ED50 and ED95 of sevoflurane in neonates.

BACKGROUND: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in neonates is 3.3%, but this value has not been verified in Chinese neonates and the effect of different doses of fentanyl on MAC in neonates has not been investigated. This study was designed to determine the ED50 and ED95 values of sevoflurane in Chinese neonates with and without fentanyl. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-three neonates were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane alone (control group, n=30), 1 µg/kg sevoflurane (group fent1, n=29), or 2 µg/kg fentanyl (group fent2, n=32). Following inhalational induction and tracheal intubation, the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was adjusted to achieve the designated concentration, which was determined using the modified Dixon's up-and-down method starting with 3.0% in each group, with a 0.25% step size. Success was defined as no motor response within 60 s of skin incision. RESULTS: The MAC (standard deviation) values of sevoflurane were 2.91% (0.27) in the control group, 2.53% (0.31) in the fent1 group, and 2.34% (0.33) in the fent2 group according to Dixon's up-and-down method. Logistic probit regression analysis revealed that the ED50 and ED95 (95% CI) of sevoflurane in neonates were 2.82% (2.66-2.98) and 3.39% (2.89-3.89), respectively, in the control group; 2.44% (2.19-2.68) and 3.30% (2.51-4.09), respectively, in the fent1 group; and 2.21% (1.97-2.45) and 3.11% (2.35-3.88), respectively, in the fent2 group. CONCLUSIONS: The MAC value of sevoflurane in Chinese neonates was lower than previously reported and was reduced by the addition of fentanyl.

Potent in vitro synergism of fusidic acid (FA) and berberine chloride (BBR) against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

It was found in the present study that combined use of fusidic acid (FA) and berberine chloride (BBR) offered an in vitro synergistic action against 7 of the 30 clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, with a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ranging from 0.5 to 0.19. This synergistic effect was most pronounced on MRSA 4806, an FA-resistant isolate, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1,024 µg/ml. The time-kill curve experiment showed that FA plus BBR yielded a 4.2 log10 c.f.u./ml reduction in the number of MRSA 4806 bacteria after 24-h incubation as compared with BBR alone. Viable count analysis showed that FA plus BBR produced a 3.0 log10 c.f.u./ml decrease in biofilm formation and a 1.5 log10 c.f.u./ml decrease in mature biofilm in viable cell density as compared with BBR alone. In addition, phase contrast micrographs confirmed that biofilm formation was significantly inhibited and mature biofilm was obviously destructed when FA was used in combination with BBR. These results provide evidence that combined use of FA and BBR may prove to be a promising clinical therapeutic strategy against MRSA.

Dexmedetomidine ameliorates ischemia-induced nerve injury by up-regulating Sox11 expression.

Background: Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is associated with several biological processes. Ischemic stroke has the characteristics of high morbidity and mortality. Herein, we aimed to explore whether Dex ameliorates ischemia-induced injury and determine its mechanism. Methods: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to measure gene and protein expression. Cellular viability and proliferation were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model of SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells was constructed. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was also built to assess Dex function in vivo. Neuronal function was assessed using the Bederson Behavior Score and Longa Behavior Score. Results: We found that Dex positively and dose-dependently regulated Sox11 expression and prevented damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), enhancing cell viability and proliferation and reducing apoptosis in SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells. The overexpression of Sox11 antagonized OGD/R-induced SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and promoted cell growth in vitro. Furthermore, cell proliferation was decreased and cell apoptosis was increased after Sox11 knockdown in Dex-treated SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells. We demonstrated that Dex prevented OGD/R-induced cell injury by up-regulating Sox11. Furthermore, we also confirmed that Dex protected rat from ischemia-induced injury in the MCAO model. Conclusions: The role of Dex in cell viability and survival was verified in this study. Moreover, Dex protected neurons from MCAO-induced injury by up-regulating the expression of Sox11. Our research proposes a potential drug to improve the functional recovery of stroke patients in the clinic.

Risk factors of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion for pediatric patients undergoing brain tumor removal: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative blood loss is a major challenge in pediatric brain tumor removal. Several clinical and surgical factors may influence the occurrence of intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion for pediatric patients undergoing brain tumor removal. METHODS: A total of 297 pediatric patients undergoing brain tumor removal were selected in this retrospective, singlecenter study. Demographic data, laboratory data, imaging data, and surgical records were collected, and then independent risk factors for intraoperative blood loss and transfusion were identified using multivariate stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: The median intraoperative blood loss in our cohort was 23.1 ml/kg (IQR 10.0-60.0 ml/kg). In total, 284 (95.6%) patients received intraoperative RBC transfusion, with a median amount of 0.2 U/kg (IQR 0.0-2.6 U/kg). Age (ß = -0.189; 95% CI [-1.359, -0.473]; p < 0.001); preoperative hemoglobin level (ß = -0.141; 95% CI [-1.528, -0.332]; p = 0.003); anesthesia time (ß = 0.189; 95% CI [0.098, 0.302]; p < 0.001); unclear tumor boundary (ß = 0.100; 95% CI [2.067, 41.053]; p = 0.031); tumor size (ß = 0.390; 95% CI [14.706, 24.342]; p < 0.001); and intraoperative continuous infusion of vasopressor (ß = 0.155; 95% CI [13.364, 52.400]; p = 0.001) were independent predictors of intraoperative blood loss. Independent predictors of the need for RBC transfusion included age (ß = -0.268; 95% CI [-0.007, -0.004]; p < 0.001); preoperative hemoglobin level (ß = -0.117; 95% CI [-0.005, -0.001]; p = 0.003); anesthesia time (ß = 0.221; 95% CI [0.001, 0.001]; p < 0.001); unclear tumor boundary (ß = 0.110; 95% CI [0.024, 0.167]; p = 0.010); tumor size (ß = 0.370; 95% CI [0.056, 0.092]; p < 0.001); intraoperative continuous infusion of vasopressor (ß = 0.157; 95% CI [0.062, 0.205]; p < 0.001); and tumor grade (ß = 0.107; 95% CI [0.007, 0.062]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, age, preoperative hemoglobin, tumor size, anesthesia time, continuous infusion of vasopressors, and unclear tumor boundary were the main determinants for intraoperative blood loss and RBC transfusion in pediatric patients undergoing brain tumor removal. Clinical trial registration no.: ChiCTR1900024803 (ChiCTR.org).

Comparison of the postoperative in-hospital versus at-home recovery quality and circadian rhythm status in preschool kids after adenotonsillectomy: a cohort and observational study.

Background: At present, minimally invasive surgery is often used in paediatric patients as a day surgery to promote rapid post-operative recovery. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) Patients recovery in the hospital or at home after surgery may differ in terms of recovery quality and circadian rhythm status because of sleep disruption; however, this remains unknown. Pediatric patients usually unable to explain their feelings effectively, and objective indicators to measure recovery situation in different environments are promising. This study was conducted to compare the impact of in-hospital and at-home postoperative recovery quality (primary outcome) and circadian rhythm (as measured via the salivary melatonin level) (secondary outcome) in preschool-age patients. Methods: This was a cohort, non-randomized and exploratory observational study. A total of 61 children aged 4 to 6 years who were scheduled to receive adenotonsillectomy were recruited and assigned to recover either in the hospital (Hospital group) or at home (Home group) after surgery. There were no differences in the patient characteristics and perioperative variables between the Hospital and Home groups at baseline. They received the treatment and anesthesia in the same way. The patients' preoperative and up to 28 days post-surgery OSA-18 questionnaires were harvested. Moreover, their pre- and post-surgery salivary melatonin concentrations, body temperature, three-night postoperative sleep diaries, pain scales, emergence agitation, and other adverse effects were recorded. Results: There were no significant differences in the postoperative recovery quality, as assessed by the OSA-18 questionnaire, body temperature, sleep quality, pain scales, and other adverse events (such as respiratory depression, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, hypertension, hypotension, nausea, and vomiting) between the two groups. The preoperative morning saliva melatonin secretion was decreased in both groups on the first postoperative morning (P<0.05), while a significantly greater decrease was found in the Home group on postoperative day 1 (P<0.05) and day 2 (P<0.05). Conclusions: The postoperative recovery quality of preschool kids in the hospital is as good as at home based on OSA-18 evaluation scale. However, the clinical importance of the significant decrease in morning saliva melatonin levels with at-home postoperative recovery remains unknown and warrants further study.

Recent advances of AIE-active materials for orthotopic tumor phototheranostics.

Cancer ranks as a leading threat to human life and health. Compared to conventional cancer treatments, phototheranostics shares the advantages of integrated diagnosis and therapy, outstanding therapeutic performance and good controllability. Amid diverse phototheranostic agents, small organic luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgen) tendency show predominant advantages in terms of superior photostability, large Stokes shifts, and boosted theranostic capacity as aggregates. In the past two decades, AIE-active materials have demonstrated formidable applications in disease theranostics, especially for tumors. This review mainly highlights the recent advances of orthotopic tumor phototheranostics mediated by AIEgens with a classification of different organs. Additionally, a brief discussion of current bottlenecks and future directions is outlined. We believe this review can deepen the understanding and spur more innovations on tumor theranostics by employing AIEgens. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.

Combination of mangiferin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves impaired glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

In this study, we combined the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin with the antidiabetic drug mangiferin to examine the effects on active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Active GLP-1 levels were measured by an ELISA kit. Insulin levels were measured by an RIA kit. Islet morphology was determined by double immunolabeling. Sitagliptin (1 mg/kg) or mangiferin (20 mg/kg) single treatment improved glucose tolerance during an oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, the combination therapy improved glucose tolerance with an increase in plasma insulin level and active GLP-1 levels. Islets from combination-treated diabetic rats had markedly increased ß-cell/islet area ratio compared with islets from the diabetic or single-treatment rats. In conclusion, these results indicate that the combination therapy is useful as a therapeutic agent for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.

Online Optimization Method for Nonlinear Model-Predictive Control in Angular Tracking for MEMS Micromirror.

In this brief, a precise angular tracking control strategy using nonlinear predictive optimization control (POC) approach is address. In order to deal with the model uncertainty and noise interference, a online Hammerstein-model-based POC is designed using online estimated parameters and model residual. Above all, a rate-dependent Duhem model is used to describe the nonlinear sub-model of the whole Hammerstein architecture for depicting multi-valued mapping nonlinear characteristic. Then, predictive output of angular deflection is obtained by Diophantine function based on linear submodel. Subsequently, the iterative control value depends on estimated parameters through data-driven is acquired. Later, based on the cost function, the iteratively optimization control quantity is fed back to the electromagnetic driven deflection micromirror (EDDM) system on the basis of Hammerstein architecture. It should be stressed that the control value is determined by real-time update model residual and defined cost function. Moreover, the stability of POC strategy is proposed. In addition, experimental result is proposed to validate the effectiveness of the control technique adopted in this paper.

NIR-II Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens for Tumor Phototheranostics.

As an emerging and powerful material, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), which could simultaneously provide a precise diagnosis and efficient therapeutics, have exhibited significant superiorities in the field of phototheranostics. Of particular interest is phototheranostics based on AIEgens with the emission in the range of second near-infrared (NIR-II) range (1000-1700 nm), which has promoted the feasibility of their clinical applications by virtue of numerous preponderances benefiting from the extremely long wavelength. In this minireview, we summarize the latest advances in the field of phototheranostics based on NIR-II AIEgens during the past 3 years, including the strategies of constructing NIR-II AIEgens and their applications in different theranostic modalities (FLI-guided PTT, PAI-guided PTT, and multimodal imaging-guided PDT-PTT synergistic therapy); in addition, a brief conclusion of perspectives and challenges in the field of phototheranostics is given at the end.

Type I Photosensitizers Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission: A Rising Star in Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), emerging as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality with precise controllability and high spatiotemporal accuracy, has earned significant advancements in the field of cancer and other non-cancerous diseases treatment. Thereinto, type I PDT represents an irreplaceable and meritorious part in contributing to these delightful achievements since its distinctive hypoxia tolerance can perfectly compensate for the high oxygen-dependent type II PDT, particularly in hypoxic tissues. Regarding the diverse type I photosensitizers (PSs) that light up type I PDT, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active type I PSs are currently arousing great research interest owing to their distinguished AIE and aggregation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (AIE-ROS) features. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge advances of novel AIE-active type I PSs by delineating the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of the type I pathway, summarizing the current molecular design strategies for promoting the type I process, and showcasing current bioapplications, in succession. Notably, the strategies to construct highly efficient type I AIE PSs were elucidated in detail from the two aspects of introducing high electron affinity groups, and enhancing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) intensity. Lastly, we present a brief conclusion, and a discussion on the current limitations and proposed opportunities.

[Comparision of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation between Children with Thalassemia of Different Ages].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference of therapeutic effects on children with thalassemia at different age after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: The clinical data of children with thalassemia treated in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The children were divided into 2-5 years old group and 6-12 years old group. The success rate of implantation, transplant-related mortality, GVHD incidence, and other transplant-related complications, as well as thalassemia-free survival (TFS) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The incidence of GVHD, hemorrhagic cystitis and severe oral mucositis after transplantation in the 2-5 years old group were significantly lower than those in the 6-12 years old group, while there was no statistically significant difference in the TFS between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Children in the low age (2-5 years old) group show fewer complications and higher quality of life after transplantation, therefore, stem cell transplantation at 2-5 years old is more conducive to rehabilitation of the children with thalassemia.