RESUMO
Increase in Clostridium difficile infection in tertiary-care hospitals in Karnataka, South India with a paucity of data on antibiotic susceptibility and genetic characteristics of the pathogen from this region of the country necessitated this study. From April 2012 to December 2014, 480 hospitalized antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases with a history of antibiotic treatment in the previous three weeks were enrolled. Sixteen percent of the samples were positive for C. difficile toxins A and B by rapid enzyme immunoassay, anaerobic culture and multiplex PCR. In 40 representative strains, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by E-test revealed that 39 strains were resistant to imipenem and moxifloxacin (MIC > 32 µg/ml), 38 to clindamycin (MIC > 256 µg/ml) and 19 to tetracycline (MIC > 4 µg/ml), while all 40 strains were susceptible to ampicillin (MIC < 2 µg/ml), ampicillin sulbactam (MIC < 8 µg/ml), metronidazole (MIC < 8 µg/ml) and vancomycin group (MIC < 2 µg/ml). Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) of 13 representative strains grouped them into three clusters: cluster A consisting of two strains having > 65% similarity, cluster B of 6 strains with 100% similarity (considered clonal) and 3 strains with > 85% similarity, and cluster C of 2 strains with 50% similarity. Clusters A and C contained unrelated strains having different antibiograms. Periodic monitoring of resistance profiles with epidemiological typing by PFGE should aid in interpretation of emerging drug resistant C. difficile clones.
Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile/patogenicidade , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The severity of many chronic bacterial infections is mainly due to the biofilm mode of life adapted by pathogenic bacteria. The bacteria in biofilm-stage exhibit high resistance to host immune responses and antimicrobials, which complicates the treatment process and results in life threatening conditions. Most of the chronic infections are polymicrobial in nature. In order to combat the polymicrobial biofilm infections and to increase the efficiency of antimicrobials, there is an urgent need for broad-spectrum antibiofilm drugs. This review discusses the clinical needs and current status of broad-spectrum antibiofilm drugs with special emphasis on prospective strategies and hurdles in the process of new drug discovery.