Renal impairment and mortality in patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock/cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to study the association of renal impairment (RI) with mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock and/or cardiac arrest (CS/CA). METHODS: Patients with RI (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) were identified from the Midwest STEMI consortium, a prospective registry of four large regional programs comprising consecutive patients over 17 years. Primary outcome was in-hospital and 1-year mortality stratified by RI status and presence of CS/CA among patients with STEMI referred for coronary angiography. RESULTS: In a cohort of 13,463 STEMI patients, 13% (n = 1754) had CS/CA, 30% (n = 4085) had RI. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 5% (12% RI vs. 2% no-RI, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality 9% (21% RI vs. 4% no-RI, p < 0.001). Among uncomplicated STEMI, in-hospital mortality was 2% (4% RI vs. 1% no-RI, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality 6% (13% RI vs. 3% no-RI, p < 0.001). In STEMI with CS/CA, in-hospital mortality was 29% (43% RI vs. 15% no-RI, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality 33% (50% RI vs. 16% no-RI, p < 0.001). Using Cox proportional hazards, RI was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in STEMI with CS/CA (odds ratio [OR]: 3.86; confidence interval [CI]: 2.6, 5.8). CONCLUSIONS: The association of RI with in-hospital and 1-year mortality is disproportionately greater in those with CS/CA compared to uncomplicated STEMI presentations. Factors predisposing RI patients to higher risk STEMI presentations and pathways to promote earlier recognition in the chain of survival need further investigation.

STEMI: Considerations for Left Main Culprit Lesions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to left main (LM) culprit vessel. RECENT FINDINGS: LM culprit STEMI (LMCSTEMI) is an uncommon, but frequently catastrophic event. Prior meta-analyses and registries have described a varying prevalence of LMCSTEMI, associated cardiogenic shock, and in-hospital mortality among those surviving to hospital presentation. These observed clinical discrepancies may be partially attributable to diverse clinical and angiographical subsets among this STEMI population. STEMI due to LM culprit artery disease represents a clinically high-risk subset of patients with substantial in-hospital mortality. In this paper, we summarize the available clinical data pertaining to STEMI with LM culprit, discuss unique ECG characteristics, and discuss contemporary revascularization therapy. We also report the preliminary findings from a contemporary, STEMI database describing clinical characteristics and angiographically defined subsets of LM culprit STEMI.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on STEMI care: An expanded analysis from the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic migitation measures on of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care. BACKGROUND: We previously reported a 38% decline in cardiac catheterization activations during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures. This study extends our early observations using a larger sample of STEMI programs representative of different US regions with the inclusion of more contemporary data. METHODS: Data from 18 hospitals or healthcare systems in the US from January 2019 to April 2020 were collecting including number activations for STEMI, the number of activations leading to angiography and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and average door to balloon (D2B) times. Two periods, January 2019-February 2020 and March-April 2020, were defined to represent periods before (BC) and after (AC) initiation of pandemic mitigation measures, respectively. A generalized estimating equations approach was used to estimate the change in response variables at AC from BC. RESULTS: Compared to BC, the AC period was characterized by a marked reduction in the number of activations for STEMI (29%, 95% CI:18-38, p < .001), number of activations leading to angiography (34%, 95% CI: 12-50, p = .005) and number of activations leading to PPCI (20%, 95% CI: 11-27, p < .001). A decline in STEMI activations drove the reductions in angiography and PPCI volumes. Relative to BC, the D2B times in the AC period increased on average by 20%, 95%CI (-0.2 to 44, p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 Pandemic has adversely affected many aspects of STEMI care, including timely access to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for PPCI.

Coronary artery aneurysm presenting as acute coronary syndrome: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is an uncommon coronary disease, with a reported incidence in adults ranging from 0.33 to 4.9%.It is usually considered a variant of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAA is associated with thrombus formation due to abnormal laminar flow, as well as abnormal platelet and endothelial-derived pathophysiologic factors within the CAA. CAA identified in the context of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) poses several unique management challenges. Optimal antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay of therapy. Percutaneous intervention for CAA is associated with complications including distal embolization of thrombus, no-reflow phenomenon, stent malposition, dissection, and rupture. There are currently no accepted guidelines to direct the management of CAA in patients presenting with ACS. Preference for conservative vs. surgical or catheter-based management is controversial. We review the literature and report different treatment strategies for two cases with both CAA and ACS.

Transradial versus transfemoral approach for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), transradial access (TRA) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with less bleeding and mortality than transfemoral access (TFA). However, patients in cardiogenic shock (CS) are more often treated via TFA. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the safety and efficacy of TRA vs. TFA in CS. METHODS: Systematic review was performed querying PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov for studies comparing TRA to TFA in PCI for CS. Outcomes included in-hospital, 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, major and access site bleeding, TIMI3 (thrombolytics in myocardial infarction) flow, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: Six prospective and eight retrospective studies (TRA, n = 8032; TFA, n = 23 031) were identified. TRA was associated with lower in-hospital (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.52-0.66, P < 0.0001), 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, as well as less in-hospital major (RR 0.41, 0.31-0.56, P < 0.001) and access site bleeding (RR 0.42, 0.23-0.77, P = 0.005). There were no statistically significant differences in post-PCI coronary flow grade, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume between TRA vs. TFA. CONCLUSIONS: In PCI for STEMI with CS, TRA is associated with significantly lower mortality and bleeding complications than TFA while achieving similar TIMI3 flow and procedural success rates.

Diabetic Patients Who Present With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcomes of diabetic patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in contemporary practice have received limited study. METHODS: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of STEMI patients with and without diabetes in a large regional STEMI program designed to facilitate timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN). The primary and secondary outcome measures were in-hospital mortality, 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (stroke, myocardial infarction, unplanned PCI or coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] surgery, and all-cause mortality), and 5-year mortality. RESULTS: Of the 6292 patients included, 1158 (18.4%) had Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (95.3% Type II, 4.7% Type I). Patients with DM were older (mean age 66 vs. 62.8 years, p < 0.01), had more co-morbidities and were more likely to receive medical therapy without reperfusion (13% vs. 10%, p = 0.003). Patients with DM had higher in-hospital (8% vs. 5%, p = 0.001), 1-year (8% vs. 4%, p < 0.001) and 5-year mortality (16% vs. 9%, p < 0.001) compared to non-diabetics. On Cox proportional hazards analysis, DM was independently associated with worse mortality (hazard ratio: 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-2.19, p < 0.001) and MACE [HR: 1.63 (95% (CI)): 1.28-2.08, p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advancements in medical therapy and revascularization strategies for STEMI, DM remains independently associated with higher short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in contemporary practice.

Coronary Artery Fistulae in Adult: Two Decades of Experience in Clinical Presentation, Angiographic Feature, and Management.

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) in adults is a rare but significant coronary artery anomaly. Main data on that rare disease were mostly obtained from case reports and small studies. In presented study, we share our two-decade experience on the clinical and angiographic characteristics of CAF. The data were collected retrospectively by analyzing the angiographic data between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2019. Demographic data, clinical data, laboratory, and cardiac catheterization reports were reviewed. CAFs were found in 40 patients (0.06%). There were 22 male (55%) patients. The mean age was 61.2 years. Twenty-nine patients (72.5%) had small, 4 patients (10%) had medium, and 7 patients (17.5%) had large CAFs. The majority of study population had solitary CAF ( n = 31, 77.5%). The pulmonary artery is the major side of fistula drainage ( n = 20, 50%). The study population was divided into two groups as follow: group 1-small CAFs 29 (72.5%), group 2-medium and large CAF (MLCAF) 11 (27.5%). Patients with MLCAFs had more atrial fibrillation, abnormal coronary morphology, and multiple fistulae. In patients with hemodynamically significant CAFs, 7 (17.5%) patients had surgical ligation and 3 (7.5%) patients had transcutaneous closure. Three patients died during mean follow-up period of 5 years. The incidence and the pattern of CAFs in our study were similar to previous studies. Clinical course of small fistulae was benign. Symptomatic MLCAFs need to be treated by transcatheter or surgical way and should be individualized per patient.

Incidence and Long-Term Outcomes of Stroke in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation-Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the Midwest STEMI Consortium.

Background Contemporary real-world data on stroke in patients presenting with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are scarce. Methods and Results We evaluated the incidence, trends, cause, and predictors of stroke from 2003 to 2019 in 4 large regional STEMI programs in the upper Midwest that use similar transfer and treatment protocols. We also evaluated the long-term impact of stroke on 5-year mortality. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analysis was used to identify variables independently associated with stroke in patients presenting with STEMI and identify variables associated with 5-year mortality. A total of 12 868 patients presented with STEMI during the study period. Stroke occurred in 98 patients (0.76%). The incidence of stroke remained stable over time (0.5% in 2003, 1.2% in 2019; P-trend=0.22). Most (75%) of strokes were ischemic, with a median time to stroke symptoms of 14 hours after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (interquartile range, 4-72 hours), which led to a small minority (3%) receiving endovascular treatment and high in-hospital mortality (18%). On multivariate regression analysis, age (increment of 10 years) (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.58; P-value=0.003) and preintervention cardiogenic shock (OR, 2.03; (95% CI, 1.03-3.78; P=0.032)) were associated with a higher risk of in-hospital stroke. In-hospital stroke was independently associated with increased risk of 5-year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.13-3.57; P=0.02). Conclusions In patients presenting with STEMI, the risk of stroke is low (0.76%). A stroke in patients presenting with STEMI is associated with significantly higher in-hospital (18%) and long-term mortality (35% at 5 years). Stroke was associated with double the risk of 5-year death.

The Midwest ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Consortium: Design and Rationale.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 20 years, the development of regional ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care systems has led to remarkable progress in achieving timely coronary reperfusion with attendant improvement in clinical outcomes, including survival. Despite this progress, contemporary STEMI care does not consistently meet the national guideline-recommended goals, which offers an opportunity for further improvement in STEMI outcomes. The lack of single, comprehensive, national STEMI registry complicates our ability to improve STEMI outcomes in particular for high-risk STEMI subsets such as cardiac arrest (CA) and/or cardiogenic shock (CS). OBJECTIVES: To address this need, the Midwest STEMI Consortium (MSC) was created as a collaboration of 4 large, regional STEMI care systems to provide a comprehensive, multicenter, and prospective STEMI registry without any exclusionary criteria. METHODS: The MSC is a collaboration of 4 large, regional STEMI care systems: Iowa Heart Center in Des Moines, IA; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation in Minneapolis, MN; Prairie Heart Institute in Springfield, IL; and The Christ Hospital in Cincinnati, OH. Each has similar standardized STEMI protocol and together include 6 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospitals and over 100 non-PCI-capable hospitals. Each center had a prospective database that was transferred to a data coordinating center to create the multicenter database. The comprehensive database includes traditional risk factors, cardiovascular history, medications, time to treatment data, detailed angiographic characteristics, and short- and long-term clinical outcomes up to 5-year for myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Ten-year mortality rates were assessed by using national death index. RESULTS: Currently, the comprehensive database (03/2003-01/2020) includes 14,911 consecutive STEMI patients with mean age of 62.3 ± 13.6 years, female gender (29%), and left anterior descending artery as the culprit vessel (34%). High risk features included: Age >75 years (19%), left ventricular ejection fraction <35% (15%), CA (10%), and CS (8%). CONCLUSION: This collaboration of 4 large, regional STEMI care systems with broad entry criteria including high-risk STEMI subsets such as CA and/or CS provides a unique platform to conduct clinical research studies to optimize STEMI care.

Comparison of Outcomes of Patients with vs without Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction.

The outcomes of patients with previous coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG) presenting with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) have received limited study. We compared the clinical and procedural characteristics and outcomes of STEMI patients with and without previous CABG in a contemporary multicenter STEMI registry between 2003 and 2020. The primary outcomes of the study were mortality and major cardiac adverse events (MACE: death, MI or stroke). Survival curves were derived using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Of the 13,893 patients included in the analyses, 7.2% had previous CABG. Mean age was 62.4 ± 13.6 years, most patients (71%) were men and 22% had diabetes. Previous CABG patients were older (69.0 ± 11.7 vs 61.9 ± 13.6 years, p <0.001) and more likely to have diabetes (40% vs 21%, p <0.001) compared with patients without previous CABG. Previous CABG patients had higher mortality and MACE at 5 years (p <0.001). Outcomes were similar with saphenous vein graft vs native coronary culprits. Previous CABG remained associated with mortality from discharge to 18 months (p = 0.044) and from 18 months to 5 years (p <0.001) after adjusting for baseline characteristics. Long term outcomes after STEMI were worse among patients with previous CABG compared with patients without previous CABG, even after adjustment for baseline characteristics.

Initial Findings From the North American COVID-19 Myocardial Infarction Registry.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many aspects of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care, including timely access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). OBJECTIVES: The goal of the NACMI (North American COVID-19 and STEMI) registry is to describe demographic characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with STEMI. METHODS: A prospective, ongoing observational registry was created under the guidance of 3 cardiology societies. STEMI patients with confirmed COVID+ (group 1) or suspected (person under investigation [PUI]) (group 2) COVID-19 infection were included. A group of age- and sex-matched STEMI patients (matched to COVID+ patients in a 2:1 ratio) treated in the pre-COVID era (2015 to 2019) serves as the control group for comparison of treatment strategies and outcomes (group 3). The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death, stroke, recurrent myocardial infarction, or repeat unplanned revascularization. RESULTS: As of December 6, 2020, 1,185 patients were included in the NACMI registry (230 COVID+ patients, 495 PUIs, and 460 control patients). COVID+ patients were more likely to have minority ethnicity (Hispanic 23%, Black 24%) and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (46%) (all p < 0.001 relative to PUIs). COVID+ patients were more likely to present with cardiogenic shock (18%) but were less likely to receive invasive angiography (78%) (all p < 0.001 relative to control patients). Among COVID+ patients who received angiography, 71% received PPCI and 20% received medical therapy (both p < 0.001 relative to control patients). The primary outcome occurred in 36% of COVID+ patients, 13% of PUIs, and 5% of control patients (p < 0.001 relative to control patients). CONCLUSIONS: COVID+ patients with STEMI represent a high-risk group of patients with unique demographic and clinical characteristics. PPCI is feasible and remains the predominant reperfusion strategy, supporting current recommendations.

Strategies for drug-eluting stent treatment of bifurcation coronary artery disease in the United States: insights from the e-Cypher S.T.L.L.R.trial.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal is to report the first large multicenter data for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of bifurcation disease with drug-eluting stents (DES) in the United States. BACKGROUND: Bifurcation PCI remains a challenge to this date. There are limited data on outcomes of patients treated with bifurcation DES implantation, particularly in the United States. METHODS: There were 161 patients with bifurcation disease [side branch (SB) >or=2-mm] treated with >or=1 sirolimus-eluting stents at 41 centers participating in the Stent deployment Techniques on cLinicaL outcomes of patients treated with the cypheRstent (STLLR) trial. There was no protocol mandated strategy for bifurcation PCI. One-year outcome data were collected. Angiographic and clinical data were adjudicated independently. RESULTS: There were 147 patients (91.3%) treated with single stent strategy. Only 14 (8.7%) patients received sirolimus-eluting stents implantation in both branches. Among patients with single stent strategy, double wire strategy (DW) was selected in 27 (18.4%) patients whereas single wire strategy (SW) was selected in 120 (81.6%) patients. There were 48 (32.7%) Medina 1,1,1 bifurcations treated with SW (n = 34; 70.8%) and DW (n = 14; 29.2%). There were 26 procedures started with SW which had SB dilatation during the procedure, one as a bailout (TIMI-1 grade flow in the SB). Overall 1-year death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization occurred in 2.4, 4.0, and 5.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between SW and DW. SB dilatation was associated with a high rate of stent thrombosis (8.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Main branch stenting without SB protection is the most common approach utilized in the STLLR study, which may reflect contemporary DES bifurcation strategies in the Unite States. This strategy was associated with an acceptable low incidence of adverse outcomes at 1-year.

Impact of stent deployment procedural factors on long-term effectiveness and safety of sirolimus-eluting stents (final results of the multicenter prospective STLLR trial).

Drug-eluting stent failures were associated with various clinical factors. However, the clinical impact of stent deployment technique was unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and impact of suboptimal percutaneous coronary intervention on long-term outcomes of 1,557 patients treated with sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) in 41 US hospitals. All steps of the interventional procedure were scrutinized by an independent core laboratory to determine the occurrence of geographic miss (GM). GM included longitudinal (LGM; injured or diseased segment not covered by SES) or axial GM (balloon-artery size ratio <0.9 or >1.3) mismatches. Patients with and without GM were stratified (GM vs no-GM group). Patients, investigators, and the independent clinical event adjudication committee were blind to study group assignments. The primary end point was 1-year target-vessel revascularization (TVR) rate. Incidences and predictors of GM and safety outcomes were secondary end points. GM occurred in 943 patients (66.5%): 47.6% had LGM, 35.2% had axial GM, and 16.5% had both. One-year TVR rates were 5.1% in the GM group versus 2.5% in the no-GM group (p=0.025). TVR was 6.1% in the LGM versus 2.6% in the no-LGM subgroups (p=0.001). The association of GM with 1-year TVR was independent of clinical or anatomic factors (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 4.02, p=0.05). There was a 3-fold increase in myocardial infarction rates associated with GM (2.4% vs 0.8%; p=0.04). In conclusion, GM occurred frequently during SES implantation and was associated with increased risk of TVR and myocardial infarction at 1 year. These results emphasized the need for improvement in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention practices and technologies.

Non-polymer-based paclitaxel-coated coronary stents for the treatment of patients with de novo coronary lesions: angiographic follow-up of the DELIVER clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing compound with potent antitumor activity, has been shown to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. The DELIVER trial was a prospective, randomized, blinded, multicenter clinical evaluation of the non-polymer-based paclitaxel-coated ACHIEVE stent compared with the stainless steel Multi-Link (ML) PENTA stent. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1043 patients with focal de novo coronary lesions, <25 mm in length, in 2.5- to 4.0-mm vessels were randomized (ACHIEVE n=524; ML PENTA n=519). Angiographic follow-up was performed in a subset of 442 patients (ACHIEVE n=228; ML PENTA n=214). Prespecified end points were a 40% reduction in target-vessel failure at 9 months (primary clinical end point) and a 50% reduction in binary restenosis at 8 months (major secondary end point). Baseline clinical characteristics were comparable between the groups. Patients in ACHIEVE had more type C lesions and a larger reference diameter. At follow-up, stent late loss was 0.81 versus 0.98 mm (P=0.003), stent binary restenosis was 14.9% versus 20.6% (P=0.076), and target-vessel failure was 11.9% versus 14.5% (P=0.12) for ACHIEVE and ML PENTA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ACHIEVE paclitaxel-coated stent decreased neointimal proliferation compared with the bare-metal PENTA stent; however, this reduction was insufficient to meet the prespecified primary end point of target-vessel failure and the secondary end point of binary restenosis.

Impact of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition on the paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris or provocable myocardial ischemia (a TAXUS IV substudy).

Whether the benefits that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors confer in patients who undergo bare metal stent implantation extend to drug-eluting stents is unknown. We performed a prespecified subgroup analysis of the TAXUS IV study population to examine the effect of procedural glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition during paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation on periprocedural creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels. Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors were administered to 57.7% of patients who had been randomized to receive the TAXUS stent and to 56.7% of those who had been randomized to receive the control stent. Among patients who received the TAXUS stent, the rate of CK-MB increases of >3 times the normal level was 2.6-fold higher in those who received a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor than in those who did not (11.4% vs 4.4%, p = 0.0015). Composite rates of major adverse cardiac events and target vessel failure were also higher at 1 month in the GP IIb/IIIa group. By multivariate analysis, use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors during stenting with the TAXUS stent was an independent predictor of CK-MB increases >3 times the normal level. Further studies are warranted.

Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (the Randomized Evaluation of PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events [REPLACE]-1 trial).

To assess the efficacy of the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin relative to heparin during contemporary coronary intervention, 1,056 patients who underwent elective or urgent revascularization were randomized in a large-scale pilot study to receive heparin (70 U/kg initial bolus) or bivalirudin (0.75 mg/kg bolus, 1.75 mg/kg/hour infusion during the procedure). All patients received aspirin; pretreatment with clopidogrel was encouraged, and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa blockade was at the physician's discretion. Stents were placed in 85% of patients; 72% received a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, and 56% were pretreated with clopidogrel. Activated clotting times were higher among patients randomized to bivalirudin than among those given heparin before device activation (median 359 vs 293 seconds, p <0.001). The composite efficacy end point of death, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization before hospital discharge or within 48 hours occurred in 5.6% and 6.9% of patients in the bivalirudin and heparin groups, respectively (p = 0.40). Major bleeding occurred in 2.1% versus 2.7% of patients randomized to bivalirudin or heparin, respectively (p = 0.52). This trial represents the largest prospective dataset of bivalirudin administered concomitantly with planned GP IIb/IIIa blockade and provides evidence of the safety and efficacy of this combined antithrombotic approach.

Temporal spectrum of ischemic complications with percutaneous coronary intervention: the ESPRIT experience.

We determined the timing of ischemic complications within 30 days after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients enrolled in the Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet IIb/IIIa Receptor with Integrilin Therapy (ESPRIT) trial. Complications (death, myocardial infarction [MI], target vessel revascularization) occurred in 178 of 2064 patients (8.6%) within 30 days. More than 85% of complications occurred within the 24 hours following randomization, with the greatest risk hazard at 12-18 hours. Unexpectedly, 31% of patients who ultimately met criteria for an endpoint MI within 24 hours of PCI had completely normal CK-MB concentrations at the first 6-hour measurement. There was no rebound increase in events after cessation of eptifibatide. Treatment benefit persisted to 30 days. Post-procedural MI is often not detected until greater than or equal to 12 hours after PCI. Treatment with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor is the only modifiable parameter that reduces the risk for early ischemic complications.

Are the results of a regional ST-elevation myocardial infarction system reproducible?

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion method in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) if it can be performed in a timely manner in high-volume centers. Regional STEMI networks improve timely access to PCI but are frequently criticized for being single center. To determine if results of regional STEMI systems could be replicated and achieve similar outcomes in 2 separate geographic regions, we examined the prospective databases of 2 large regional STEMI networks that use identical standardized protocols and integrated transfer systems. The Minneapolis Heart Institute (MHI) database included 2,266 patients with STEMI from 31 hospitals (498 at the PCI hospital, 1,033 transferred from 11 hospitals <60 miles away, and 735 transferred from 19 hospitals 60 to 210 miles away). The Iowa Heart Center (IHC) database included 1,206 patients with STEMI from 24 hospitals (710 at the PCI hospital, 266 transferred from 10 hospitals <60 miles away, and 230 transferred from 13 hospitals 60 to 120 miles away). Median total door-to-balloon times for the PCI hospital, zone 1, and zone 2 patients were 64, 95, and 123 minutes for the MHI and 59, 102, and 136 for the IHC (p <0.05 for each comparison between MHI and IHC). Overall in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year mortalities was 4.8%, 5.4%, and 8.0% respectively (p = NS for each comparison between MHI and IHC). In conclusion, the use of identical protocols in 2 large regional STEMI systems in geographically separate locations produced nearly identical outcomes, adding to evidence that regional STEMI centers expand timely access to PCI.