Facial and ocular thermal mapping in black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) by infrared thermography: An ex situ study.

BACKGROUND: This study used infrared thermography (IRT) for mapping the facial and ocular temperatures of howler monkeys, to determine parameters for the diagnosis of febrile processes. There are no published IRT study in this species. METHODS: Were evaluated images of a group of monkeys kept under human care at Sorocaba Zoo (São Paulo, Brazil). The images were recorded during 1 year, in all seasons. Face and eye temperatures were evaluated. RESULTS: There are statistically significant differences in face and eye temperatures. Mean values and standard deviations for facial and ocular temperature were respectively: 33.0°C (2.1) and 36.5°C (1.9) in the summer; 31.5°C (4.5) and 35.3°C (3.6) in the autumn; 30.0°C (4.3) and 35.6°C (3.9) in the winter; 30.8°C (2.9) and 35.5°C (2.1) in the spring. CONCLUSIONS: The IRT was effective to establish a parameter for facial and ocular temperatures of black-and-gold howler monkeys kept under human care.

Retrospective study of the mortality of the Vieira's titi monkey (Plecturocebus vieirai) at the Sorocaba Zoo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The Vieira's titi monkey (Plecturocebus vieirai) was recently described and characterized as endemic to Brazil. According to the IUCN red list, this species is classified as critically endangered (CR). At the date of the publication of this manuscript, there are no published data on the health aspects of this species. METHODS: For this study, the necropsy, and histopathological data of the mortality of P. vieirai at Sorocaba Zoo (São Paulo, Brazil) were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Causes of death diagnosed included disorders of the urinary, gastrointestinal, immune, and circulatory systems. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information regarding the pathological conditions of P. vieirai and points to urinary and gastrointestinal diseases as the main causes of death in this species at Sorocaba Zoo. These results can help veterinarians who have this species under their care diagnose and deal with it more quickly, increasing the probability of survival.

Applicability of heart rate variability for cardiac autonomic assessment in long-term COVID patients: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: To carry out a systematic review to determine the main methods used to study the heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals after the acute phase of COVID-19. METHODS: The study followed the Preferred Items for Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHAL electronic databases were searched from the inception to November 2022. The studies were included if they used HRV assessment based on linear and non-linear methods in long-term COVID-19 patients. Review studies, theses and dissertations, conference abstracts, longitudinal studies, studies conducted on animals and studies that included individuals in the acute phase of the COVID-19 were excluded. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical evaluation checklist for cross-sectional analytical studies. RESULTS: HRV was mainly assessed using 24-h Holter monitoring in 41.6% (5/12) of the studies, and 12­lead ECG was used in 33.3% (4/12). Regarding the type of assessment, 66.6% (8/12) of the studies only used linear analysis, where 25% (3/12) used analysis in the time domain, and 41.6% (5/12) used both types. Non-linear methods were combined with the previously cited linear method in 25% (3/12) of the studies. Moreover, 50% (6/12) of the studies demonstrated post-COVID-19 autonomic dysfunction, with an increase in the predominance of cardiac sympathetic modulation. The average score of the evaluation checklist was 6.6, characterized as having reasonable methodological quality. CONCLUSION: 24-h Holter and 12­lead ECG are considered effective tools to assess HRV in post-COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the findings reveal diverse effects of COVID-19 on the autonomic nervous system's sympathovagal balance, which might be influenced by secondary factors such as disease severity, patients' overall health, evaluation timing, post-infection complications, ventilatory functions, and age.

Genetic association between fat-to-protein ratio and traits of economic interest in early lactation Holstein cows in Brazil.

The aims of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters for fat-to-protein ratio (F:P) within the first 90 days of lactation and to examine their genetic associations with daily milk yield (MY), somatic cell score (SCS), and calving interval between the first and second calving (IFSC) and between the second and third calving (ISTC) during the first three lactations of Holstein cows. We utilized 200,626 production-related data officially recorded from 77,436 cows milked two or three times a day from 2012 to 2022, sourced from the Holstein Cattle Breeders Association of Paraná State, Brazil. The (co)variance components were estimated using animal models, adopting the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method with single-trait analysis (for heritability and repeatability) and two-trait analysis (for genetic and phenotypic correlations), per lactation. Regardless of lactation number, heritability estimates were relatively low, ranging from 0.08 ± 0.005 to 0.10 ± 0.003 for F:P; 0.08 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.005 for MY; 0.04 ± 0.01 to 0.07 ± 0.004 for SCS; and 0.03 ± 0.01 for both IFSC and ISTC. Repeatability estimates within the same lactation were low for F:P (ranging from 0.17 ± 0.002 to 0.19 ± 0.03), high for MY (between 0.50 ± 0.003 and 0.53 ± 0.002), and moderate to high for SCS (between 0.39 ± 0.003 and 0.44 ± 0.004). Genetic correlations between F:P and MY ranged from -0.26 ± 0.03 to -0.15 ± 0.02; F:P and SCS, from -0.06 ± 0.03 to -0.03 ± 0.08; F:P and IFSC, 0.31 ± 0.01; F:P and ISTC, 0.20 ± 0.01; MY and IFSC, 0.24 ± 0.05; and MY and ISTC, 0.13 ± 0.08. The fat-to-protein ratio during early lactation showed low genetic variability, regardless of lactation number. Furthermore, it was genetically correlated with MY, IFSC, and ISTC, although there is an antagonistic and unfavorable correlation between traits that can limit genetic progress.

Comparison of nasal cavity changes between the expander with differential opening and the fan-type expander: a secondary data analysis from an RCT.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the nasal cavity skeletal changes between the expander with differential opening (EDO) and the fan-type expander (FE). METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of a previous randomized clinical trial. Forty-eight patients with posterior crossbite were randomly allocated into two study groups. Twenty-four patients (11 male, 13 female) with a mean initial age of 7.6 ± 0.9 years were treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) using the EDO. Twenty-four patients (10 male, 14 female) with a mean initial age of 7.8 ± 0.9 years were treated with the FE. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed before treatment and 1 to 6 months after the active phase of RME. Using frontal CBCT slices passing at the level of maxillary permanent first molars and maxillary deciduous canines, the width of the nasal cavity was measured in the lower, middle and upper thirds. Nasal cavity height was also evaluated in both slices. Intergroup comparisons of interphase changes were performed using t or Mann-Whitney tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The two groups were similar regarding baseline data. EDO showed a greater transverse increase in the lower third of the nasal cavity in both canine (P = 0.007) and molar regions (P < 0.001). No intergroup difference was observed for changes in middle and upper widths and height of the nasal cavity. CONCLUSIONS: Both expanders are effective in promoting an increase of the nasal cavity skeletal dimensions. The expander with differential opening produced a greater transverse increase in the lower third of the nasal cavity compared to the fan-type expander, both at the anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: EDO might be more beneficial to pediatric patients with oral breathing and obstructive sleep apnea compared to FE.

Vertical and sagittal changes produced by an expander with differential opening and fan-type expander: A post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sagittal and vertical cephalometric effects in participants treated with an expander with differential opening (EDO) versus the fan-type expander (FE). DESIGN: Two-arm parallel randomised clinical trial (RCT). METHODS: This study comprised cone-beam computed tomography-derived cephalometric images from 48 participants from a RCT. The sample was randomly allocated into two groups. The study was single-blinded. In total, 24 participants were treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) using EDO and 24 participants underwent RME using FE. The primary outcomes were the dentoskeletal vertical changes produced by RME. The secondary outcomes were the dentoskeletal sagittal changes. A cephalometric analysis was performed before treatment and 1 or 6 months after the active phase of RME using Dolphin Imaging Software. Intergroup comparisons of interphase changes were performed using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The final sample comprised 24 patients (11 men, 13 women; mean age = 7.6 ± 0.9 years) in the EDO group and 24 patients (10 men, 14 women; mean age = 7.8 ± 0.9 years) in the FE group. Both expanders produced a similar clockwise rotation of the mandible (FMA; mean difference [MD] = 0.09°, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.01 to 0.84). In the FE group, a greater increase of the SNA angle was observed after expansion compared to the EDO group (MD = 1.04°, 95% CI = -1.90 to -1.58). A greater palatal torque of maxillary incisors was observed in the FE group (MD = 1.32°, 95% CI = 0.05-2.56). Of the participants, 54% reported a little discomfort during the active phase of treatment and 46% of the participants did not report any discomfort. CONCLUSION: Both expanders produced similar vertical cephalometric changes. FEs caused slightly more maxillary anterior displacement after expansion with a compensatory palatal torque of the maxillary incisors compared to the EDOs. However, the amount of sagittal difference was not clinically relevant. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, under the identifier NCT03705871.

A new method for multispace analysis of multidimensional social exclusion.

Social phenomena are multidimensional and dependent on geographic space. Numerous methods are capable of representing multidimensional social phenomena through a composite indicator. Among these methods, principal component analysis (PCA) is the most used when considering the geographical perspective. However, the composite indicators built by the method are sensitive to outliers and dependent on the input data, implying informational loss and specific eigenvectors that make multi-space-time comparisons impossible. This research proposes a new method to overcome these problems: the Robust Multispace PCA. The method incorporates the following innovations. The sub-indicators are weighted according to their conceptual importance in the multidimensional phenomenon. The non-compensatory aggregation of these sub-indicators guarantees the function of the weights as of relative importance. Aggregating indicators in dimensions balances the weight structure of dimensions in the composite indicator. A new scale transformation function that eliminates outliers and allows multispatial comparison reduces by 1.52 times the informational loss of the composite indicator of social exclusion in eight cities' urban areas. The Robust Multispace-PCA has a high potential for appropriation by researchers and policymakers, as it is easy to follow, offers more informative and accurate representations of multidimensional social phenomena, and favors the development of policies at multiple geographic scales.

Lack of serological and molecular evidences of Zika virus circulation in non-human primates in three states from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS: We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS: All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION: No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.

Influence of rapid maxillary expansion in the stability of anterior open bite treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the stability of anterior open bite (AOB) in patients treated with and without rapid maxillary expansion (RME) before fixed palatal crib (PC) therapy in the mixed dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Expansion/palatal crib group (EPC) was comprised of 25 patients (10 male, 15 female, mean initial age of 7.8 years) with AOB treated with RME before PC therapy. Palatal crib group (PC) included 25 patients with AOB (10 male, 15 female, mean initial age of 8.0 years) treated only with PC therapy. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at pre-treatment (T0), after PC therapy (T1), and 3 years after PC removal (T2) in both groups. AOB relapse was considered when a negative overbite was observed at T2. Intergroup comparisons of interphase changes were performed using t and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Treatment and post-treatment alterations showed similar changes in both groups for all cephalometric variables. Overall changes from T0 to T2 were similar between the groups except for the maxillary incisors that tipped lingually in PC group (1.PP = - 3.37°) and labially in EPC group (1.PP = 1.76°). The frequency of AOB relapse was 8% and 4% in the EPC and PC groups, respectively. Treatment time in the EPC group (9.7 months) was shorter (p = 0.024) when compared to the PC group (11.0 months). CONCLUSIONS: In the mixed dentition, stability of AOB treated with RME before fixed PC therapy was similar to PC therapy alone. However, treatment time with fixed PC was slightly shorter in the group treated with RME. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study aims to understand if RME performed previously to fixed palatal crib contributes to the index of stability of AOB treatment in the mixed dentition.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF UPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLA VIA MEDIAL PATELLAR LIGAMENT DESMOTOMY IN A LOWLAND TAPIR (TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS).

Tapirs are endangered terrestrial mammals that inhabit several continents. They have anatomical similarities to horses, sharing a common ancestral lineage. This article reports the case of a 14-yr-old female lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) presented for intermittent lameness due to upward fixation of the patella causing extension of the limb in the caudal phase of the stride. Medial patellar desmotomy was performed under general anesthesia, correcting the problem. To date there are no reports of this condition or treatment recommendations in tapirs. An anatomical study including stifle dissection, advanced MRI, and CT was performed in a separate lowland tapir. According to the clinical case and the anatomical findings in the other lowland tapir, upward fixation of the patella may occur in the tapir, although the anatomy varies slightly from that of the horse. Because the lowland tapir does not have parapatellar cartilage or as large of a medial patellar ligament or medial trochlea of the distal femur compared to the horse, more severe disease secondary to complete or persistent upward fixation of the patella may not occur in tapirs. Rather, mild forms of the disease associated with intermittent upward fixation of the patella or delayed patellar release appear more likely in the tapir.

Phase behavior of a binary mixture of patchy colloids: Effect of particle size and gravity.

We study theoretically the effect of size difference and that of gravity in the phase behavior of a binary mixture of patchy particles. The species, 2A and 3B, have two A and three B patches, respectively, and only bonds between patches A and B (AB bonds) are allowed. This model describes colloidal systems where the aggregation of particles (3B) is mediated and controlled by a second species, the linkers (2A) to which they bind strongly. Thermodynamic calculations are performed using Wertheim's perturbation theory with a hard sphere reference term that accounts for the difference in the size of the two species. Percolation lines are determined employing a generalized Flory-Stockmayer theory, and the effects of gravity are included through a local density approximation. The bulk phase diagrams are calculated, and all the stacking sequences generated in the presence of gravity are determined and classified in a stacking diagram. The relative size of the particles can be used to control the phase behavior of the mixture. An increase in the size of particles 3B, relative to the size of the linkers 2A, is found to promote mixing while keeping the percolating structures and, in certain cases, leads to changes in the stacking sequence under gravity.

Spermatic profile of captive giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): Knowing more to preserve better.

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is being threatened by natural habitat destruction and fragmentation, illegal hunting and road kills. In this context, the generation of basic information on the reproductive parameters of this species is vital, aiming to improve reproductive management via, amongst others, assisted reproductive technologies. This study aimed to describe the morphological and functional features of semen collected from captive giant anteaters. Electroejaculation was performed in 13 animals housed in zoos located in São Paulo state, Brazil. Semen samples were collected from 13 animals in 16 procedures. Samples were evaluated for volume, motility, vigor, pH, concentration, sperm morphology, and functional tests. The following mean values were obtained: volume 1.28 ± 0.27 mL; motility 28.3 ± 6.2%; vigor 2.4 ± 0.25; concentration 129.4 ± 36.1 × 106 sperm/mL; pH 7.4 ± 0.2. Total acrosome, head, midpiece, and tail sperm abnormalities were 3.2 ± 0.8%, 25.4 ± 3.6%, 20.7 ± 3.2%, and 14.7 ± 2.6%, respectively. Intact acrosome was found in 83.7 ± 3.1% and intact membrane in 81.1 ± 4.0% of all samples collected. Mitochondrial activity was 66.4 ± 6.0% (Class I), 18.7 ± 2.9% (Class II), 8.0 ± 2.0% (Class III), 3.9 ± 1.0% (Class IV), and 3.0 ± 0.9% (Class V). Sperm DNA fragmentation rate was 13.2 ± 3.7%. These results indicated that electroejaculation is a feasible method for semen collection in giant anteaters, allowing a more detailed description of the semen in this species.

Testicular volume and semen characteristics in the endangered southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides).

BACKGROUND: The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) is an endangered Neotropical primate. Semen collection and description of its traits, as well as testicular morphometry, have never been reported for this species. METHODS: Testicles from five healthy adult captive southern muriqui were measured, and semen was collected by rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A solid coagulum was identified in all ejaculates, and none of them liquefied, spontaneously or non-spontaneously. It was possible to collect semen using RPE, and although solids coagula did not liquefy, we managed to describe ejaculates characteristics and also confirmed that southern muriqui have relatively large testes size. Further investigations are needed to improve coagulum handling, to achieve a better spermatozoa recovery aiming its application in assisted reproductive technologies.

Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genus Brachyteles).

The taxonomy of muriquis, the largest extant primates in the New World, is controversial. While some specialists argue for a monotypic genus (Brachyteles arachnoides), others favor a two-species classification, splitting northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) from southern muriquis (B. arachnoides). This uncertainty affects how we study the differences between these highly endangered and charismatic primates, as well as the design of more effective conservation programs. To address this issue, between 2003 and 2017 we collected over 230 muriqui fecal samples across the genus' distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, extracted DNA from these samples, and sequenced 423 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of our sequence dataset robustly support two reciprocally monophyletic groups corresponding to northern and southern muriquis separated by an average 12.7% genetic distance. The phylogeographic break between these lineages seems to be associated with the Paraíba do Sul River and coincides with the transition between the north and south Atlantic Forest biogeographic zones. Published divergence estimates from whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci date the split between northern and southern muriquis to the Early Pleistocene (ca. 2.0 mya), and our new mtDNA dataset places the coalescence time for each of these two clades near the last interglacial (ca. 120-80 kya). Our results, together with both phenotypic and ecological differences, support recognizing northern and southern muriquis as sister species that should be managed as distinct evolutionarily significant units. Given that only a few thousand muriquis remain in nature, it is imperative that conservation strategies are tailored to protect both species from extinction.

A Review of the Literature on the Management of Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Silicone implant breast augmentation has been routinely performed since the 1960s. Emerging literature suggests the existence of a clinical syndrome, silicone implant incompatibility syndrome (SIIS) resulting from silicone implants. Autoimmune reactivity develops, with subsequent symptoms including myalgias, arthralgias, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment. While the existence of a clinical entity is currently being established in the literature, there are currently no guidelines on management. METHOD: Literature review was conducted using Medline and PubMed databases with key terms searched for, prior to hand-searching and bibliographical review until February 2019. The relevant literature was reviewed to determine whether consensus exists on the most appropriate management strategy. RESULTS: Forty-nine articles relevant to SIIS were identified with twenty-one of these specifically outlining treatment. Of these, only five provided data on larger cohorts, three provided conclusions from literature reviews, and the remainder were small case series or isolated case reports. Improvement in symptoms was obtained by medical management of their immune response, by explantation and by simply counselling on the condition itself. CONCLUSIONS: A new clinical condition is being described that appears to suggest a link between silicone implant use and various symptoms in a cohort of patients. The subsequent treatment of SIIS is yet to be agreed upon. Further research is required to establish guidelines for diagnosis and ensure evidence-based treatment, and that patients and clinicians have a more refined understanding of the potential risks of silicone breast implant use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Seasonal variations in serum concentrations of testosterone, testicular volume and neck circumference of fallow deer (Dama dama) kept ex situ in a tropical region.

The fallow deer (Dama dama) is a species of Cervidae commonly kept in captivity, either in commercial farms or in zoos. The reproductive seasonality of this species is well known in the northern hemisphere, where photoperiod is a decisive factor in androgenic activity and, consequently, in the development of secondary sexual characteristics among male adults. The maintenance of this species in tropical regions has been successful, but there are no studies that demonstrate the maintenance of reproductive seasonality under these climatic conditions, which was the objective of the present study. To do so, the present investigation involved 27 fallow deer (D. dama) specimens, of which 14 were adults and 13 prepubescent (<8 months) individuals, all assessed during and outside (December-February) the reproductive season (June-August). The serum concentrations of testosterone, testicular volume, and neck circumference were analyzed among all animals during both seasons. The reproductive season was marked by expressive hormonal concentrations, increasing neck circumference and testicular volume, differing significantly between adults and prepubescent individuals outside the season. Positive correlations were observed among all analyzed variables: mean testicular volume and neck circumference (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001), testicular volume and testosterone concentrations (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) and between neck circumference and testosterone concentrations (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001). Given the results found, the conclusion is that even under tropical climate conditions the reproductive seasonality of the fallow deer is well defined and may be related to photoperiod.

Fatal toxoplasmosis in a southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) from São Paulo state, Brazil: Pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization.

We report the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of fatal acute systemic toxoplasmosis in an adult, female, free-living southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) from São Paulo state, Brazil. PCR-RFLP genotyping analysis identified the #21 genotype of Toxoplasma gondii. This represents the first report of acute toxoplasmosis involving this genotype in humans and animals.

Safety and Efficacy Concerns of Autologous Fat Grafting for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Autologous fat grafting of the velopharynx has been well described for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), with most studies purporting it as a technique with low morbidity useful in the treatment of mild VPI. Prompted by 3 cases of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following fat grafting of the velopharynx, we undertook a review of the outcomes of this procedure at our unit. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: All patients who underwent autologous fat grafting for VPI at the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative nasendoscopy findings, perceptual speech assessment results, and rates of revisional surgery and complications. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included in the study. Three patients (11%) developed severe OSA requiring removal of the grafted fat. In a subanalysis of cleft patients, there was a reported improvement in hypernasality in 63% though only 25% had complete resolution of their hypernasality. Patients who had an improvement in speech were more likely to have a velopharyngeal gap of less than 0.5 cm2 on preoperative nasendoscopy. All 3 patients who developed OSA had syndromes associated with hypotonia. CONCLUSIONS: This study raises serious concerns over the safety and efficacy of fat grafting for VPI. Overall, there was a relatively high complication rate with generally poor speech results in our series of patients. Stringent criteria should be used to select candidates for fat grafting, namely, a velopharyngeal gap less than 0.5 cm2 and the absence of a syndrome associated with hypotonia.

Hepatic myelolipoma in two Goeldi's monkeys from South America held captive.

Two cases of hepatic myelolipoma in Goeldi's monkeys from South America are described. One was a female evaluated due progressive abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography detected hepatic mass. Partial hepatectomy was performed, but the monkey died after surgery. Case 2 was a male that died suddenly, showing non-specific clinical signs.

Suppurative peritonitis by Klebsiella pneumoniae in captive gold-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas midas).

This report describes an outbreak of suppurative peritonitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult female of captive golden-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas midas). Two virulent and multidrug-resistant strains were isolated and classified through MLST as ST60 and ST1263. The microbiological diagnosis works as a support tool for preventive measures.