Clinician-Reported Management Recommendations in Response to Universal Germline Genetic Testing in Patients With Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: Identification of pathogenic germline variants in patients with prostate cancer can help inform treatment selection, screening for secondary malignancies, and cascade testing. Limited real-world data are available on clinician recommendations following germline genetic testing in patients with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient data and clinician recommendations were collected from unselected patients with prostate cancer who underwent germline testing through the PROCLAIM trial. Differences among groups of patients were determined by 2-tailed Fisher's exact test with significance set at P < .05. Logistic regression was performed to assess the influence of test results in clinical decision-making while controlling for time of diagnosis (newly vs previously diagnosed). RESULTS: Among 982 patients, 100 (10%) were positive (>1 pathogenic germline variant), 482 (49%) had uncertain results (>1 variant of uncertain significance), and 400 (41%) were negative. Patients with positive results were significantly more likely than those with negative or uncertain results to receive recommendations for treatment changes (18% vs 1.4%, P < .001), follow-up changes (64% vs 11%, P < .001), and cascade testing (71% vs 5.4%, P < .001). Logistic regression demonstrated that positive and uncertain results were significantly associated with both changes to treatment and follow-up (P < .001) when controlling for new or previous diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Germline genetic testing results informed clinical recommendations for patients with prostate cancer, especially in patients with positive results. Higher than anticipated rates of clinical management changes in patients with uncertain results highlight the need for increased genetic education of clinicians treating patients with prostate cancer.

Mutual Neutralization of NO

We have studied the mutual neutralization reaction of vibronically cold NO^{+} with O^{-} at a collision energy of ≈0.1 eV and under single-collision conditions. The reaction is completely dominated by production of three ground-state atomic fragments. We employ product-momentum analysis in the framework of a simple model, which assumes the anion acts only as an electron donor and the product neutral molecule acts as a free rotor, to conclude that the process occurs in a two-step mechanism via an intermediate Rydberg state of NO which subsequently fragments.

Mapping associations of polygenic scores with autistic and ADHD traits in a single city region.

BACKGROUND: The genetic and environmental aetiology of autistic and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) traits is known to vary spatially, but does this translate into variation in the association of specific common genetic variants? METHODS: We mapped associations between polygenic scores for autism and ADHD and their respective traits in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 4,255-6,165) across the area surrounding Bristol, UK, and compared them to maps of environments associated with the prevalence of autism and ADHD. RESULTS: Our results suggest genetic associations vary spatially, with consistent patterns for autistic traits across polygenic scores constructed at different p-value thresholds. Patterns for ADHD traits were more variable across thresholds. We found that the spatial distributions often correlated with known environmental influences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings shed light on the factors that contribute to the complex interplay between the environment and genetic influences in autistic and ADHD traits.

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: Imaging Features and Guidelines.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations of the tumor protein p53 gene (TP53), which encodes the p53 transcription factor, also known as the "guardian of the genome." The most common types of cancer found in families with LFS include sarcomas, leukemia, breast malignancies, brain tumors, and adrenocortical cancers. Osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common sarcomas. Patients with LFS are at increased risk of developing early-onset gastric and colon cancers. They are also at increased risk for several other cancers involving the thyroid, lungs, ovaries, and skin. The lifetime risk of cancer in individuals with LFS is greater than 70% in males and greater than 90% in females. Some patients with LFS develop multiple primary cancers during their lifetime, and guidelines have been established for screening these patients. Whole-body MRI is the preferred modality for annual screening of these patients. The management guidelines for patients with LFS vary, as these individuals are more susceptible to developing radiation-induced cancers-for example, women with LFS and breast cancer are treated with total mastectomy instead of lumpectomy with radiation to the breast. The authors review the role of imaging, imaging guidelines, and imaging features of tumors in the setting of LFS. ©RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Microvascular recovery with ultrasound in myocardial infarction post-PCI trial.

PURPOSE: Persistent microvascular obstruction (MVO) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been well-described. MVO predicts lack of recovery of left ventricular function and increased mortality. Sonothrombolysis utilizing diagnostic ultrasound induced cavitation of commercially available microbubble contrast has been effective at reducing infarct size and improving left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when performed both pre- and post-PCI. However, the effectiveness of post-PCI sonothrombolysis alone after successful PCI has not been demonstrated. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed in 50 consecutive consenting patients with anterior STEMI who underwent a continuous microbubble infusion immediately following successful PCI. Intermittent high mechanical index (MI) impulses were applied only in the sonthrombolysis group. Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 48 h and again at 6-8 weeks to assess for differences in infarct size, LVEF, and MVO. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups in age, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors. Significant (> 2 segments) MVO following successful PCI was observed in 66% of patients. Although sonothrombolysis reduced the extent of MVO acutely, there were no differences in infarct size, LVEF, or extent of MVO by MRI at 48 h. Twenty-eight patients returned for a follow up MRI at 6-8 weeks. LVEF improved only in the sonothrombolysis group (∆LVEF 7.81 ± 4.57% with sonothrombolysis vs. 1.77 ± 7.02% for low MI only, p = .011). CONCLUSION: Post-PCI sonothrombolysis had minimal effect on reducing myocardial infarct size but improved left ventricular systolic function in patients with acute anterior wall STEMI.

Global tree intrinsic water use efficiency is enhanced by increased atmospheric CO2 and modulated by climate and plant functional types.

We conducted a meta-analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopes from tree ring chronologies representing 34 species across 10 biomes to better understand the environmental drivers and physiological mechanisms leading to historical changes in tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), or the ratio of net photosynthesis (Anet) to stomatal conductance (gs), over the last century. We show a ∼40% increase in tree iWUE globally since 1901, coinciding with a ∼34% increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ca), although mean iWUE, and the rates of increase, varied across biomes and leaf and wood functional types. While Ca was a dominant environmental driver of iWUE, the effects of increasing Ca were modulated either positively or negatively by climate, including vapor pressure deficit (VPD), temperature, and precipitation, and by leaf and wood functional types. A dual carbon-oxygen isotope approach revealed that increases in Anet dominated the observed increased iWUE in ∼83% of examined cases, supporting recent reports of global increases in Anet, whereas reductions in gs occurred in the remaining ∼17%. This meta-analysis provides a strong process-based framework for predicting changes in tree carbon gain and water loss across biomes and across wood and leaf functional types, and the interactions between Ca and other environmental factors have important implications for the coupled carbon-hydrologic cycles under future climate. Our results furthermore challenge the idea of widespread reductions in gs as the major driver of increasing tree iWUE and will better inform Earth system models regarding the role of trees in the global carbon and water cycles.

Experimental transmission of a novel relapsing fever group Borrelia harbored by Ornithodoros octodontus (Ixodida: Argasidae) in Chile.

Tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes of genus Borrelia thrive in enzootic cycles involving Ornithodoros spp. (Argasidae) mainly, and rodents. The isolation of these spirochetes usually involves a murine model in which ticks are fed and the spirochetes detected in blood several days later. Such an experiment also demonstrates that a given species of tick is competent in the transmission of the bacteria. Here, soft ticks Ornithodoros octodontus were collected in Northern Chile with the objective to experimentally determine its capacity to transmit a Borrelia sp. detected in a previous study. Two Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used to feed nymphs and adults of O. octodontus and the spirochetes in blood were inspected by dark-field microscopy and nested PCR. Although spirochetes were not seen in blood, DNA was detected in only one animal 11 days after the ticks were fed. Genetic sequences of Borrelia flaB, clpX, pepX, recG, rplB, and uvrA genes retrieved from DNA extraction of positive blood were employed to construct two phylogenetic analyses. On the one hand, the flaB tree showed the Borrelia sp. transmitted by O. octodontus clustering with Borrelia sp. Alcohuaz, which was previously detected in that same tick species. On the other hand, concatenated clpX-pepX-recG-rplB-uvrA demonstrated that the characterized spirochete branches together with "Candidatus Borrelia caatinga", a recently discovered species from Brazil. Based on the genetic profile presented in this study, the name "Candidatus Borrelia octodonta" is proposed for the species transmitted by O. octodontus. The fact that spirochetes were not observed in blood of guinea pigs, may reflect the occurrence of low spirochetemia, which could be explained because the susceptibility of infection varies depending on the rodent species that is used in experimental models. Although the vertebrate reservoir of "Ca. Borrelia octodonta" is still unknown, Octodon degus, a rodent species that is commonly parasitized by O. octodontus, should be a future target to elucidate this issue.

Differences in leaf gas exchange strategies explain Quercus rubra and Liriodendron tulipifera intrinsic water use efficiency responses to air pollution and climate change.

Trees continuously regulate leaf physiology to acquire CO2 while simultaneously avoiding excessive water loss. The balance between these two processes, or water use efficiency (WUE), is fundamentally important to understanding changes in carbon uptake and transpiration from the leaf to the globe under environmental change. While increasing atmospheric CO2 (iCO2 ) is known to increase tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), less clear are the additional impacts of climate and acidic air pollution and how they vary by tree species. Here, we couple annually resolved long-term records of tree-ring carbon isotope signatures with leaf physiological measurements of Quercus rubra (Quru) and Liriodendron tulipifera (Litu) at four study locations spanning nearly 100 km in the eastern United States to reconstruct historical iWUE, net photosynthesis (Anet ), and stomatal conductance to water (gs ) since 1940. We first show 16%-25% increases in tree iWUE since the mid-20th century, primarily driven by iCO2 , but also document the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen (NOx ) and sulfur (SO2 ) air pollution overwhelming climate. We find evidence for Quru leaf gas exchange being less tightly regulated than Litu through an analysis of isotope-derived leaf internal CO2 (Ci ), particularly in wetter, recent years. Modeled estimates of seasonally integrated Anet and gs revealed a 43%-50% stimulation of Anet was responsible for increasing iWUE in both tree species throughout 79%-86% of the chronologies with reductions in gs attributable to the remaining 14%-21%, building upon a growing body of literature documenting stimulated Anet overwhelming reductions in gs as a primary mechanism of increasing iWUE of trees. Finally, our results underscore the importance of considering air pollution, which remains a major environmental issue in many areas of the world, alongside climate in the interpretation of leaf physiology derived from tree rings.

Imaging Findings on Head Computed Tomography Scans in Victims of Intimate Partner Violence.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to analyze the imaging findings and injury patterns seen on head computed tomography (CT) examinations performed on survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective analysis of 668 patients reporting IPV to our institution's violence intervention and prevention program between January 2013 and June 2018 identified 40 unique patients with radiological findings visible on head CT. All injuries visible on head CT were analyzed based on the anatomic location and injury type. Demographics, IPV screening at the time of injury, concomitant, prior, and subsequent injuries to the index head injury were also recorded. RESULTS: Our study cohort had 36 women and 4 men with a mean age at presentation of 43 ± 13 years (mean ± SD), 91 unique injuries with 57 (62.6%) isolated soft tissue injuries, 4 (3.2%) fractures, 13 (14.3%) intra-axial, and 17 (18.7%) extra-axial injuries. Soft tissue injuries and intra-axial injuries occurred most commonly in the frontal region (45.6% and 38.5%), followed by the parietal region (22.8% and 23.1%), while most extra-axial injuries were subdural hematomas (41.2%). Left-sided injuries accounted for 49% (45/91) with 29/91 right-sided (32%) and 17/91 bilateral (19%) injuries. The IPV screening occurred in 44% of injury visits (22/50). Concomitant injuries were seen in 14/50 injury visits (28%), most commonly being in the lower extremity (6/14, 42.9% [% of visits with concomitant injuries]) followed by the upper extremity (5/14, 35.7%), while 52% of visits (26/50) were preceded by prior injuries and 68% of events (34/50) were followed by subsequent injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated soft tissue swelling is the most common manifestation of IPV on head CT scans with frontoparietal region being the most common site. Synchronous and metachronous injuries are frequent.

Imaging patterns of thoracic injuries in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV).

PURPOSE: To recognize the imaging patterns of thoracic injuries in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective radiological review of 688 patients self-reporting IPV to our institution's violence intervention and prevention program between January 2013 and June 2018 identified 30 patients with 89 thoracic injuries. Imaging and demographic data were collected. RESULTS: Thirty survivors with 89 injuries to the thorax were identified with a median age of 43.5 years (21-65 years). IPV was reported or disclosed as the direct cause of injury in 50% (15/30) of survivors, including all nine patients who sustained penetrating injuries. The most common injury type was fracture (72%, 64/89) with 52 rib, 3 sternal, 2 clavicular, and 7 vertebral fractures. There were 3 acromioclavicular dislocations. Among rib fractures, right lower anterior rib fractures (9-12 ribs) were the most common(30%, 16/52). There were 10 superficial soft tissue injuries. There were 12 deep tissue injuries which included 2 lung contusions, 2 pneumomediastinum, 7 pneumothoraces, 1 hemothorax. One third of patients had concomitant injuries of other organ systems, most commonly to the head and face, followed by extremities and one third of patients had metachronous injuries. CONCLUSION: Acute rib fractures with concomitant injuries to the head, neck, face, and extremities with an unclear mechanism of injury should prompt the radiologist to discuss the possibility of IPV with the ordering physician. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Recognizing common injuries to the thorax will prompt the radiologists to suspect IPV and discuss it with the clinicians.

Longitudinal imaging history in early identification of intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the imaging findings of intimate partner violence (IPV)-related injury and to evaluate the role of longitudinal imaging review in detecting IPV. METHODS: Radiology studies were reviewed in chronological order and IPV-related injuries were recorded among 400 victims of any type of abuse (group 1) and 288 of physical abuse (group 2) from January 2013 to June 2018. The likelihood of IPV was assessed as low/moderate/high based on the review of (1) current and prior anatomically related studies only and (2) longitudinal imaging history consisting of all prior studies. The first radiological study date with moderate/high suspicion was compared to the self-reported date by the victim. RESULTS: A total of 135 victims (33.8%) in group 1 and 144 victims (50%) in group 2 demonstrated IPV-related injuries. Musculoskeletal injury was most common (58.2% and 44.5% in groups 1 and 2, respectively; most commonly lower/upper extremity fractures), followed by neurologic injury (20.9% and 32.9% in groups 1 and 2, respectively; most commonly facial injury). With longitudinal imaging history, radiologists were able to identify IPV in 31% of group 1 and 46.5% of group 2 patients. Amongst these patients, earlier identification by radiologists was provided compared to the self-reported date in 62.3% of group 1 (median, 64 months) and in 52.6% of group 2 (median, 69.3 months). CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal and neurological injuries were the most common IPV-related injuries. Knowledge of common injuries and longitudinal imaging history may help IPV identification when victims are not forthcoming. KEY POINTS: • Musculoskeletal injuries were the most common type of IPV-related injury, followed by neurological injuries. • With longitudinal imaging history, radiologists were able to better raise the suspicion of IPV compared to the selective review of anatomically related studies only. • With longitudinal imaging history, radiologists were able to identify IPV earlier than the self-reported date by a median of 64 months in any type of abuse, and a median of 69.3 months in physical abuse.

A large outbreak of COVID-19 in a UK prison, October 2020 to April 2021.

Prisons are susceptible to outbreaks. Control measures focusing on isolation and cohorting negatively affect wellbeing. We present an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a large male prison in Wales, UK, October 2020 to April 2021, and discuss control measures.We gathered case-information, including demographics, staff-residence postcode, resident cell number, work areas/dates, test results, staff interview dates/notes and resident prison-transfer dates. Epidemiological curves were mapped by prison location. Control measures included isolation (exclusion from work or cell-isolation), cohorting (new admissions and work-area groups), asymptomatic testing (case-finding), removal of communal dining and movement restrictions. Facemask use and enhanced hygiene were already in place. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and interviews determined the genetic relationship between cases plausibility of transmission.Of 453 cases, 53% (n = 242) were staff, most aged 25-34 years (11.5% females, 27.15% males) and symptomatic (64%). Crude attack-rate was higher in staff (29%, 95% CI 26-64%) than in residents (12%, 95% CI 9-15%).Whole-genome sequencing can help differentiate multiple introductions from person-to-person transmission in prisons. It should be introduced alongside asymptomatic testing as soon as possible to control prison outbreaks. Timely epidemiological investigation, including data visualisation, allowed dynamic risk assessment and proportionate control measures, minimising the reduction in resident welfare.

Full-Field Electroretinography Changes Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and to perform meta-analyses on full-field electroretinography (ffERG) between healthy controls and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to map the extent of retinal dysfunction. SUMMARY: We systematically searched 11 databases on 3 March 2021. Eligible studies had to measure retinal function using ffERG in eyes with AMD and in healthy controls. We extracted data on a-wave and b-wave function in dark- and light-adapted ffERG and calculated summary estimates on differences between eyes with AMD and controls using weighted mean differences (WMD). Subgroup analyses were made for early and late AMD. Six studies (n = 481 eyes) were eligible for review (301 with any AMD, 180 controls). For dark-adapted data, any AMD was associated with reduced a-wave amplitude (WMD: -17.16 µV; 95% CI: -31.79 to -2.52 µV; p = 0.02) and b-wave amplitude (WMD: -28.70 µV; 95% CI: -51.40 to -6.01 µV; p = 0.01). For light-adapted data, any AMD was associated with longer a-wave implicit time (WMD: 0.92 ms; 95% CI: 0.12-1.72 ms; p = 0.02), reduced b-wave amplitude (WMD: -13.26 µV; 95% CI: -18.64 to -7.88 µV; p < 0.0001), and longer b-wave implicit time (WMD: 0.69 ms; 95% CI: 0.30-1.08 ms; p = 0.0006). Subgroup analyses found that these changes were only statistically significant in eyes with late AMD, not early AMD. KEY MESSAGES: Reduced retinal function on ffERG is present in eyes with AMD, in particular those with late AMD. These findings suggest that AMD is a pan-retinal disease with AMD-associated photoreceptor dysfunction beyond the macula.

Apicomplexans in small mammals from Chile, with the first report of the Babesia microti group in South American rodents.

Small mammals play an essential role as disseminators of pathogens because they reach high population densities and have ubiquitous distributions. In the Northern Hemisphere rodents are well recognized as reservoirs for tick-borne bacteria of the Anaplasmataceae family and also apicomplexan protozoans. In contrast, South American rodents hosting these microorganisms have been rarely identified. In this study, we collected blood from rodents and marsupials in northern Chile and screened for Anaplasmataceae bacteria and apicomplexan protozoa. Overall, 14.7% of the samples were positive for Babesia, Hepatozoon, and Sarcocystidae using conventional PCR assays targeting the structural 18S rRNA locus (18S). Phylogenetic analyses performed with amplicons derived from 18S and cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene provided evidence of a Babesia sp. belonging to the Babesia microti group in Phyllotis darwini, and a novel Babesia genotype in P. darwini and Abrothrix jelskii. Furthermore, four novel genotypes of Hepatozoon retrieved from Abrothrix olivacea, P. darwini, and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, formed independent lineages within a clade that includes additional Hepatozoon spp. detected in South American rodents. Moreover, an incidental finding of a previously detected apicomplexan, herein designated as Sarcocystidae sp., was recorded in Thylamys opossums with a high prevalence, indicating a possible specific association with these mammals. Phylogenetic analysis of Sarcoystidae sp. clearly demonstrated its relatedness to apicomplexans detected in Australian marsupials. Our results expand the range of mammals hosting tick-borne apicomplexans in South America, highlight a novel clade consisting of South American babesias, and report for the first time the B. microti group infecting rodents in the region.

Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation leads to subjective improvement levels comparable to scaffold based autologous chondrocyte implantation.

PURPOSE: Scaffold-based autologous chondrocyte implantation is a well-established treatment for cartilage defects in the knee joint. Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation using an in situ polymerizable biomaterial is a relatively new treatment option for arthroscopic cartilage defects. It is therefore important to determine if there are significant differences in the outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes (using subjective parameters) of hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation (NOVOCART® Inject) with the outcomes of scaffold based autologous chondrocyte Implantation (NOVOCART® 3D) using biphasic collagen scaffold. METHODS: The data of 50 patients, which were paired with 25 patients in each treatment group, was analyzed. The main parameters used for matching were gender, number of defects and localization. Both groups were compared based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and subjective IKDC scores, both of which were examined pre-operatively and after 6, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: Significant benefits in both VAS and IKDC scores after 2 years of follow-up in both groups were found. Comparing the groups, the results showed that in the hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation group, significant changes in IKDC scores are measurable after 6 months, while it takes 12 months until they are seen in the scaffold based autologous chondrocyte group. CONCLUSION: Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte and scaffold based autologous chondrocyte show comparable improvements and significant benefits to the patients' subjective well-being after a 2-year-follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Facial injury patterns in victims of intimate partner violence.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the imaging findings of facial injuries in patients reporting intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: A retrospective review of radiology studies performed for 668 patients reporting IPV to our institution's violence prevention support program identified 96 patients with 152 facial injuries. Demographics, imaging findings, and clinical data obtained from a review of the electronic medical records (EMR) were analyzed to categorize injury patterns. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 93 women and 3 men with a mean age of 35 years (range 19-76; median 32). At the time of presentation, 57 (59.3%) patients reported IPV as the mechanism of injury. The most frequent site of injury was the midface, seen in 65 (67.7%) patients. The most common fracture sites were the nasal bones (45/152, 29.6%), followed by the mandible (17/152, 11.1%), and orbits (16/152, 10.5%). Left-sided injuries were more common (90/152; 59.2%). A vast majority of fractures (94.5%) showed minimal or no displacement. Over one-third of injuries (60/152, 39.4%) demonstrated only soft tissue swelling or hematoma without fracture. Associated injuries were seen most frequently in the upper extremity, occurring synchronously in 11 (11.4%) patients, and preceding the index facial injury in 20 (21%) patients. CONCLUSION: /advances in knowledge. The midface was the most frequent location of injury in victims of intimate partner violence, and the nasal bone was the most commonly fractured facial bone. Recognizing these injury patterns can help radiologists suspect IPV and prompt them to discuss the possibility of IPV with the clinical providers.

Exacerbation of Physical Intimate Partner Violence during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social and public health problem, but published literature regarding the exacerbation of physical IPV during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is lacking. Purpose To assess the incidence, patterns, and severity of injuries in IPV victims during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared with the prior 3 years. Materials and Methods The demographics, clinical presentation, injuries, and radiologic findings of patients reporting physical abuse arising from IPV during the statewide COVID-19 pandemic between March 11 and May 3, 2020, were compared with data from the same period for the past 3 years. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used for analysis. Results A total of 26 victims of physical IPV from 2020 (mean age, 37 years ± 13 [standard deviation]; 25 women) were evaluated and compared with 42 victims of physical IPV (mean age, 41 years ± 15; 40 women) from 2017 to 2019. Although the overall number of patients who reported IPV decreased during the pandemic, the incidence of physical IPV was 1.8 times greater (95% CI: 1.1, 3.0; P = .01). The total number of deep injuries was 28 during 2020 versus 16 from 2017 to 2019; the number of deep injuries per victim was 1.1 during 2020 compared with 0.4 from 2017 to 2019 (P < .001). The incidence of high-risk abuse defined by mechanism was two times greater in 2020 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.7; P = .01). Patients who experienced IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to be White; 17 (65%) victims in 2020 were White compared with 11 (26%) in the prior years (P = .007). Conclusion There was a higher incidence and severity of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compared with the prior 3 years. These results suggest that victims of IPV delayed reaching out to health care services until the late stages of the abuse cycle during the COVID-19 pandemic. © RSNA, 2020.

Upper extremity injuries in the victims of intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVES: To recognize most common patterns of upper extremity (UE) injuries in victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). METHODS: Radiological review of 308 patients who reported physical IPV at our institution from January 2013 to June 2018, identified 55 patients with 88 unique UE injuries. Demographic data and injury patterns and associations were collected from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: The cohort included 49 females and 6 males (age 19-63, mean 38). At the time of injury, IPV was reported in 15/88 (17%) and IPV screening was documented for 22/88 (25%) injuries. There were 46 fractures, 8 dislocations or subluxations, and 34 isolated soft tissue injuries, most commonly involving the hand (56/88). Fractures most commonly involved the fingers (21/46, 46%) and the 5th digit (8/27, 30%). Medial UE fractures (5th digit, 4th digit) constituted 44% of hand and finger fractures (12/27) and 26% of all fractures (12/46). Comminuted and displaced fractures were rare (8/46, 17%). Head and face injuries were the most common concomitant injuries (9/22, 41%) and subsequent injuries (21/61, 35%). Of 12 patients with recurrent UE injuries, 6 had recurrent injuries of the same hand. Five of 6 non-acute fractures (83%) were of the hand. CONCLUSIONS: Hand and finger injuries are the most common UE injuries in patients with IPV, with finger being the most common site and medial hand the most common region of fracture. Repeated injuries involving the same site and a combination of medial hand and head or face injuries could indicate IPV. KEY POINTS: • Upper extremity injuries in victims of intimate partner violence are most commonly seen in the hand and fingers. • Fingers are the most common site of fracture and the medial hand is the most common region of fracture in the upper extremity in victims of intimate partner violence. • In intimate partner violence victims with upper extremity injuries, concomitant injuries and subsequent injuries are most commonly seen in the head and neck region.

Mutual neutralisation of O+ with O-: investigation of the role of metastable ions in a combined experimental and theoretical study.

The mutual neutralisation of O+ with O- has been studied in a double ion-beam storage ring with combined merged-beams, imaging and timing techniques. Branching ratios were measured at the collision energies of 55, 75 and 170 (± 15) meV, and found to be in good agreement with previous single-pass merged-beams experimental results at 7 meV collision energy. Several previously unidentified spectral features were found to correspond to mutual neutralisation channels of the first metastable state of the cation (O+(2Do), τ ≈ 3.6 hours), while no contributions from the second metastable state (O+(2Po), τ ≈ 5 seconds) were observed. Theoretical calculations were performed using the multi-channel Landau-Zener model combined with the anion centered asymptotic method, and gave good agreement with several experimentally observed channels, but could not describe well observed contributions from the O+(2Do) metastable state as well as channels involving the O(3s 5So) state.

Gastroparesis Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved outcomes in patients with various malignancies; however, they can cause immune-related hepatitis and enterocolitis. Patients on ICI may also develop upper gastrointestinal symptoms and undergo measurement of gastric emptying. AIMS: Our aim was to review records of patients with gastroparesis following ICI therapy at two medical centers. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients at Mayo Clinic and Brigham and Women's/Dana-Farber Cancer Center (BWH/DFCC) who underwent gastric scintigraphy for the assessment of symptoms of gastroparesis following ICI treatment up to January 2020. Clinical presentation, medical history, laboratory evaluation, imaging, treatment, and outcomes were retrieved from the records. Gastroparesis was diagnosed as delayed gastric emptying (GE) measured by gastric scintigraphy. RESULTS: At Mayo Clinic, 2 patients (median age 59 years, 1 male [M], 1 female [F]) had delayed GE, while 4 patients (median age 53 years, 3M, 1F) had normal GE following ICI use. Of those with delayed GE (diagnosed after 38 and 2 months of ICI initiation), 1 patient was treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma with ipilimumab; a second patient with breast cancer was treated with pembrolizumab. At BWH/DFCC, 2 patients (median age 56 years, 1M, 1F) had normal GE after ICI treatment, while a 62-year-old female with non-small cell lung cancer developed gastroparesis 3 months following initiation of nivolumab. CONCLUSION: This report documents gastroparesis as a potential adverse effect of ICI. Further studies should explore the potential for ICI therapy to damage anti-inflammatory macrophages that preserve the enteric neurons.