[Research progress on the occupational health and personal protection of emergency responders].

To meet the requirement from the economy and society, China's emergency rescue has been developing towards specialization and professionalization. The working environment for emergency responders is special accompanying with tremendous challenges and uncertainties. To promote the research on occupational health and personal protection is an important guarantee for the workers in China to realize the goal of "decent work". This paper reviews the hazards that affect the occupational health of emergency rescue workers, the research progress of adverse outcomes caused from exposure to these hazards, and the related development issues of personal protection. In order to ensure the safety and health of emergency rescue workers, the direction of further research on occupational health of emergency rescue workers is put forward.

[Analysis of the self-conscious health status and influencing factors of greenhouse agricultural workers in Beijing suburb].

Objective: To explore the self-conscious health status and related influencing factors of greenhouse agricultural workers in Beijing suburb, so as to provide scientific basis for developing strategies to improve and promote the occupational health conditions of those workers. Methods: According to the production characteristics and scale of the main agricultural districts or counties in the suburb of Beijing, 182 agricultural production personnel were randomly selected to investigate the general situation, occupational situation and self-conscious health status during June 2018 to December 2019. The relevant factors which may affect the self-conscious health conditions were also analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The detection or reported rate of self-conscious health problems was 51.6% (94/182) , among which 29.1% (53/182) workers reported musculoskeletal disorder diseases and 21.4% (39/182) workers reported nervous system diseases. And the self-conscious health status of greenhouse agricultural workers were statistically different in household registration, gender, marital status, working years, mixing or spraying pesticides, smoking or eating in the greenhouse (P<0.05) . Moreover, gender, mixing or spraying pesticide, eating and smoking behavior in the workplace all had an impact on the risk of self-conscious health status of greenhouse agricultural workers (P< 0.05) . Specifically, male is the protective factor to reduce the occurrence of self-conscious symptoms of greenhouse agricultural workers (OR=0.447, 95%CI: 0.234~0.852) , while mixing or spraying pesticides and smoking or eating behaviors in the workplace are the risk factors (OR=1.055, 2.524; 95%CI: 0.503~2.210, 1.107~5.755) . Conclusion: Reducing pesticide use from the source thus minimize related exposure opportunities, strengthening occupational health education thus foster good hygienic habits and improve individual protection consciousness are of great significance for the health protection of greenhouse agricultural workers in Beijing suburb.

Ultrastrong and Stiff Carbon Nanotube/Aluminum-Copper Nanocomposite via Enhancing Friction between Carbon Nanotubes.

Researchers have been aiming to replace copper with carbon nanotube/copper nanocomposites, which are lighter and exhibit better electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. However, the strength is far below pure carbon nanotube assembly and even much lower than some copper-based alloys. This disadvantage hinders the extensive application of carbon nanotube/copper nanocomposites. In this study, the carbon nanotube/aluminum-copper nanocomposites with ultra-strength and stiffness were prepared. The strength and elasticity modulus of composite reached as high as 6.6 and 500 GPa, respectively, while a high conductivity of 1.8 × 107 S/m was maintained. This can be attributed to the diffusion of Cu and Al atoms into the carbon nanotube fiber, which enhances friction between the carbon nanotubes by "pinning" and "bridging". This structure provides us with novel insights into the design of carbon nanotubes/metal nanocomposites with ultrahigh strength and conductivity.

Association between leukoaraiosis and cerebral blood flow territory alteration in asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis.

AIM: To test the hypothesis that leukoaraiosis (also known as white matter lesion) is associated with cerebral blood flow territory change as revealed by territorial arterial spin-labeling (TASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis (aICAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this study. Thirty-three patients with aICAS were included prospectively and divided into high-grade (ultrasonographic stenosis ≥70%, n=17) and low-grade (n=16) groups; 16 healthy subjects were also included. Cerebral flow territory was delineated for left ICA, right ICA, and vertebral arteries using TASL MRI and fuzzy clustering. Two licensed neuroradiologists independently and dichotomously rated the hemispherical asymmetry of flow territories. Flow territories were finalised by consensus, and when asymmetry was present, these were divided into normal and abnormal areas where the raters separately assessed leukoaraiosis based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images and the Fazekas scale. RESULTS: The inter-rater agreement in the evaluation of flow territory asymmetry with TASL imaging in conjunction with time-of-flight angiogram is substantial (Cohen's kappa=0.82). Multinomial logistic regression (reference group=healthy subjects) indicates that global leukoaraiosis is not a predictor of aICAS after controlling for age, whereas in high-grade patients, the deep white matter lesion is more severe in the area receiving collateral circulation than in the area with normal flow territory (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: TASL MRI is clinically feasible in aICAS and shows that more severe deep white matter lesions are associated with collateral circulation in high-grade patients.

[Biomonitoring application in the exposome assessment].

Biomonitoring can be applied to assess internal exposure and environmental exposure by exposure markers with providing internal exposure to biological characterization and individual exposure information, which is a key tool to evaluate the risk exposure to disease by biological alternation information. With the development of high throughput, broad spectrum and high efficiency screening and detection technology, biomonitoring is defined as traditional biological monitoring (targeted monitoring) and non targeted monitoring analysis (exposomic approaches). An exposomic approach differs from traditional biomonitoring in that it can theoretically include all exposures of potential health significance, whether they are derived from exogenous sources. Both traditional and nontraditional biomonitoring methods should be used to understand the complexity of exposures faced throughout the lifespan. Through hybrid approaches, emerging techniques and the integration of bioinformatics, and developing the detection methods for low abundance chemicals, improving the differentiation ability between endogenous and exogenous chemical, the health outcomes and exposures can be widely recognized and characterized, which can finally contribute to improving the precise prevention and intervention for diseases under the new exposomic model.

Annual direct medical costs associated with diabetes-related complications in the event year and in subsequent years in Hong Kong.

AIM: To develop models to estimate the direct medical costs associated with diabetes-related complications in the event year and in subsequent years. METHODS: The public direct medical costs associated with 13 diabetes-related complications were estimated among a cohort of 128 353 people with diabetes over 5 years. Private direct medical costs were estimated from a cross-sectional survey among 1825 people with diabetes. We used panel data regression with fixed effects to investigate the impact of each complication on direct medical costs in the event year and subsequent years, adjusting for age and co-existing complications. RESULTS: The expected annual public direct medical cost for the baseline case was US$1,521 (95% CI 1,518 to 1,525) or a 65-year-old person with diabetes without complications. A new lower limb ulcer was associated with the biggest increase, with a multiplier of 9.38 (95% CI 8.49 to 10.37). New end-stage renal disease and stroke increased the annual medical cost by 5.23 (95% CI 4.70 to 5.82) and 5.94 (95% CI 5.79 to 6.10) times, respectively. History of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal disease and lower limb ulcer increased the cost by 2-3 times. The expected annual private direct medical cost of the baseline case was US$187 (95% CI 135 to 258) for a 65-year-old man without complications. Heart disease, stroke, sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy and end-stage renal disease increased the private medical costs by 1.5 to 2.5 times. CONCLUSIONS: Wide variations in direct medical cost in event year and subsequent years across different major complications were observed. Input of these data would be essential for economic evaluations of diabetes management programmes.

3-D imaging of islets in obesity: formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling in young hyperphagic mice.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and insulin resistance lead to islet hyperplasia. However, how the islet remodeling influences the pancreatic environment and the associated neurovascular networks is largely unknown. The lack of information is primarily due to the difficulty of global visualization of the hyperplasic islet (>200 µm) and the neurovascular environment with high definition. METHODS: We modulated the pancreatic optical property to achieve 3-dimensional (3-D) whole-islet histology and to integrate transmitted light microscopy (which provides the ground-truth tissue information) with confocal fluorescence imaging. The new optical and imaging conditions were used to globally examine the hyperplastic islets of the young (2 months) obese db/db and ob/ob mice, which otherwise cannot be easily portrayed by the standard microtome-based histology. The voxel-based islet micrographs were digitally processed for stereo projection and qualitative and quantitative analyses of the islet tissue networks. RESULTS: Paired staining and imaging of the pancreatic islets, ducts and neurovascular networks reveal the unexpected formation of the 'neuro-insular-ductal complex' in the young obese mice. The complex consists of the peri- and/or intra-islet ducts and prominent peri-ductal sympathetic nerves; the latter contributes to a marked increase in islet sympathetic innervation. In vascular characterization, we identify a decreased perivascular density of the ob/ob islet pericytes, which adapt to ensheathing the dilated microvessels with hypertrophic processes. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of pancreatic optical property enables 3-D panoramic examination of islets in the young hyperphagic mice to reveal the formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling. On the basis of the morphological proximity of the remodeled tissue networks, we propose a reactive islet microenvironment consisting of the endocrine cells, ductal epithelium and neurovascular tissues in response to the metabolic challenge that is experienced early in life.

[Evaluation of health effect among occupational population exposed to nano-titanium dioxide: a cross-sectional study].

Objective: To characterize the health effects of nano-titanium dioxide exposure in an occupational cohort. Methods: Eighty-five male employees of a nano-titanium dioxide manufacturing enterprise in Shandong Province were evaluated in September 2014. Forty-four were exposed to nano-titanium dioxide (exposure group), and 41 were not exposed to nano-titanium dioxide (control group). We collected employees' basic information, smoking and drinking history, previous medical history, family history, and occupational history. Differences in blood pressure, hematological parameters, and blood biochemistry between the two groups were analyzed and compared. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of nano-titanium dioxide exposure on blood pressure, hematological parameters, and blood biochemistry indices after controlling for age, smoking, drinking, and body mass index (BMI). Twenty-five employees from the exposure group and 25 employees from the control group were selected at random for measurement of genetic damage by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of nano-titanium dioxide exposure on micronucleus frequency or micronucleus cell frequency after controlling for age, smoking, drinking, and BMI. Results: The median (P25-P75) surface area concentration of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial region, the surface area concentration of particles deposited in the alveolar region, and particle number concentration in the exposure group were 35.35(24.31-57.42) µ m2/cm3, 173.09(116.27-270.72) µ m2/cm3, and 40 244.00 (17 803.50-78 679.00) /cm3, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the control group 33.90 (27.44-43.29) µm2/cm3, 150.50(125.82-192.87)µm2/cm3, and 18 721.00 (12 721.00-51 898.50)/cm3, respectively. Z values were 15.47, 15.96, and 14.54, respectively (P<0.001 for all three values). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that exposure to nano-titanium dioxide contributed most to the alteration of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, creatinine, and LDL-C, with standardized regression coefficients of 0.23, -0.51, and 0.30, respectively (P<0.05 for all three values), after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, and BMI. There were no significant differences in micronucleus frequency and micronucleus cell frequency between the exposure group (3.00‰ (1.50‰-5.00‰) and 3.00‰ (2.00‰-4.00‰), respectively) and control group (2.00‰ (1.00‰-4.50‰) and 2.00‰ (1.00‰-4.00‰), respectively); P>0.05 for all comparisons. Poisson regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, and BMI, there was still no statistically significant correlation between nano-titanium dioxide exposure and micronucleus frequency (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.81-1.54) or micronucleus cell frequency (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.75-1.51); P>0.05 for all comparisons. Conclusion: Nano-titanium dioxide particles exerted some health effects on the occupationally-exposed cohort, whose hematological parameters and blood biochemistry were influenced to some degree. However, a potential link between occupational exposure to nano-titanium dioxide and blood pressure or induction of genetic damage or was not found.

[Application of three control banding tools to occupational health risk assessment of titanium dioxide manufacturing factory].

Objective: To explore and validate suitable risk assessment methods for titanium dioxide though applying three risk assessment tools for nanomaterials based on the control banding (CB) approach. Methods: A factory manufacturing titanium dioxide in Jinan city, Shandong province, was assessed using a quantitative exposure method and qualitative risk assessment methods in September, 2014. A condensation particle counter equipment was used to monitor the number concentration of particles at packaging workshop and jet milling workshop. We employed three control banding tools, including CB nanotool, Stoffenmanager nano and the Guidance on working safely with nanomaterials and nanoproducts (GWSNN) to evaluate the two workshops, then compared the evaluation results. Results: The increases of particle concentrations were generated directly by packaging and jet milling processes, the number concentration from (3.52±1.46) ×10(4)/cm(3) to (14.70±8.86) ×10(4)/cm(3) at packaging workshop and from (0.97±0.25) ×10(4)/cm(3) to (1.26±0.35) ×10(4)/cm(3) at milling workshop (both P<0.05) . The number concentrations at packaging workshop were higher than those at jet milling workshop during both manufacturing and break times (both P<0.05) . The results of CB nanotool showed that the risk level of the packaging workshop was classified as high and the risk level of the jet milling workshop was classified asmedium. The results of Stoffenmanager nano showed that the risk level of the packaging workshop was classified as medium and the risk level of the jet milling workshop was classified as low. The results of GWSNN showed that the risk level of packaging workshop was classified as high and the risk level of jet milling workshop was classified as low. Conclusion: The results of evaluation based on the three control banding tools are related and aligned with the results of quantitative monitoring, so they are all suitable to perform occupational health risk assessment on industrial scale production of titanium dioxideto some extent.

Progressive outer retinal necrosis in a renal transplant recipient: a rare treatment success.

Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are subject to a variety of opportunistic infections. We present a rare case of varicella zoster virus-derived progressive outer retinal necrosis in an RTR, who presented with painless visual blurring. This clinical entity heralds an extremely poor visual prognosis and is an important condition to consider in any immunocompromised host. Early diagnosis by aqueous fluid sampling and immediate institution of combined systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy was successful in this individual.

Imaging of the islet neural network.

The islets of Langerhans receive signals from the circulation and nerves to modulate hormone secretion in response to physiological cues. Although the rich islet innervation has been documented in the literature dating as far back as Paul Langerhans' discovery of islets in the pancreas, it remains a challenging task for researchers to acquire detailed islet innervation patterns in health and disease due to the dispersed nature of the islet neurovascular network. In this article, we discuss the recent development of 3-dimensional (3D) islet neurohistology, in which transparent pancreatic specimens were prepared by optical clearing to visualize the islet microstructure, vasculature and innervation with deep-tissue microscopy. Mouse islets were used as an example to illustrate how to apply this 3D imaging approach to characterize (i) the islet parasympathetic innervation, (ii) the islet sympathetic innervation and its reinnervation after transplantation under the kidney capsule and (iii) the reactive cellular response of the Schwann cell network in islet injury. While presenting and characterizing the innervation patterns, we also discuss how to apply the signals derived from transmitted light microscopy, vessel painting and immunostaining of neural markers to verify the location and source of tissue information. In summary, the systematic development of tissue labelling, clearing and imaging methods to reveal the islet neuroanatomy offers insights to help study the neural-islet regulatory mechanisms and the role of neural tissue remodelling in the development of diabetes.

Orolingual angioedema after alteplase therapy of acute ischaemic stroke: incidence and risk of prior angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Orolingual angioedema (OA) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA; alteplase) during acute ischaemic stroke. This study aimed to determine the incidence of rt-PA-related OA in an Asian stroke population and the risk of pre-stroke anti-hypertensive drug use for development of this complication. METHODS: A multi-center stroke registry was used to identify the pre-stroke medications of acute ischaemic stroke patients receiving intravenous rt-PA from January 2002 to December 2013. The clinical manifestations of rt-PA-related OA were recorded and the incidence of this complication was determined. The risks of pre-stroke use of different anti-hypertensive agents for the occurrence of rt-PA-related OA were determined from this study and from a meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 559 patients received intravenous rt-PA over a 12-year period. Five patients (two males) developed OA after rt-PA administration. The incidence of OA amongst these patients was 0.89% (95% confidence interval 0.29%-2.09%), which was lower than that obtained by meta-analysis (1.9%). Amongst pre-stroke anti-hypertensive medications, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were found in this study to have the highest relative risk for rt-PA-related OA (17.1; 95% confidence interval 3.0-96.9). Meta-analysis also revealed that pre-stroke use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a high relative risk of OA after intravenous rt-PA (12.9; 95% confidence interval 4.5-37.0). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of rt-PA-related OA in the Asian population is lower than that in the Caucasian population. Pre-stroke use of ACE inhibitors significantly increases the risk of this complication.

Pre-ICH warfarin use, not antiplatelets, increased case fatality in spontaneous ICH patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anticoagulant and antiplatelets for prevention of ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular diseases may increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the influence of pre-ICH use of anticoagulant and antiplatelets on ICH patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with acute spontaneous ICH registered in a single-center stroke registry during 2001 to 2010 were analyzed and categorized according to their pre-ICH use of warfarin (Group I), antiplatelets (Group II), or neither (Group III). Survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to compare between the three groups and the predictors. RESULTS: Of 2021 ICH patients (male, 63.3%; mean age, 62.6 ± 14.4 years) included, there were 94 (4.7%) in Group I, 232 (11.4%) in Group II, and 1695 (83.9%) in Group III. Warfarin users had larger hematoma volume, more intraventricular extension, higher frequencies of lobar ICH, and higher case fatality than non-warfarin users (Groups II and III). The Cox proportional hazard model showed increased 6-month case fatality in pre-ICH warfarin users (adjusted hazard ratio 2.75, 95% confidence interval 2.04-3.72, P < 0.001), but not in pre-ICH antiplatelet users (adjusted hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.26). CONCLUSIONS: Intracerebral hemorrhage patients with prior warfarin use, but not antiplatelet use, had significantly higher case fatality at 6 months.

Dietary supplementation of Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet to heat-stressed broiler chickens and its effect on heat shock protein 70 expression, blood parameters and body temperature.

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet and to heat-stressed broiler chickens on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 density, plasma corticosterone concentration (CORT), heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (HLR) and body temperature. Beginning from day 28, chicks were divided into five dietary groups: (i) basal diet (control), (ii) basal diet +1%Z. zerumbet powder (ZZ1%), (iii) basal diet +2%Z. zerumbet powder (ZZ2%), (iv) basal diet +1%Z. officinale powder (ZO1%) and (v) basal diet +2%Z. officinale powder (ZO2%). From day 35-42, heat stress was induced by exposing birds to 38±1°C and 80% RH for 2 h/day. Irrespective of diet, heat challenge elevated HSP70 expression, CORT and HLR on day 42. On day 42, following heat challenge, the ZZ1% birds showed lower body temperatures than those of control, ZO1% and ZO2%. Neither CORT nor HLR was significantly affected by diet. The ZO2% and ZZ2% diets enhanced HSP70 expression when compared to the control groups. We concluded that dietary supplementation of Z. officinale and Z. zerumbet powder may induce HSP70 reaction in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress.

3-D imaging and illustration of the perfusive mouse islet sympathetic innervation and its remodelling in injury.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Sympathetic nerves influence islet hormone levels in the circulation. Insights into islet sympathetic innervation and its remodelling in diabetes may impact future therapeutics. However, standard immunohistochemistry and microtome-based microscopy cannot provide an integral view of the islet neurovascular complex. We prepared transparent islet specimens to investigate the spatial relationship between sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and islet cells in normal, streptozotocin-injected and non-obese diabetic mouse models. METHODS: Cardiac perfusion of fluorescent lectin was used to label pancreatic blood vessels. Tyrosine hydroxylase and nuclear staining were used to reveal islet sympathetic innervation and microstructure. Optical clearing (i.e. use of immersion solution to reduce scattering) was applied to enable 3-dimensional confocal microscopy of islets to visualise the sympathetic neurovascular complex in space. RESULTS: Unlike previously reported morphology, we observed perfusive intra-islet, perivascular sympathetic innervation, in addition to peri-islet contacts of sympathetic nerves with alpha cells and sympathetic fibres encircling the adjacent arterioles. The intra-islet axons became markedly prominent in streptozotocin-injected mice (2 weeks after injection). In non-obese diabetic mice, lymphocytic infiltration remodelled the peri-islet sympathetic axons in early insulitis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We have established an imaging approach to reveal the spatial features of mouse islet sympathetic innervation. The neurovascular complex and sympathetic nerve-alpha cell contact suggest that sympathetic nerves modulate islet hormone secretion through blood vessels, in addition to acting directly on alpha cells. In islet injuries, sympathetic nerves undergo different remodelling in response to different pathophysiological cues.

Staphylococcal-derived superantigen enhances peanut induced Th2 responses in the skin.

BACKGROUND: The allergen-induced activation and expansion of IL-4 producing T helper type 2 (Th2) cells is a key event in the initiation and progression of allergic disease. Intriguingly, concomitant early childhood staphylococcal skin infections are being increasingly implicated in the allergen-induced switch of primary T cell responses towards the Th2 phenotype. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify whether or not staphylococcal-derived superantigen can influence the primary T cell response in the skin to food allergens with a view to determining whether such exposures create the immune pathology that predisposes to the development of food allergy. METHODS: Using a novel Th2 reporter model, we determined the ability of the staphylococcal superantigen (SEB) to influence priming in the skin of IL-4 expressing Th2 cells by peanut extract (PE). Factors including the effect of SEB on the magnitude of the Th2 response in the skin draining lymph nodes, T cell receptor V region usage and the influence of endotoxin were evaluated. RESULTS: Primary exposure to PE and SEB lead to significantly enhanced PE specific Th2 responses when the mice were subsequently exposed to PE alone. The enhancement of the Th2 response was dependent on the Vß-binding properties of the SEB, but was not affected by endotoxin-mediated TLR-4 effects or strain differences in the mice. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results identify that in the skin environment, the presence of SEB can significantly increase the numbers of allergen-induced Th2 cells which develop in response to subsequent allergen exposure. These data highlight the process by which individuals may become pathologically sensitized to food allergens in early life.

Systemic lupus erythematosus flare up manifestation as cerebral and spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an uncommon complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we report a 52-year-old woman with flare up of lupus activity, manifesting as spontaneous cerebral and spinal SAH due to central nervous system vasculitis. The patient received external ventricular drainage for hydrocephalus and pulse steroid and intravenous cyclophosphamide therapies. Her neurological deficits gradually improved with only minimal gait unsteadiness at discharge. Although very rare, cerebral and spinal SAH related to vasculitis could be one of the presentations of SLE flare up.

UV-induced grafting processes with in situ formed photomask for micropatterning of two-component biomolecules.

We report a photolithographic process for micropatterning of two-component biomolecules on a transparent organic film via lateral functional polymer brushes of poly(sodium acrylate) (P(AA)) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (P(GMA)). The pattern of binary polymer brushes were prepared via consecutive UV-initiated grafting processes, under the assistance of the in situ formed poly (4,4'-bi[N-(4-vinylbenzyl) pyridinium]) (P(BVV)) photomask. The epoxy groups of the P(GMA) microdomains can be aminated for covalently coupling biotin, while the P(AA) microdomains were used for immobilizing immunoglobulin (IgG). The resulting biotin- and IgG-coupled microdomains interact specifically with their corresponding target proteins, avidin and anti-IgG, respectively.