The Impact of Various Cockpit Display Interfaces on Novice Pilots' Mental Workload and Situational Awareness: A Comparative Study.

Future airspace is expected to become more congested with additional in-service cargo and commercial flights. Pilots will face additional burdens in such an environment, given the increasing number of factors that they must simultaneously consider while completing their work activities. Therefore, care and attention must be paid to the mental workload (MWL) experienced by operating pilots. If left unaddressed, a state of mental overload could affect the pilot's ability to complete his or her work activities in a safe and correct manner. This study examines the impact of two different cockpit display interfaces (CDIs), the Steam Gauge panel and the G1000 Glass panel, on novice pilots' MWL and situational awareness (SA) in a flight simulator-based setting. A combination of objective (EEG and HRV) and subjective (NASA-TLX) assessments is used to assess novice pilots' cognitive states during this study. Our results indicate that the gauge design of the CDI affects novice pilots' SA and MWL, with the G1000 Glass panel being more effective in reducing the MWL and improving SA compared with the Steam Gauge panel. The results of this study have implications for the design of future flight deck interfaces and the training of future pilots.

[Pharmaceutical changes and countermeasures for transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs based on human use experience].

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations in medical institutions, as a unique and important form of preparations in China, have a long history of human use and serve as a bridge between clinical experience prescriptions and new Chinese medicine preparations. The state encourages medical institutions to transform their preparations into new traditional Chinese medicines, emphasizing their role as "incubators". Since the proposal of the traditional Chinese medicine registration and evaluation evidence system with the integration of TCM theory, human use experience(HUE), and clinical experience, the idea of transforming preparations used in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE has been increasingly valued by drug research and development organizations. In the transformation process, pharmaceutical changes should be concerned from multiple aspects. This paper discusses the pharmaceutical changes and countermeasures based on the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE from the aspects of excipients, dosage forms, production technology, production scale, packaging materials and containers, production sites, and registration standards. It is emphasized that scientific decisions should be made according to the characteristics and clinical needs of drugs to ensure the stability of drug quality. The impacts of pharmaceutical changes on drug quality should be objectively assessed based on appropriate evaluation indexes and detection methods. The layout should be carried out in advance, and the key pharmaceutical information of the preparations should be kept stable, so as to underpin the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE.

[Research and development strategy of new traditional Chinese medicine drugs for syndromes based on human use experience].

Chinese drug registration laws and regulations have always reserved a place for the new traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) drugs for syndromes, but so far no such new drugs have been approved for registration. This paper expounded on the relevant policies, regulations, and technologies of new TCM drugs for syndromes in China and pointed out that the application of the animal model of TCM syndromes to carry out pharmacodynamics research and clinical efficacy evaluation criteria of TCM syndromes were the main technical difficulties in the research and development of new TCM drugs for syndromes. Not all syndromes are suitable for developing new drugs, and the indications for new TCM drugs should be constant syndromes. Among the three research and development models of simple syndrome, syndrome-unified disease, and combined disease and syndrome, the research and development model of combined disease and syndrome is recommended. Clinical positioning is the key to new TCM drugs for syndromes. It is encouraged to conduct high-quality human use experience studies to determine the clinical positioning of new TCM drugs for syndromes, as well as the target population, dose, course of treatment, and initial therapeutic and safety, and apply for exemption from non-clinical effectiveness studies. Clinical trials of new TCM drugs for syndromes should take the target symptoms or signs as the main efficacy index and the efficacy of TCM syndromes as the secondary efficacy index. Clinical research program design should implement the "patient-centered" concept and introduce clinical outcome evaluation indicators. In the clinical safety evaluation, special conditions such as characteristic syndromes and changes should be considered. With the construction of the human use experience technology system and the promotion of the TCM registration and evaluation evidence system featuring the "combination of TCM theory, human use experience, and clinical trials", it is believed that many high-quality new TCM drugs for syndromes will be developed in the future.

[Quality requirements of human use experience research on traditional Chinese medicine].

The human use experience of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is of great significance for the development of new traditional Chinese medicine. In 2023, the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA) issued the Special Regulations on Registration Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which explicitly encouraged the conduct of high-quality human use experience research on TCM clinical practice to obtain sufficient evidence for registration support. It also required that human use experience research should comply with relevant requirements and undergo registration verification. The quality of human use experience research on TCM directly determines the reliability of the evidence. This article discussed the quality requirements for human use experience research on TCM from the perspectives of basic requirements, organizational management, key pharmaceutical information, scientific research, risk management, ethical compliance, and study implementation and proposed differential treatment in quality requirements and registration verification focus based on different research purposes, stages, and types of studies. While ensuring the authenticity of data, retrospective studies should pay particular attention to the integrity of the data, and prospective studies should focus on the normativity of the data, which may affect the research conclusions. Human use experience research, as part of drug registration materials, falls within the scope of relevant regulatory oversight. Researchers should have a strong awareness of regulations to avoid serious quality issues. The standardized conduct of human use experience research on TCM requires joint efforts from regulatory authorities, applicants, research institutions, and researchers to establish a research quality management system based on the clinical characteristics of TCM.

[Construction of clinical efficacy evaluation system based on optimal clinical experience].

Evidence-based medicine plays an important role in promoting the scientific nature of clinical decision-making. Howe-ver, there is a problem where evidence derived from clinical research may not necessarily be applicable to individual patients. Evidence-based medicine has been introduced into the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) for over 20 years, and although certain achievements have been made, the overall level of clinical research evidence based on the principles of evidence-based medicine in TCM is not high. The acceptance of TCM diagnosis and treatment guidelines developed based on evidence-based medicine methods is generally low. As revealed by the analysis of the problems in the application of evidence-based medicine in the field of TCM, it is found that there is a structural contradiction between clinical randomized controlled trial(RCT) of TCM and the characteristics of TCM clinical practice. They cannot comprehensively, objectively, and truthfully reflect the clinical efficacy and safety of TCM. Conducting clinical RCTs of TCM in pursuit of "evidence" actually means giving up the advantages of TCM in clinical treatment based on syndrome differentiation, prescription changes along with syndromes, and treatment in accordance with three categories of disease cause, which leads to sacrificing some clinical effectiveness of TCM. Based on the concept of evidence-based medicine, this article proposed the construction of "clinical syndrome-based medicine" based on the optimal clinical experience, which was suitable for the characteristics of TCM clinical practice. The key to clinical syndrome-based medicine is the optimal clinical experience, and the core elements of the optimal clinical experience are regularity and reproducibility. Real-world research methods are recommended as a reference for obtaining the optimal clinical experience. Clinical syndrome-based medicine, combining the characteristics of TCM clinical practice and incorporating the concept of evidence-based medicine, is the product of integrating TCM into evidence-based medicine. It is dedicated to improving the clinical efficacy of TCM along with evidence-based medicine.

[Application of add-on-design in post-marketing evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine].

Post-marketing evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is an important research stage in the life cycle of a drug, and the add-on-design is a common method for its post-marketing evaluation. This article introduces the basic concept of add-on-design, and points out that it is suitable for use based on the principles of medical ethics when the standard treatment should not be interrupted. The post-marketing evaluation of TCM should be carried out based on human experience and in compliance with regulations and ethics. The clinical values of TCM, such as the therapeutic effect for disease, improvement of disease symptoms, improvement in quality of life, as well as the synergism and toxicity attenuation of combined use of TCM and chemical drugs, should be fully reflected through the clinical trials designed with add-on-design. The key points of add-on-design are accurate clinical positioning, scientific estimation of sample size, and rigorous standard treatment. Standard treatment should be a recognized one, consistent and stable; appropriate and recognized efficacy indicators and targeted safety indicators should be selected; the design and operation of clinical research scheme should meet the requirements of randomization and blind method, with special emphasis on the production of qualified placebo. The add-on-design has the advantages that the rights and interests of the subjects are adequately protected. Besides, the research conclusions are easily put into clinical application. But there are also many difficulties, such as the influence of confounding bias, the "ceiling" effect of clinical efficacy, and the difficulty of interpretation of adverse events. Therefore, a rigorous research quality assu-rance system should be established, and the quality control of evaluation consistency of researchers should be emphasized to ensure strict quality control in the research process.

[Application of real world study and human use experience in research and development of new traditional Chinese medicine drugs].

Real world study(RWS) refers to the process of collecting real world data related to the health of research subjects in the real world environment for pre-set clinical problems and obtaining the status of drug use and potential benefits/risks through analysis. The data are derived from the hospital information system(HIS), medical insurance system, disease registration system, adverse drug reaction monitoring system, etc. Human use experience of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a new concept put forward by experts after summarizing the problems existing in clinical trials of new TCM drugs. The data come partially from the real world, and more importantly, such key elements as the formulated prescriptions of new TCM drugs, principles and methods, and clinical applications should be covered. RWS is mainly used for adverse drug reaction monitoring after marketing, benefit evaluation of listed drugs, decision-making of medical treatment and medical insurance, as well as supervision and approval of special medical devices and special drugs. It is complementary to randomized controlled clinical trials. Human use experience is suitable for the research and development of Chinese medicinal compound preparations and the expansion of functions and indications. There are no special provisions for clinical indications and target population. There exists a sequential relationship between the human use experience and clinical trials. Specifi-cally, the summarization of human use experience provides good support for the design and implementation of clinical trials, which is an important segment in the research and development of new TCM drugs. The correlation between real-world data and research results and their reliability should be ensured in RWS, and the unreality should be avoided. The key to summarizing the human use experience is to identify the clinical orientation, target population, course of treatment, usage and dosage of new TCM drugs, and it should be noted that human use experience does not only mean clinical experience. Experimental clinical trial(PCT), a type of study in the real world, has been commonly employed for the summary of human use experience. RWS and human use experience are different research designs targeting different clinical questions in the research and development of new TCM drugs, which can be flexibly selected depending on the actual situation.

[Data collection, quality and evidence formation for human use experience of traditional Chinese medicine].

Collecting and summarizing human use experience(HUE) data, forming high-quality data and evidences that can be used for evaluation are the key links of HUE research on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The collection, collation and summary of human experience data were discussed in this paper. It is pointed out that the collection of HUE should be focus on the source of prescription of new traditional Chinese medicines, and be summarized based on dialectical thinking, experience in medication, characte-ristics of prescription and clinical application. The collected contents include prescription, process, clinical location and applicable population, efficacy data and safety data, etc. The methods include interview, clinical data summary and data mining. When the data formed based on HUE information is used as drug registration information, it is necessary to ensure that the data source is legal and compliant, and the ownership of intellectual property is clear.Data sources should meet the requirements of medical ethics. To avoid conflict of interest, data analysis should be conducted by an independent third party. It is necessary to develop the quality control measures of HUE data to ensure the data traceability, integrity, consistency and accuracy, and avoid data bias.The data of HUE should include the key data such as accurate clinical location and applicable population, recognized clinical efficacy and safety.After the formation of HUE, the statistical analysis plan of empirical data of human use should be formulated. Through strict data processing, statistical analysis and clinical interpretation, HUE can be produced for evaluation.

[Theoretical thinking on guiding research and development of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine].

This article proposes that the research and development of new Chinese medicines should be based on the clinical values of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), and expounds the multiple clinical values of new Chinese medicines such as therapeutic effects, adjuvant treatment effects, improvement of disease symptoms, improvement of quality of life, prevention of diseases, etc., so as to broaden the clinical indications of new Chinese medicines. It is pointed out that the clinical value of TCM determines the clinical efficacy evaluation method of new Chinese medicines, so as to construct a clinical evaluation system of new Chinese medicines with the characteristics of TCM. It is proposed that the clinical value of new Chinese medicines should be found under the guidance of TCM theo-ry and clinical practice, and the theoretical innovation of TCM should be emphasized. There is no difference in the clinical value of drugs, and the key is to meet the clinical needs of patients. The research and development of new Chinese medicines ignores the theoretical guidance of Chinese medicine, and relying solely on animal experiment data may lead to failure of clinical trials. Different from the individualized treatment of TCM clinical syndrome differentiation, summarizing the core pathogenesis of TCM is the basis for the development of new Chinese medicines. It is necessary to summarize the pathogenesis of the disease under the guidance of TCM theory and encourage the application of modern medical methods to clarify the diagnosis of the disease. In view of the characteristics of new Chinese medicine research and development, it is proposed that the supporting role of human experience should be emphasized, and the technical points of clinical trials of new syndrome-type Chinese medicines should be explained.The use of objective indicators for syndrome evaluation, the selection of appropriate scales, and the formulation of reasonable treatment courses are advocated. During the research and development of new Chinese medicines, it is not only necessary to pay attention to modern medical safety indicators, but also to observe the evolution of TCM syndromes and specific TCM symptoms.

[Development of clinical trial of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicines].

The relevant laws and regulations of drug clinical trials were introduced in this paper. It is pointed out that with drug re-gulatory laws and technological advances, clinical trials have become an important link in the development of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM). Clinical trials of new drugs of TCM must comply with the requirement of "Good Clinical Practice for Trial on Medicinal Products". In view of the particularities of clinical trials of new drugs of TCM, China has established an ethical review system for clinical research in TCM and carried out ethical review and certification of TCM research. In order to guide the development of clinical trials of new drugs of TCM, relevant departments have promulgated a series of guidelines for clinical trials of it, and established a new review system and technical requirements for clinical trials. Since 1983, the "national clinical pharmacology base" has been established. At present, there are 96 drug clinical trial institutions and 32 phase I clinical research wards in TCM hospitals, which can meet the development of clinical trials of new drugs of TCM. In the long-term practice, the technical team has continued to grow and develop, the research experience and technical strength have been significantly improved, and a large number of experts have become the backbone of clinical research in Chinese medicine. It is pointed out that we should attach importance to risk and benefit assessment, human experience, select scientific, objective and appropriate effectiveness indexes, evaluate the efficacy of TCM syndromes, and encourage the use of electronic methods in clinical research of new drugs of TCM. Based on the analysis of clinical trials of TCM in recent five years, it is pointed out that the active degree of clinical trials of new drugs of TCM is not high, the innovation ability of it is insufficient and the ability and enthusiasm of all aspects need to be improved. It is of great significance to carry out clinical trials of new traditional Chinese medicines to upgrade the TCM industry and produce high-level evidence-based medicine evidences. The high quality development of TCM can be promoted by strengthening clinical trials of new drugs of TCM.

Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Population from Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, China.

Botrytis cinerea (anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) causes gray mold on numerous plants, including kiwifruit. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the Botrytis cinerea population from kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, China. In all, 176 isolates were collected from kiwifruit orchards from eight geographic regions in Sichuan. All isolates were identified as B. cinerea sensu stricto based on the combined datasets, including morphological criteria, determination of the Bc-hch allele, and phylogenetic analysis of the genes RPB2, G3PDH, and HSP60. Three colony types (i.e., sclerotial, mycelial, and conidial) were observed on potato dextrose agar after 2 weeks, with sclerotial isolates, the predominant category, accounting for 40.91%. No obvious differences in microscopic characteristics were observed among the three types. Three genotypes of transposable elements were identified in the B. cinerea population: boty, flipper, and transposa types. The most prevalent genotype from different geographic populations of B. cinerea was transposa; in contrast, the flipper genotype accounted for only 3.98% of the total population, whereas the vacuma genotype was absent. According to MAT locus amplification, 87 and 89 isolates are MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 type, respectively, and the two mating types were found to be balanced overall in the population. Forty-eight representative isolates were all able to cause gray mold to some extent, and disease severities were significantly different between the cultivars Hongyang and Hort16A (P < 0.01). Disease severity was significantly greater on young leaves than on mature leaves (P < 0.01). No significant relationship was found between pathogenicity and geographical region, colony type, or transposon distribution. The results obtained in the present study suggest a relatively uniform species diversity of Botrytis but rich phenotypic and genetic differentiation within the B. cinerea population on kiwifruit in China. Utilizing resistant cultivars and rain-shelter cultivation instead of fungicides may be an effective approach to delaying pathogen variability.

A meta-analysis of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disease, which is closely related to obesity. This study evaluated the efficacy of bariatric surgery on obesity complicated with PCOS through meta-analysis. PubMed, Cochrane, EMbase, and WOS databases were searched from 2012 to November 2022. Studies on the efficacy of bariatric surgery in the treatment of obesity combined with PCOS were included. Outcome indicators included menstrual abnormalities, BMI, free testosterone, hypertrichosis, and ovarian volume. Methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Finally, 9 studies were included, and the results of meta-analysis were as follows: After weight loss surgery, menstrual irregularity decreased (RR = -0.83, 95%CI:-1.00∼-0.65, P < 0.00001), and BMI decreased significantly (MD = -13.64, 95%CI:-16.29∼-10.99, P < 0.00001). Free testosterone levels decreased (MD = -22.70, 95 % CI: -36.07 âˆ¼ -9.34, P < 0.00001), the incidence of hypertrichosis decreased (RR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.45-0.88, p = 0.007 < 0.01), and the ovarian volume decreased (MD = -3.09, 5%CI: -5.76 âˆ¼ -0.42, P < 0.00001).

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma of the ovary.

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma is a new class of rare subtypes of the female reproductive system. Its clinical symptoms are similar to other types of ovarian tumors. The diagnosis is based on pathological and immunohistochemical methods. The main treatment option is surgery combined with chemotherapy. Few cases have been reported at home and abroad. We reported a case of a 45-year-old woman with a cystic solid mass in the left adnexa. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma of the left ovary and mature cystic teratoma (partial infiltration of the small intestine). This case had no specific clinical symptoms. Immunohistochemical findings showed positive results of GATA3, TTF1, CD10, ER, and PR. Paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy were given after the operation. Currently, no specific criteria are available for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This article aims to improve the understanding of clinicians in this disease and create a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Efficacy and safety of microneedling, fractional CO2 laser, and cryotherapy combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis: A multicenter prospective randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratosis (AK) is limited by the depth of treatment. Microneedling or fractional CO2 laser can facilitate the penetration of photosensitizer, while cryotherapy can treat deeper tissues but is not suitable for field cancerization. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of microneedling, fractional CO2 laser, and cryotherapy in combination with PDT for AK. METHODS: Patients with AK were randomized into 4 groups, including group A with microneedling + PDT, group B with fractional CO2 laser + PDT, group C with cryotherapy + PDT, and group D with PDT. After 12 weeks, the clinical, dermoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients were included in this study, with 31, 30, 35, and 31 patients in each group, yielding clinical response rates of 90.3%, 93.3%, 97.1%, and 74.2%, respectively (P=0.026). The RCM response rates were 71.0%, 80.0%, 85.7%, and 54.8%, respectively (P=0.030). The dermoscopic response rates were 77.4%, 83.3%, 88.6%, and 60.0%, respectively (P=0.039). Group C showed the best efficacy in terms of clinical, dermoscopic, and RCM outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: All three treatments improved the efficacy of PDT and were well tolerated, with cryotherapy + PDT showing the best efficacy.

Simultaneous electrochemical detection of dimethyl bisphenol A and bisphenol A using a novel Pt@SWCNTs-MXene-rGO modified screen-printed sensor.

Since bisphenol A (BPA) and dimethyl bisphenol A (DM-BPA) are human endocrine disruptors (EDCs) with tiny potential differences (44 mV) and widespread applications, there is a lack of published reports on their simultaneous detection. Therefore, this study reports a novel electrochemical detection system capable of simultaneous direct detection of BPA and DM-BPA using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) as a sensing platform. To improve the electrochemical performance of the SPCE, the SPCE was modified by using a combination of Pt nanoparticles modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (Pt@SWCNTs), MXene (Ti3C2), and graphene oxide (GO). In addition, the GO in Pt@SWCNTs-MXene-GO was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by the action of electric field (-1.2 V), which significantly improved the electrochemical properties of the composites and effectively solved the problem of dispersion of the modified materials on the electrode surface. Under optimal experimental conditions, Pt@SWCNTs-Ti3C2-rGO/SPCE exhibited a suitable detection range (0.006-7.4 µmol L-1) and low detection limits (2.8 and 3 nmol L-1, S/N = 3) for the simultaneous detection of BPA (0.392 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and DM-BPA (0.436 V vs. Ag/AgCl)). Thus, this study provides new insights into detecting compounds with similar structures and slight potential differences. Finally, the developed sensor's reproducibility, stability, interference resistance and accuracy were demonstrated with satisfactory results.

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome.

With the development and progress of society, people's average life expectancy has increased, and relevant literature reports that the number of postmenopausal women in China continues to increase. With lifespans extended, the transition period and post-menopause period have become the longest essential period in every woman's life. The life quality of women troubled by perimenopausal syndrome has been significantly reduced, which also places a burden on families and society. It is well known that hormone replacement therapy plays a vital role in improving women's menopause-related symptoms and is the most effective medical measure. With research ongoing into the treatment of menopausal symptoms in different patients, dose size, treatment duration, and medication regimens for hormones are still hot topics of discussion. This article reviews the definition, clinical diagnosis, staging, clinical manifestations, and treatment of menopause and explores the current diagnosis and treatment scenarios of perimenopausal syndrome.

Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills in the treatment of coronary heart disease with stable angina pectoris and depression: study protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind and multicentre clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease(CHD) with stable angina pectoris is a common cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that 10%-81.4% of these patients suffer from psychological conditions,such as depression, which has been associated with more frequent angina, lower treatment satisfaction and lower perceived quality of life. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), the raw material of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills (GBDPs), is widely used to treat various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, and depression. This clinical trial aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of GBDPs in improving the frequency of angina pectoris and the life quality of patients with stable angina pectoris and depression symptoms. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group and multicentre clinical trial will be conducted in four medical centres in China. We aim to recruit approximately 72 participants aged 18-75 years with depression and coronary heart disease with stable angina pectoris. Based on conventional drug treatment, participants will be randomly assignedto the treatment group (GBDPs group; n=36) or the control group (placebo group; n=36) at a 1:1 allocation ratio. After randomisation,follow-up will be done at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks (±3 days). Additionally, 30 healthy individuals will be enrolled to investigate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of the effects of GBE. The primary outcomes will be the Seattle Angina Questionnaire score and the frequency of angina pectoris-related symptoms each week. The secondary outcomes will include the 36-item Short Form Health Survey quality-of-life scale, Hamilton Depression Scale and composite endpoint incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China (approval number: ZYYECK [2020]030). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The results of this trial will be publicly shared through academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04529148 and ChiCTR2200066908.

Interlayer interaction-force-tuned magnetic responses in CoII-tetrazolate-carboxylate system from canted antiferromagnet to field-induced metamagnet.

Interlayer magnetic couplings of low-dimensional magnets have significantly dominated magnetic behavior through skillful regulation of interlayer interacting forces. To identify interaction-force-regulated interlayer magnetic communications, two air-stable Co(II)-based coordination polymers (CPs), a well-isolated layered structure with approximately 12.6 Å interlayer separation and a carboxylate-extended three-dimensional framework with an inter-ribbon distance of 5.8 Å, have been solvothermally fabricated by varying polycarboxylate mediators in a ternary CoII-tetrazolate-carboxylate system. The layered CP with antiparallel-arranged {Co2(COO)2}n chains interconnected only via cyclic tetrazolyl linkages behaves as a spin-canted antiferromagnet with a Néel temperature of 2.6 K, due to strong intralayer antiferromagnetic couplings and negligible interlayer magnetic interactions. In contrast, the compact three-dimensional framework with corner-sharing Δ-ribbons tightly aggregated through µ2-η1:η1-COO- is a field-induced metamagnet from a canted antiferromagnet to a weak ferromagnet with a small critical field of Hc = 90 Oe. Apparently, these interesting magnetic responses reveal the importance of an interacting force from the magnetic subunits for the magnetic behavior of the molecular magnet, greatly enriching the magnetostructural correlations of transition-metal-based molecular magnets.

Interactive Effects of Epichloë Endophytes and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Saline-Alkali Stress Tolerance in Tall Fescue.

Epichloë endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) are two important symbiotic microorganisms of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Our research explores the combined effects of endophytes and AMF on saline-alkali stress. The finding revealed that a significant interaction between Epichloë endophytes and AMF, and saline-alkali stress occurred in the growth and physiological parameters of tall fescue. Endophyte infection significantly enhanced tall fescue resistance to saline-alkali stress by increasing shoot and root biomass and nutrient uptake (organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentration), and accumulating K+ while decreasing Na+ concentration. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of endophytes was enhanced by the beneficial AMF, Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CE) but was reduced by the detrimental AMF, Funneliformis mosseae (FM). Our findings highlight the importance of interactions among multiple microorganisms for plant performance under saline-alkali stress.

Epichloë endophyte interacts with saline-alkali stress to alter root phosphorus-solubilizing fungal and bacterial communities in tall fescue.

Epichloë endophytes, present in aboveground tissues, modify belowground microbial community. This study was conducted to investigate endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum) associated with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) interacted with an altered saline-alkali stress (0, 200 and 400 mmol/l) to affect the belowground phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms including phosphorus solubilizing fungi (PSF) and bacteria (PSB). We found that a significant interaction between E. coenophialum and saline-alkali stress occurred in the diversity and composition of PSF in tall fescue roots. Under saline-alkali stress conditions (200 and 400 mmol/l), E. coenophialum significantly increased the PSF diversity and altered its composition in the roots, decreasing the relative abundance of dominant Cladosporium and increasing the relative abundance of Fusarium. However, there was no significant interaction between E. coenophialum and saline-alkali stress on the PSB diversity in tall fescue roots. E. coenophialum significantly reduced the diversity of PSB in the roots, and E. coenophialum effects did not depend on the saline-alkali stress treatment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that E. coenophialum presence increased soil available phosphorus concentration under saline-alkali stress primarily by affecting PSF diversity instead of the diversity and composition of PSB.