Prenatal assessment of brain malformations on neuroimaging: an expert panel review.

Brain malformations represent a heterogeneous group of abnormalities of neural morphogenesis, often associated with aberrations of neuronal connectivity and brain volume. Prenatal detection of brain malformations requires a clear understanding of embryology and developmental morphology through the various stages of gestation. This expert panel review is written with the central aim of providing an easy-to-understand roadmap to improve prenatal detection and characterization of structural malformations based on the current understanding of normal and aberrant brain development. The utility of each available neuroimaging modality including prenatal multiplanar neurosonography, anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and advanced MRI techniques, as well as further insights from post-mortem imaging have been highlighted for every developmental stage.

Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of closed spinal dysraphism.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prenatal diagnosis of closed dysraphism (CD) and its correlation with postnatal findings and neonatal adverse outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including pregnancies diagsnosed with fetal CD by prenatal ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a single tertiary center between September 2011 and July 2021. RESULTS: CD was diagnosed prenatally and confirmed postnatally in 12 fetuses. The mean gestational age of prenatal imaging was 24.2 weeks, in 17% the head circumference was ≤fifth percentile and in 25% the cerebellar diameter was ≤fifth percentile. US findings included banana sign in 17%, and lemon sign in 33%. On MRI, posterior fossa anomalies were seen in 33% of cases, with hindbrain herniation below the foramen magnum in two cases. Mean clivus-supraocciput angle (CSA) was 74°. Additional anomalies outside the CNS were observed in 50%. Abnormal foot position was demonstrated prenatally in 17%. Neurogenic bladder was present in 90% of patients after birth. CONCLUSION: Arnold Chiari II malformation and impaired motor function can be present on prenatal imaging of fetuses with CD and may be associated with a specific type of CD. Prenatal distinction of CD can be challenging. Associated extra CNS anomalies are frequent and the rate of neurogenic urinary tract dysfunction is high.

Venous Pathologies and Interventions of the Head.

Intracranial venous pathologies are a historically underrecognized group of disorders that can have a devastating impact on patients. Despite advancements in peripheral venous disorders and arterial neurointerventions, intracranial venous pathologies have received comparatively little attention. Understanding the anatomy, physiology, clinical relevance, and treatment options of intracranial venous pathologies is fundamental to evolving therapies and research priorities. This article provides an overview of major intracranial venous pathologies, the respective pathophysiologies, and treatment options.

Bacterial Communities Along Environmental Gradients in Tropical Soda Lakes.

Soda lake environments are known to be variable and can have distinct differences according to geographical location. In this study, we investigated the effects of different environmental conditions of six adjacent soda lakes in the Pantanal biome (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil) on bacterial communities and their functioning using a metagenomic approach combined with flow cytometry and chemical analyses. Ordination analysis using flow cytometry and water chemistry data from two sampling periods (wet and dry) clustered soda lakes into three different profiles: eutrophic turbid (ET), oligotrophic turbid (OT), and clear vegetated oligotrophic (CVO). Analysis of bacterial community composition and functioning corroborated this ordination; the exception was one ET lake, which was similar to one OT lake during the wet season, indicating drastic shifts between seasons. Microbial abundance and diversity increased during the dry period, along with a considerable number of limnological variables, all indicative of a strong effect of the precipitation-evaporation balance in these systems. Cyanobacteria were associated with high electric conductivity, pH, and nutrient availability, whereas Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria were correlated with landscape morphology variability (surface water, surface perimeter, and lake volume) and with lower salinity and pH levels. Stress response metabolism was enhanced in OT and ET lakes and underrepresented in CVO lakes. The microbiome dataset of this study can serve as a baseline for restoring impacted soda lakes. Altogether, the results of this study demonstrate the sensitivity of tropical soda lakes to climate change, as slight changes in hydrological regimes might produce drastic shifts in community diversity.

Imaging of pediatric calvarial and skull base tumors: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee/ASPNR White Paper.

A standardized imaging protocol for pediatric oncology patients is essential for accurate and efficient imaging, while simultaneously promoting collaborative understanding of pathologies and radiologic assessment of treatment response. The objective of this article is to provide standardized pediatric imaging guidelines and parameters for evaluation of tumors of the pediatric orbit, calvarium, skull base, and temporal bone. This article was drafted based on current scientific literature as well as consensus opinions of imaging experts in collaboration with the Children's Oncology Group Diagnostic Imaging Committee, Society of Pediatric Radiology Oncology Committee, and American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology Artificial Intelligence taskforce: a new taskforce for the digital age.

A new task force dedicated to artificial intelligence (AI) with respect to paediatric radiology was created in 2021 at the International Paediatric Radiology (IPR) meeting in Rome, Italy (a joint society meeting by the European Society of Pediatric Radiology [ESPR] and the Society for Pediatric Radiology [SPR]). The concept of a separate task force dedicated to AI was borne from an ESPR-led international survey of health care professionals' opinions, expectations and concerns regarding AI integration within children's imaging departments. In this survey, the majority (> 80%) of ESPR respondents supported the creation of a task force and helped define our key objectives. These include providing educational content about AI relevant for paediatric radiologists, brainstorming ideas for future projects and collaborating on AI-related studies with respect to collating data sets, de-identifying images and engaging in multi-case, multi-reader studies. This manuscript outlines the starting point of the ESPR AI task force and where we wish to go.

Imaging the Uterus in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder.

Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) improves maternal and neonatal outcomes by allowing for multidisciplinary planning and preparedness. Ultrasound is the primary imaging tool. Simplification and standardization of placental evaluation and reporting terminology allows improved communication and understanding between teams. Prior to 10 weeks of gestation, gestational sac position and least myometrial thickness surrounding the gestational sac help PAS diagnosis very early in pregnancy. Late first-, second-, and third-trimester evaluation includes comprehensive evaluation of the placenta, transabdominal and transvaginal with partially full maternal urinary bladder, and by color Doppler. Subsequently, the sonologist should indicate whether the evaluation was optimal or suboptimal; the level of suspicion as low, moderate, or high; and the extent as focal, global, or extending beyond the uterus. Other complementary imaging modalities such as 3D-power Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and vascular topography mapping strive to improve antenatal placental evaluation but remain investigational at present. KEY POINTS: · Antenatal imaging, primarily using ultrasound with partially full maternal urinary bladder, is an essential means of evaluation of those at risk for PAS.. · Simplification and standardization of placental evaluation and reporting will allow improved communication between the multidisciplinary teams.. · Gestational sac location prior to 10 weeks of gestation and four markers after that (placental lacunae and echostructure, myometrial thinning, hypoechoic zone with or without bulging between placenta and myometrium, and increased flow on color Doppler)..

Advances in Imaging Modalities for Pediatric Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging has evolved from anatomical imaging toward a multi-modality comprehensive anatomical and functional imaging in the past decades, important functional data like perfusion-weighted imaging, permeability imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography, metabolic imaging, connectomics, event-related functional imaging, resting state functional imaging, and much more is now being offered. SUMMARY: Precision diagnostics has proven to be essential for precision treatment. Many minimal invasive techniques have been developed, taking advantage of digital subtraction angiography and interventional neuroradiology. Furthermore, intraoperative CT and/or MRI and more recently MR-guided focused ultrasound have complemented the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium. KEY MESSAGES: In the current manuscript, we discuss standard imaging sequences including advanced techniques like DWI, DTI, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, various perfusion weighted imaging approaches including arterial spin labeling, dynamic contrast enhanced imaging, and dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging. Pre-, intra, and postoperative surgical imaging including visualize imaging will be discussed. The value of connectomics will be presented for its value in neuro-oncology. Minimal invasive therapeutic possibilities of interventional neuroradiology and image-guided laser ablation and MR-guided high-intensity-focused ultrasound will be presented for treatment of pediatric brain and spinal cord tumors. Finally, a comprehensive review of spinal cord tumors and matching neuropathology has been included.

Pregnancy denial: a complex symptom with life context as a trigger? A prospective case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for a woman to experience pregnancy denial. DESIGN, SETTING AND POPULATION: A French multicentric prospective case-control study with 71 mother-infant dyads having experienced a pregnancy denial versus a control group of 71 dyads. METHODS: Data were collected in the week after delivery using an observational leaflet and two psychiatric scales (MINI and QSSP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding social, demographic, medical and psychiatric data. RESULTS: Not being in a stable relationship (odds ratio [OR] 17.18, 95% CI 3.37-87.60]; P < 0.0001), not having a high school diploma (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.38]; P < 0.0001) and having a psychiatric history (OR 6.33, 95% CI 1.62-24.76; P = 0.0002) were risk factors to experience pregnancy denial, whereas being older was a protective factor (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79-0.93; P = 0.0054) (logistic regression, Wald 95% CI). Other risk factors included late declarations of pregnancy history and past pregnancy denials (case n = 7, 9.7% versus 0% in controls; P = 0.01), past pregnancy denials in the family (case n = 13, 18% versus control n = 4, 5.6%; P = 0.03), and use of a contraceptive method (75% for cases versus 7% in control; P < 0.0001), primarily an oral contraceptive (75%). CONCLUSION: Family or personal history of pregnancy denial should be part of the systematic anamnesis during the first visit of a patient of child-bearing age. Further, our study points out that life context (young age, single status, socio-economic precarity, pill-based contraception) could be a trigger for pregnancy denial in certain women. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Life context can be a trigger for pregnancy denial.

Another Piece of the Puzzle of Anomalous Connectivity in Joubert's Syndrome.

We report on the conventional and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings of a 2-year-old child with clinical presentation of Joubert's Syndrome (JS) and brainstem structural abnormalities as depicted by neuroimaging.Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a "molar tooth" configuration of the brainstem. A band-like formation coursing in an apparent axial plane anterior to the interpeduncular fossa was noted and appeared to partially cover the interpeduncular fossa.DTI maps and three-dimensional (3D) tractography demonstrated a prominent red-encoded white matter bundle anterior to the midbrain. Probable aberrant course of the bilateral corticospinal tracts (CST) was also depicted. Absence of the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and elongated thickened, horizontal superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) reflecting the molar tooth sign were also shown.Our report and the review of the published cases suggest that DTI and tractography may be very helpful to differentiate between interpeduncular heterotopias and similarly located white matter bundles corroborating the underlying etiology of axonal guidance disorders in the complex group of ciliopathies including JS. Our case represents an important additional puzzle piece to explore the variability of these ciliopathies.

Prenatal diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome based on a suggestive imaging pattern: A multicenter case-series.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize a suggestive prenatal imaging pattern of Aicardi syndrome using ultrasound and MR imaging. METHODS: Based on a retrospective international series of Aicardi syndrome cases from tertiary centers encountered over a 20-year period (2000-2020), we investigated the frequencies of the imaging features in order to characterize an imaging pattern highly suggestive of the diagnosis. RESULTS: Among 20 cases included, arachnoid cysts associated with a distortion of the interhemispheric fissure were constantly encountered associated with complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (19/20, 95%). This triad in the presence of other CNS disorganization, such as polymicrogyria (16/17, 94%), heterotopias (15/17, 88%), ventriculomegaly (14/20, 70%), cerebral asymmetry [14/20, 70%]) and less frequently extra-CNS anomaly (ocular anomalies [7/11, 64%], costal/vertebral segmentation defect [4/20, 20%]) represent a highly suggestive pattern of Aicardi syndrome in a female patient. CONCLUSION: Despite absence of genetic test to confirm prenatal diagnosis of AS, this combination of CNS and extra-CNS fetal findings allows delineation of a characteristic imaging pattern of AS, especially when facing dysgenesis of the corpus callosum.

High seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina-Faso, Ghana and Madagascar in 2021: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The current COVID-19 pandemic affects the entire world population and has serious health, economic and social consequences. Assessing the prevalence of COVID-19 through population-based serological surveys is essential to monitor the progression of the epidemic, especially in African countries where the extent of SARS-CoV-2 spread remains unclear. METHODS: A two-stage cluster population-based SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence survey was conducted in Bobo-Dioulasso and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar and Kumasi, Ghana between February and June 2021. IgG seropositivity was determined in 2,163 households with a specificity improved SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Population seroprevalence was evaluated using a Bayesian logistic regression model that accounted for test performance and age, sex and neighbourhood of the participants. RESULTS: Seroprevalence adjusted for test performance and population characteristics were 55.7% [95% Credible Interval (CrI) 49·0; 62·8] in Bobo-Dioulasso, 37·4% [95% CrI 31·3; 43·5] in Ouagadougou, 41·5% [95% CrI 36·5; 47·2] in Fianarantsoa, and 41·2% [95% CrI 34·5; 49·0] in Kumasi. Within the study population, less than 6% of participants performed a test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection since the onset of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: High exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was found in the surveyed regions albeit below the herd immunity threshold and with a low rate of previous testing for acute infections. Despite the high seroprevalence in our study population, the duration of protection from naturally acquired immunity remains unclear and new virus variants continue to emerge. This highlights the importance of vaccine deployment and continued preventive measures to protect the population at risk.

Radiologic and clinical outcome of isolated fourth ventricle following post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in children.

PURPOSE: Few studies report radiologic and clinical outcome of post-hemorrhagic isolated fourth ventricle (IFV) with focus on surgical versus conservative management in neonates and children. Our aim is to investigate differences in radiological and clinical findings of IFV between patients who had surgical intervention versus patients who were treated conservatively. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with IFV was performed. Data included demographics, clinical exam findings, surgical history, and imaging findings (dilated FV extent, supratentorial ventricle dilation, brainstem and cerebellar deformity, tectal plate elevation, basal cistern and cerebellar hemisphere effacement, posterior fossa upward/downward herniation). RESULTS: Sixty-four (30 females) patients were included. Prematurity was 94% with 90% being < 28 weeks of gestation. Mean age at first ventricular shunt was 3.6 (range 1-19); at diagnosis of IFV, post-lateral ventricular shunting was 26.2 (1-173) months. Conservatively treated patients were 87.5% versus 12.5% treated with FV shunt/endoscopic fenestration. Severe FV dilation (41%), severe deformity of brainstem (39%) and cerebellum (47%) were noted at initial diagnosis and stable findings (34%, 47%, and 52%, respectively) were seen at last follow-up imaging. FV dilation (p = 0.0001) and upward herniation (p = 0.01) showed significant differences between surgery versus conservative management. No other radiologic or clinical outcome parameters were different between two groups. CONCLUSION: Only radiologic outcome results showed stable or normal FV dilation and stable or decreased upward herniation in the surgically treated group.

A descriptive neuroimaging study of retinoblastoma in children: magnetic resonance imaging features.

Purpose: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for initial diagnosis, tumour extension, staging, and treatment planning of RB. Awareness of neuro-imaging findings and determining local extent are essential for early diagnosis and therapy guidance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to provide a detailed list of neuroimaging features of RB to improve the diagnostic work-up of children with RB. Material and methods: Retrospective review was performed among children with confirmed RB diagnosis. MRI features were identified to evaluate: 1) growth pattern; 2) intraocular extension; 3) extraocular extension; 4) central nervous system disease; 5) conventional MRI characteristics of the RB lesions; and 6) DWI and ADC characteristics. These features were compared between unilateral and bilateral RB lesions. Results: Twenty-four children (male/female: 18/6) were included in this study. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 14.7 (11.4) months. In total, 34 RB lesions (bilateral = 18) were evaluated for the study. The most common features on MRI were: 1) endophytic RB lesion (50%); 2) subretinal haemorrhage (38%); 3) scleral involvement (3%); 4) leptomeningeal disease (12%); 5) contrast enhancement (97%); and 6) restricted diffusion (88%). The mean ADC value was 0.64 (0.15) × 10-3 mm2/s. Choroidal invasion (p = 0.05) and scleral involvement (p = 0.04) were significantly higher for bilateral RB lesions. Conclusions: Contrast enhancement and restricted diffusion are the most common neuroimaging features of RB. Choroidal invasion and scleral involvement are more frequently seen in bilateral disease.

Phylogenomic analysis of Anabaenopsis elenkinii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria).

The saline-alkaline lakes (soda lakes) are the habitat of the haloalkaliphilic cyanobacterium Anabaenopsis elenkinii, the type species of this genus. To obtain robust phylogeny of this type species, we have generated whole-genome sequencing of the bloom-forming Anabaenopsis elenkinii strain CCIBt3563 isolated from a Brazilian soda lake. This strain presents the typical morphology of A. elenkinii with short and curved trichomes with apical heterocytes established after separation of paired intercalary heterocytes and also regarding to cell dimensions. Its genome size is 4 495 068 bp, with a G+C content of 41.98 %, a total of 3932 potential protein coding genes and four 16S rRNA genes. Phylogenomic tree inferred by RAxML based on the alignment of 120 conserved proteins using GTDB-Tk grouped A. elenkinii CCIBt3563 together with other genera of the family Aphanizomenonaceae. However, the only previous available genome of Anabaenopsis circularis NIES-21 was distantly positioned within a clade of Desikacharya strains, a genus from the family Nostocaceae. Furthermore, average nucleotide identity values from 86-98 % were obtained among NIES-21 and Desikacharya genomes, while this value was 76.04 % between NIES-21 and the CCIBt3563 genome. These findings were also corroborated by the phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences, which also showed a strongly supported subcluster of A. elenkinii strains from Brazilian, Mexican and Kenyan soda lakes. This study presents the phylogenomics and genome-scale analyses of an Anabaenopsis elenkinii strain, improving molecular basis for demarcation of this species and framework for the classification of cyanobacteria based on the polyphasic approach.

Treatment of central giant cell granuloma in children with denosumab.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign but locally aggressive intraosseous lesion of the mandible. Historically, it is treated by curettage or resection. Medical therapy is indicated when surgery is associated with increased morbidity or in adjuvant setting to decrease recurrence. Treatment of CGCG with denosumab, a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-beta (RANK) ligand inhibitor, is not well studied, especially in children. Here, we describe our experience with the use of denosumab in the treatment of six children with CGCG. All patients had a favorable response with manageable side effects, which suggests that denosumab is an effective treatment option without increased morbidity.

Impact of the cystic neural tube defects on fetal motor function in prenatal myelomeningocele repairs: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the lesion type (cystic [myelomeningocele] or flat [myeloschisis]) on the fetal motor function (MF) in cases candidates for prenatal open neural tube defect (ONTD) repair. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients with ONTD who underwent prenatal repair at a single institution between 2011 and 2019. The lesion type and the measurements of the length and width of the lesions to calculate the surface of the ellipsoid lesion were performed using MR scans. Prenatal MF of the lower extremities was evaluated by ultrasound following a metameric distribution at the time of referral. Intact MF was defined as the observation of plantar flexion of the ankle. Logistic regression was performed to determine the predictive value of the type of lesion for having an intact MF at the time of referral. RESULTS: 103 patients were included at 22.9 (19-25.4) weeks; 65% had cystic and 35% had flat lesions. At the time of referral, there was a higher proportion of cases with an intact MF in the presence of flat lesions (34/36; 94.4%) as compared to cystic lesion (48/67; 71.6%, p < 0.01). When adjusting for gestational age and anatomical level of the lesion, flat ONTD were 3.1 times more likely to be associated by intact motor function (CI%95 [2.1-4.6], p < 0.01) at the time of referral. CONCLUSION: Cystic ONTD are more likely to be associated with impaired MF at mid-gestation in candidates for prenatal ONTD repair.

Characterization of Visual Pathway Abnormalities in Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Severe visual impairment is present in nearly all infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS); however, ocular abnormalities are present only in a subset of these infants. The purpose of this study was to characterize the visual pathway abnormalities seen on computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans in infants with CZS. METHODS: Preliminary neuroimaging information was obtained from a referred sample of 105 infants with clinical and epidemiologic data consistent with CZS in the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Subjects were excluded if Zika virus infection was not confirmed by serologic or cerebrospinal fluid studies or if images were nondiagnostic. Of the 105 subjects initially screened, head CT images adequate for interpretation were available for 54, and brain MRI images adequate for interpretation were available for 20. Four patients had both CT and MRI images. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans from infants with CZS were systematically reviewed for globe malformations, optic nerve and chiasmal atrophy, occipital cortical volume loss, white matter abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, and calcifications. Neuroimaging findings were correlated with measures of visual function and with ocular examinations in these infants. RESULTS: Thirty-three males and 37 females were included in the analysis. The mean age of the infants at the time of neuroimaging was 16.0 weeks (range 0 days-15.5 months), and the mean gestational age at the time of birth was 38 weeks. All patients were from the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Overall, 70 of 74 (95%) scans showed occipital volume loss, whereas 9 (12%) showed optic nerve atrophy, 3 (4%) showed chiasmal atrophy, and 1 (1%) showed an ocular calcification. Sixty-two of the infants underwent ophthalmologic examinations. A total of 34 (55%) infants had at least one documented structural ocular abnormality, and 26 (42%) had at least one structural ocular abnormality documented in both eyes. Of those with available visual acuity data, all had visual impairment. Among those with visual impairment and normal eye examinations, 100% had visual pathway abnormalities on neuroimaging, including 100% with occipital cortical volume loss, 8% with optic nerve atrophy, and 8% with chiasmal atrophy. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cortical visual impairment related to structural abnormalities of the occipital cortex is likely an important cause of visual impairment in children with CZS with normal eye examinations.

[Did child-psychiatry patients really experience the dreaded clinical degradation during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown?] / Les enfants suivis en psychiatrie infanto-juvénile ont ils connu la dégradation redoutée pendant la période de confinement liée à la pandémie COVID-19 ?

BACKGROUND: The general lockdown period during the COVID-19 pandemic which covered mid-March to mid-May 2020 in France raised important questions about the direct and indirect psychological effects on children and adolescents. Perceived intuitively as harmful and even traumatic in the media's discourse, we tried to better qualify its effects from two complementary approaches. We carried out a review of the literature on the subject to which we associated a regular assessment of the children's global clinical state in the entire active file of the child-psychiatry department of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest throughout the lockdown period.The findings of the literature review on the psychological effects of lockdowns or quarantines during past or current epidemics, in particular in China, report many deleterious and variable effects such as symptoms of anxiety, depression, as well as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, at a significant rate. However, the definition of the situations experienced and the contexts in which those studies took place appear to be not truly comparable to the French situation. Moreover, the effects of the fear of contamination are not differentiated from those linked to confinement itself. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among children and adolescents under the care of the above department, 354 underwent an assessment of the impact of lockdown on their global clinical condition using the Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I) performed by their usual practitioner during the period from March 16 to May 11, 2020. RESULTS: Our results highlight that 50% of children remained in stable condition, 25 to 30% improved and 20 to 25% experienced a slight degradation. The evolution of the clinical status appeared stable over time during the eight weeks. The initial age or severity of mental disorder had no significant influence, although there was a slightly more frequent improvement in adolescents. CONCLUSION: These results are quite inconsistent with general discourse and common expectations. Several psychopathological hypotheses are discussed to support this absence of psychological degradation which might even be extended to children and adolescents in the general population.

Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Practical Guide to Rapidly Deploying Home Workstations to Guarantee Radiology Services During Quarantine, Social Distancing, and Stay Home Orders.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to share an experience in the rapid deployment of home workstations that illustrates a creative solution that transcended typical administrative barriers. CONCLUSION. In response to the global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, radiology departments need to rapidly deploy home PACS workstations to facilitate physical distancing and to guarantee radiologic expertise despite possible home quarantining or stay home, work safe orders.