Phosphorylated MED1 links transcription recycling and cancer growth.

Mediator activates RNA polymerase II (Pol II) function during transcription, but it remains unclear whether Mediator is able to travel with Pol II and regulate Pol II transcription beyond the initiation and early elongation steps. By using in vitro and in vivo transcription recycling assays, we find that human Mediator 1 (MED1), when phosphorylated at the mammal-specific threonine 1032 by cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), dynamically moves along with Pol II throughout the transcribed genes to drive Pol II recycling after the initial round of transcription. Mechanistically, MED31 mediates the recycling of phosphorylated MED1 and Pol II, enhancing mRNA output during the transcription recycling process. Importantly, MED1 phosphorylation increases during prostate cancer progression to the lethal phase, and pharmacological inhibition of CDK9 decreases prostate tumor growth by decreasing MED1 phosphorylation and Pol II recycling. Our results reveal a novel role of MED1 in Pol II transcription and identify phosphorylated MED1 as a targetable driver of dysregulated Pol II recycling in cancer.

Orchestration of miRNA Patterns by Testosterone and Dietary Tomato Carotenoids during Early Prostate Carcinogenesis in TRAMP Mice.

BACKGROUND: The integrative effects of prostate cancer risk factors, such as diet and endocrine status, on cancer-associated miRNA expression are poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to define the influence of androgens and diet (tomato and lycopene) on prostatic miRNA expression during early carcinogenesis in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. METHODS: Wild type (WT) and TRAMP mice were fed control, tomato-containing, or lycopene-containing diets from 4 to 10 weeks of age. Mice underwent either sham (intact) or castration surgery at 8 wk, and half of the castrated mice received testosterone (2.5 mg/kg body weight/d) at 9 wk. Mice were killed at 10 wk, and dorsolateral prostate expression of 602 miRNAs was assessed. RESULTS: We detected expression of 88 miRNAs (15% of 602), all of which were present in the TRAMP, in comparison with 49 miRNAs being detectable (8%) in WT. Expression of 61 miRNAs differed by TRAMP genotype, with the majority upregulated in TRAMP. Of the 61 miRNAs, 42 were responsive to androgen status. Diet affected 41% of the miRNAs, which differed by genotype (25/61) and 48% of the androgen-sensitive miRNAs (20/42), indicating overlapping genetic and dietary influences on prostate miRNAs. Tomato and lycopene feeding influenced miRNAs previously associated with the regulation of androgen (miR-145 and let-7), MAPK (miR-106a, 204, 145/143, and 200b/c), and p53 signaling (miR-125 and miR-98) pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of miRNAs in early prostate carcinogenesis is sensitive to genetic, endocrine, and diet drivers, suggesting novel mechanisms by which tomato and lycopene feeding modulate early prostate carcinogenesis.

ß-Carotene Oxygenase 2 Genotype Modulates the Impact of Dietary Lycopene on Gene Expression during Early TRAMP Prostate Carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest lycopene and tomato intake are inversely associated with human prostate cancer incidence. In the genetically driven murine prostate carcinogenesis model transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), prostate cancer is inhibited by feeding of lycopene or tomatoes, and these effects are modulated by the ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (Bco2) genotype. OBJECTIVE: We sought insight into this interaction through evaluation of prostate gene expression patterns during early TRAMP carcinogenesis. METHODS: Three-week-old TRAMP/+ or TRAMP/- × Bco2+/+ or Bco2-/- mice were fed a control, lycopene beadlet, or 10% tomato powder-containing semipurified diet (providing 0, 384 and 462 mg lycopene/kg diet, respectively) for 5 wk. Gene expression patterns were evaluated by prostate cancer- and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism-focused arrays at age 8 wk. RESULTS: The TRAMP genotype profoundly alters gene expression patterns, specifically inducing pathways associated with cell survival [z-score = 2.09, -log(P value) = 29.2, p53 signaling (z-score 1.13, -log(P value) = 13.5], and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling [z-score = 0.302, -log(P value) = 12.1], while repressing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling [(z-score = -0.905, -log(P value) = 12.3], cholesterol synthesis [z-score = -1.941, -log(P-value) = 26.2], and LXR/RXR pathway activation [z-score = -1.941, -log(P value) = 23.1]. In comparison, lycopene- and tomato-feeding modestly modulate strong procarcinogenic TRAMP signaling. Lycopene decreased gene expression related to carcinogenesis [ Nkx3-1(NK3 homeobox 1)], tomato feeding increased expression of a gene involved in circadian regulation [Arntl (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like)], and tomato and/or lycopene increased expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism [Fasn (fatty acid synthase), Acaca(acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha), Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1), Hmgcr (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA reductase), and Ptgs1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1)] (all P < 0.05). The impact of Bco2 genotype was limited to a subset of lycopene-impacted genes [Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli), Mto1 (mitochondrial TRNA translation optimization 1), Nfkb1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1), andRbm39 (RNA binding motif protein 39)]. CONCLUSIONS: The TRAMP genotype strongly impacts procarcinogenic gene expression prior to emergence of histopathologic disease. Dietary tomato and lycopene modestly temper these processes, while Bco2 genotype has a limited impact at this early stage. These observed patterns provide insight into the complex interactions between a dietary variable, here tomatoes and lycopene, genes impacting nutrient metabolism, and their modulating influences on oncogene-driven prostate carcinogenesis. These findings provide further mechanistic support, consistent with cancer outcomes in rodents experiments and human epidemiologic studies.

Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: What Have We Learned from Experimental Models?

Human epidemiology suggests a protective effect of tomatoes or tomato phytochemicals, such as lycopene, on prostate cancer risk. However, human epidemiology alone cannot reveal causal relations. Laboratory animal models of prostate cancer provide opportunities to investigate hypotheses regarding dietary components in precisely controlled, experimental systems, contributing to our understanding of diet and cancer risk relations. We review the published studies evaluating the impact of tomatoes and/or lycopene in preclinical models of prostate carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. The feeding of tomatoes or tomato components demonstrates anti-prostate cancer activity in both transplantable xenograft models of tumorigenesis and models of chemically- and genetically-driven carcinogenesis. Feeding pure lycopene shows anticancer activity in most studies, although outcomes vary by model system, suggesting that the impact of pure lycopene can depend on dose, duration, and specific carcinogenic processes represented in different models. Nonetheless, studies with the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of carcinogenesis typically demonstrate similar bioactivity to that of tomato feeding. In general, interventions that commence earlier in carcinogenesis and are sustained tend to be more efficacious. Accumulated data suggest that lycopene is one, but perhaps not the only, anticancer bioactive compound in tomatoes. Although it is clear that tomatoes and lycopene have anti-prostate cancer activity in rodent models, major knowledge gaps remain in understanding dose-response relations and molecular mechanisms of action. Published and future findings from rodent studies can provide guidance for translational scientists to design and execute informative human clinical trials of prostate cancer prevention or in support of therapy.

Diverse AR-V7 cistromes in castration-resistant prostate cancer are governed by HoxB13.

The constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variant 7 (AR-V7) plays an important role in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although biomarker studies established the role of AR-V7 in resistance to AR-targeting therapies, how AR-V7 mediates genomic functions in CRPC remains largely unknown. Using a ChIP-exo approach, we show AR-V7 binds to distinct genomic regions and recognizes a full-length androgen-responsive element in CRPC cells and patient tissues. Remarkably, we find dramatic differences in AR-V7 cistromes across diverse CRPC cells and patient tissues, regulating different target gene sets involved in CRPC progression. Surprisingly, we discover that HoxB13 is universally required for and colocalizes with AR-V7 binding to open chromatin across CRPC genomes. HoxB13 pioneers AR-V7 binding through direct physical interaction, and collaborates with AR-V7 to up-regulate target oncogenes. Transcriptional coregulation by HoxB13 and AR-V7 was further supported by their coexpression in tumors and circulating tumor cells from CRPC patients. Importantly, HoxB13 silencing significantly decreases CRPC growth through inhibition of AR-V7 oncogenic function. These results identify HoxB13 as a pivotal upstream regulator of AR-V7-driven transcriptomes that are often cell context-dependent in CRPC, suggesting that HoxB13 may serve as a therapeutic target for AR-V7-driven prostate tumors.

Agonist and antagonist switch DNA motifs recognized by human androgen receptor in prostate cancer.

Human transcription factors recognize specific DNA sequence motifs to regulate transcription. It is unknown whether a single transcription factor is able to bind to distinctly different motifs on chromatin, and if so, what determines the usage of specific motifs. By using a motif-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) approach, we find that agonist-liganded human androgen receptor (AR) and antagonist-liganded AR bind to two distinctly different motifs, leading to distinct transcriptional outcomes in prostate cancer cells. Further analysis on clinical prostate tissues reveals that the binding of AR to these two distinct motifs is involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Together, these results suggest that unique ligands may switch DNA motifs recognized by ligand-dependent transcription factors in vivo. Our findings also provide a broad mechanistic foundation for understanding ligand-specific induction of gene expression profiles.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in ß-Carotene Oxygenase 1 are Associated with Plasma Lycopene Responses to a Tomato-Soy Juice Intervention in Men with Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Human plasma and tissue lycopene concentrations are heterogeneous even when consuming controlled amounts of tomato or lycopene. OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near known or putative carotenoid metabolism genes [ß-carotene 15,15' monooxygenase 1 (BCO1), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), apolipoprotein B-48, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), and an intergenic superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial-associated SNP] are predictive of plasma lycopene responses to steady state tomato juice consumption. METHODS: Secondary linear regression analyses of data from a dose-escalation study of prostate cancer patients [n = 47; mean ± SEM age: 60 ± 1 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 32 ± 1] consuming 0, 1, or 2 cans of tomato-soy juice/d (163 mL/can; 20.6 mg lycopene 1.2 mg ß-carotene/can) for 24 ± 0.7 d before prostatectomy were conducted to explore 11 SNP genotype effects on the change in plasma lycopene and plasma and prostate tissue concentrations of lycopene, ß-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene. RESULTS: Two BCO1 SNP genotypes were significant predictors of the change in plasma lycopene, with SNP effects differing in magnitude and direction, depending on the level of juice intake (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.02; rs6564851 × diet group P = 0.046). Further analyses suggested that plasma ß-carotene changes were predicted by BCO1 rs12934922 (P < 0.01), prostate lycopene by trending interaction and main effects of BCO1 SNPs (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.09; rs12934922 P = 0.02; rs6564851 P = 0.053), and prostate ß-carotene by BCO1 SNP interaction and main effects (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.01; rs12934922 P < 0.01; rs7501331 P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, SNPs in BCO1 and other genes may modulate human plasma and prostate tissue responses to dietary lycopene intake and warrant validation in larger, human controlled feeding intervention and cohort studies. Genetic variants related to carotenoid metabolism may partially explain heterogeneous human blood and tissue responses and may be critical covariates for population studies and clinical trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01009736.

Effects of a Group-Mediated Exercise and Dietary Intervention in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Results From the IDEA-P Trial.

Background: Although androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the foundation of treatment for prostate cancer, the physiological impacts of ADT result in functional decline and enhanced risk of chronic disease and metabolic syndrome. Purpose: The Individualized Diet and Exercise Adherence Pilot Trial (IDEA-P) is a single-blind, randomized, pilot trial comparing the effects of a group-mediated, cognitive-behavioral (GMCB) exercise and dietary intervention (EX+D) with those of a standard-of-care (SC) control during the treatment of prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT. Methods: A total of 32 prostate cancer patients (M age = 66.28, SD = 7.79) undergoing ADT were randomly assigned to the 12-week EX+D intervention (n = 16) or control (n = 16). The primary outcome in IDEA-P was change in mobility performance with secondary outcomes including body composition and muscular strength. Blinded assessment of outcomes were obtained at baseline and at 2- and 3-month follow-ups. Results: Favorable adherence and retention rates were observed, and no serious intervention-related adverse events were documented. Intent-to-treat ANCOVA controlling for baseline value and ADT duration demonstrated that EX+D resulted in significantly greater improvements in mobility performance (p < .02), muscular strength (p < .01), body fat percentage (p < .05), and fat mass (p < .03) at 3-month follow-up, relative to control. Conclusion: Findings from the IDEA-P trial suggest that a GMCB-based EX+D intervention resulted in significant, clinically meaningful improvements in mobility performance, muscular strength, and body composition, relative to controls. Collectively, these results suggest that the EX+D was a safe and well-tolerated intervention for prostate cancer patients on ADT. The utility of implementing this approach in the treatment of prostate cancer patients on ADT should be evaluated in future large-scale efficacy trials. Clinical Trial information: NCT02050906.

Mice lacking ß-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase exhibit reduced serum testosterone, prostatic androgen receptor signaling, and prostatic cellular proliferation.

ß-Carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) cleaves dietary carotenoids at the central 15,15' double bond, most notably acting on ß-carotene to yield retinal. However, Bco1 disruption also impacts diverse physiological end points independent of dietary carotenoid feeding, including expression of genes controlling androgen metabolism. Using the Bco1-/- mouse model, we sought to probe the effects of Bco1 disruption on testicular steroidogenesis, prostatic androgen signaling, and prostatic proliferation. Male wild-type (WT) and Bco1-/- mice were raised on carotenoid-free AIN-93G diets before euthanasia between 10 and 14 wk of age. Weights of the prostate and seminal vesicles were significantly lower in Bco1-/- than in WT mice (-18% and -29%, respectively). Serum testosterone levels in Bco1-/- mice were significantly reduced by 73%. Bco1 disruption significantly reduced Leydig cell number and decreased testicular mRNA expression of Hsd17b3, suggesting inhibition of testicular testosterone synthesis. Immunofluorescent staining of the androgen receptor (AR) in the dorsolateral prostate lobes of Bco1-/- mice revealed a decrease in AR nuclear localization. Analysis of prostatic morphology suggested decreases in gland size and secretion. These findings were supported by reduced expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 in Bco1-/- prostates. Expression analysis of 200 prostate cancer- and androgen-related genes suggested that Bco1 loss significantly disrupted prostatic androgen receptor signaling, cell cycle progression, and proliferation. This is the first demonstration that Bco1 disruption lowers murine circulating testosterone levels and thereby reduces prostatic androgen receptor signaling and prostatic cellular proliferation, further supporting the role of this protein in processes more diverse than carotenoid cleavage.

Proteomic profiling identifies specific histone species associated with leukemic and cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Chromatin is an extraordinarily complex structure. Much of this complexity results from the presence of numerous histone post-translational modifications and histone variants. Alterations in the patterns of histone post-translational modifications are emerging as a feature of many types of cancer and have been shown to have prognostic value. RESULTS: We have applied a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based approach to comprehensively characterize the histone proteome in primary samples from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, as well as bladder and breast cancer cell culture models. When compared to non-malignant CD19+ B cells from healthy donors, the CLL histone proteome showed a distinct signature of differentially expressed species, spanning all the histones studied and including both post-translationally modified species and unmodified, non-allelic replication-dependent histone isoforms. However, the large changes in histone H3 and H4 that are characteristic of many cancer types were not observed. One of species of H2A (mass = 14,063 Da) was the most strongly associated with time to treatment in CLL patients. CLL patient samples also demonstrated histone profiles that were distinct from those of the bladder and breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Signatures of histone profiles are complex and can distinguish between healthy individuals and CLL patients and may provide prognostic markers. In addition, histone profiles may define tissue specific malignancies.

Extra-prostatic transgene-associated neoplastic lesions in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice.

Male transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice are frequently used in prostate cancer research because their prostates consistently develop a series of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Disease progression in TRAMP mouse prostates culminates in metastatic, poorly differentiated carcinomas with neuroendocrine features. The androgen dependence of the rat probasin promoter largely limits transgene expression to the prostatic epithelium. However, extra-prostatic transgene-positive lesions have been described in TRAMP mice, including renal tubuloacinar carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urethra, and phyllodes-like tumors of the seminal vesicle. Here, we describe the histologic and immunohistochemical features of 2 novel extra-prostatic lesions in TRAMP mice: primary anaplastic tumors of uncertain cell origin in the midbrain and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the submandibular salivary gland. These newly characterized tumors apparently result from transgene expression in extra-prostatic locations rather than representing metastatic prostate neoplasms because lesions were identified in both male and female mice and in male TRAMP mice without histologically apparent prostate tumors. In this article, we also calculate the incidences of the urethral carcinomas and renal tubuloacinar carcinomas, further elucidate the biological behavior of the urethral carcinomas, and demonstrate the critical importance of complete necropsies even when evaluating presumably well characterized phenotypes in genetically engineered mice.

Increasing the complexity of chromatin: functionally distinct roles for replication-dependent histone H2A isoforms in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis.

Replication-dependent histones are encoded by multigene families found in several large clusters in the human genome and are thought to be functionally redundant. However, the abundance of specific replication-dependent isoforms of histone H2A is altered in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Similar changes in the abundance of H2A isoforms are also associated with the proliferation and tumorigenicity of bladder cancer cells. To determine whether these H2A isoforms can perform distinct functions, expression of several H2A isoforms was reduced by siRNA knockdown. Reduced expression of the HIST1H2AC locus leads to increased rates of cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. We also observe that regulation of replication-dependent histone H2A expression can occur on a gene-specific level. Specific replication-dependent histone H2A genes are either up- or downregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor tissue samples. In addition, discreet elements are identified in the 5' untranslated region of the HIST1H2AC locus that confer translational repression. Taken together, these results indicate that replication-dependent histone isoforms can possess distinct cellular functions and that regulation of these isoforms may play a role in carcinogenesis.

ß-Carotene-9',10'-oxygenase status modulates the impact of dietary tomato and lycopene on hepatic nuclear receptor-, stress-, and metabolism-related gene expression in mice.

Tomato and lycopene (ψ,ψ-carotene) consumption is hypothesized to protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocarcinogenesis, processes that may depend upon diet and gene interactions. To investigate the interaction of tomato or lycopene feeding with ß-carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (Bco2) on hepatic metabolic and signaling pathways, male wild-type (WT) and Bco2(-/-) mice (3-wk-old; n = 36) were fed semi-purified control, 10% tomato powder-containing, or 0.25% lycopene beadlet-containing diets for 3 wk. Serum lycopene concentrations were higher in lycopene- and tomato-fed Bco2(-/-) mice compared with WT (P = 0.03). Tomato- and lycopene-fed mice had detectable hepatic apolipoprotein (apo)-6'-, apo-8'-, and apo-12'-lycopenal concentrations. Hepatic expression of ß-carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase was increased in Bco2(-/-) mice compared with WT (P = 0.02), but not affected by diet. Evaluation of hepatic gene expression by focused quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction arrays for nuclear receptors and coregulators (84 genes) and stress and metabolism (82 genes) genes indicates that tomato feeding affected 31 genes (≥1.5-fold, P < 0.05) and lycopene feeding affected 19 genes, 16 of which were affected by both diets. Lycopene down-regulation of 7 nuclear receptors and coregulators, estrogen-related receptor-α, histone deacetylase 3, nuclear receptor coactivator 4, RevErbA-ß, glucocorticoid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, and PPAR-γ, coactivator 1 ß was dependent upon interaction with Bco2 status. Lycopene and tomato feeding induced gene expression patterns consistent with decreased lipid uptake, decreased cell proliferation and mitosis, down-regulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, and decreased expression of genes involved in retinoid X receptor heterodimer activation. Tomato feeding also caused expression changes consistent with down-regulation of DNA synthesis and terpenoid metabolism. These data suggest tomato components, particularly lycopene, affect hepatic gene expression, potentially affecting hepatic responses to metabolic, infectious, or chemical stress.

Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveal Tomato Consumption Alters Hepatic Xenobiotic Metabolism and Induces Steroidal Alkaloid Metabolite Accumulation in Mice.

SCOPE: Tomato consumption is associated with many health benefits including lowered risk for developing certain cancers. It is hypothesized that tomato phytochemicals are transported to the liver and other tissues where they alter gene expression in ways that lead to favorable health outcomes. However, the effects of tomato consumption on mammalian liver gene expression and chemical profile are not well defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study hypothesizes that tomato consumption would alter mouse liver transcriptomes and metabolomes compared to a control diet. C57BL/6J mice (n = 11-12/group) are fed a macronutrient matched diet containing either 10% red tomato, 10% tangerine tomato, or no tomato powder for 6 weeks after weaning. RNA-Seq followed by gene set enrichment analyses indicates that tomato type and consumption, in general, altered expression of phase I and II xenobiotic metabolism genes. Untargeted metabolomics experiments reveal distinct clustering between control and tomato fed animals. Nineteen molecular formulas (representing 75 chemical features) are identified or tentatively identified as steroidal alkaloids and isomers of their phase I and II metabolites; many of which are reported for the first time in mammals. CONCLUSION: These data together suggest tomato consumption may impart benefits partly through enhancing detoxification potential.

Alterations of histone H1 phosphorylation during bladder carcinogenesis.

There is a crucial need for development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in human bladder carcinogenesis in order to personalize preventive and therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes. Epigenetic alterations, such as histone modifications, are implicated in the genetic dysregulation that is fundamental to carcinogenesis. Here we focus on profiling the histone modifications during the progression of bladder cancer. Histones were extracted from normal human bladder epithelial cells, an immortalized human bladder epithelial cell line (hTERT), and four human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, J82, T24, and UMUC3) ranging from superficial low-grade to invasive high-grade cancers. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling revealed a statistically significant increase in phosphorylation of H1 linker histones from normal human bladder epithelial cells to low-grade superficial to high-grade invasive bladder cancer cells. This finding was further validated by immunohistochemical staining of the normal epithelium and transitional cell cancer from human bladders. Cell cycle analysis of histone H1 phosphorylation by Western blotting showed an increase of phosphorylation from G0/G1 phase to M phase, again supporting this as a proliferative marker. Changes in histone H1 phosphorylation status may further clarify epigenetic changes during bladder carcinogenesis and provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or targets for future therapeutic interventions.

Resistance exercise interventions during and following cancer treatment: a systematic review.

Findings from prior systematic reviews suggest that exercise results in meaningful improvements in many clinically relevant physiologic and quality of life (QOL) outcomes during and following cancer treatment. However, the majority of exercise-cancer studies have focused upon the benefits of aerobic exercise (AE) and knowledge of the efficacy of resistance exercise (RE) alone as a supportive care intervention for cancer patients and survivors remains limited. Consequently, the purpose of this review was to provide the first systematic evaluation of the effects of RE alone upon clinically relevant physiologic and QOL outcomes during and following cancer treatment. Literature searches were conducted to identify studies examining RE interventions in cancer patients and survivors. Data were extracted on physiologic (fitness, physical function, and body composition) and QOL (fatigue, psychological well-being, and cancer-specific and global QOL outcomes. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for each outcome. A total of 15 studies (6 in samples undergoing active cancer treatment and 9 in samples having completed cancer treatment) involving 1,077 participants met the inclusion criteria. Findings revealed that, on average, RE resulted in large effect-size improvements in muscular strength (d = 0.86), moderate effect-size improvements in physical function (d = 0.66), and small effect-size improvements in body composition (d = 0.28) and QOL (d = 0.25) outcomes. The effect sizes observed following RE are comparable in magnitude to the effects of exercise interventions reported in prior comprehensive reviews of the exercise-cancer literature which primarily focused upon AE. Additionally, the methodologic quality of the studies was generally strong. Taken collectively, results of this systematic review suggest that RE is a promising supportive care intervention that results in meaningful improvements in clinically relevant physiologic and QOL outcomes during and following cancer treatment.

Tomato-based food products for prostate cancer prevention: what have we learned?

Evidence derived from a vast array of laboratory studies and epidemiological investigations have implicated diets rich in fruits and vegetables with a reduced risk of certain cancers. However, these approaches cannot demonstrate causal relationships and there is a paucity of randomized, controlled trials due to the difficulties involved with executing studies of food and behavioral change. Rather than pursuing the definitive intervention trials that are necessary, the thrust of research in recent decades has been driven by a reductionist approach focusing upon the identification of bioactive components in fruits and vegetables with the subsequent development of single agents using a pharmacologic approach. At this point in time, there are no chemopreventive strategies that are standard of care in medical practice that have resulted from this approach. This review describes an alternative approach focusing upon development of tomato-based food products for human clinical trials targeting cancer prevention and as an adjunct to therapy. Tomatoes are a source of bioactive phytochemicals and are widely consumed. The phytochemical pattern of tomato products can be manipulated to optimize anticancer activity through genetics, horticultural techniques, and food processing. The opportunity to develop a highly consistent tomato-based food product rich in anticancer phytochemicals for clinical trials targeting specific cancers, particularly the prostate, necessitates the interactive transdisciplinary research efforts of horticulturalists, food technologists, cancer biologists, and clinical translational investigators.

Inhibition of androgen/AR signaling inhibits diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced tumour initiation and remodels liver immune cell networks.

A promotional role for androgen receptor (AR) signaling in hepatocellular carcinogenesis is emerging. In pre-clinical models, including diethylnitrosamine- (DEN-) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), anti-androgen therapies delay hepatocarcinogenesis. However, pharmacologic anti-androgen therapy in advanced HCC patients fails, suggesting that AR plays a role in HCC onset. This study aims to characterize AR expression and function throughout DEN-induced liver inflammation and carcinogenesis and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic AR antagonism to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. We demonstrate that pharmacologic AR antagonism with enzalutamide inhibits hepatocellular carcinogenesis. With enzalutamide treatment, we observe decreased CYP2E1 expression, reducing DEN-induced hepatocyte death and DNA ethyl-adducts. AR protein expression analyses show that DEN causes an initial upregulation of AR in portal fibroblasts and leukocytes, but not hepatocytes, suggesting that hepatocyte-autonomous AR signaling is not essential for DEN-induced carcinogenesis. Ablating androgen signaling by surgical castration reduced pre-carcinogen Kupffer cell populations but did not alter DEN-mediated immune cell recruitment nor AR expression. In this study, we identified that anti-androgen interventions modulate mutagenic DNA adducts, tumour initiation, and immune cell composition. Additionally, we find that AR expression in hepatocytes is not present during nor required for early DEN-mediated carcinogenesis.

Celecoxib reduces the effects of acute and chronic UVB exposure in mice treated with therapeutically relevant immunosuppressive drugs.

Solid organ transplant recipients have a greatly increased risk for the development of non-melanoma skin cancers. We have previously shown in our mouse model that sirolimus given in combination with cyclosporine A resulted in fewer and smaller tumors than cyclosporine A alone. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib applied topically after UVB exposure would further reduce UVB induced skin cancer in mice treated with cyclosporine A and sirolimus. The effect of celecoxib treatment on acute inflammation, initiation/promotion and tumor development was examined through a set of four experiments. Delayed tumor onset was observed in both tumor development experiments. Reduced tumor size and number compared to vehicle was observed when CX was administered concurrently with UVB and when CX was administered after cessation of UVB treatments, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 was confirmed to be significantly reduced in the dorsal skin of mice concurrently treated with immunosuppressants, CX and UVB for 13 weeks, suggesting a reduction in the inflammatory response could be the mechanism by which CX reduced tumorigenesis. Furthermore, topical celecoxib treatment following acute UVB exposure reduced dermal neutrophil number and activity compared to vehicle. In all of these experiments, unirradiated and vehicle treated mice were utilized as controls. In conclusion, these data suggest that even in the presence of cyclosporine A and sirolimus, topical celecoxib treatment can result in reduced inflammation, tumor number and size; properties which may be beneficial in the therapeutic reduction of skin cancer development in solid organ transplant recipients.

Prostate Cancer Cell Phenotypes Remain Stable Following PDE5 Inhibition in the Clinically Relevant Range.

Widespread cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor use in male reproductive health and particularly in prostate cancer patients following surgery has generated interest in how these drugs affect the ability of residual tumor cells to proliferate, migrate, and form recurrent colonies. Prostate cancer cell lines were treated with PDE5 inhibitors at clinically relevant concentrations. Proliferation, colony formation, and migration phenotypes remained stable even when cells were co-treated with a stimulator of cGMP synthesis that facilitated cGMP accumulation upon PDE5 inhibition. Surprisingly, supraclinical concentrations of PDE5 inhibitor counteracted proliferation, colony formation, and migration of prostate cancer cell models. These findings provide tumor cell-autonomous evidence in support of the field's predominant view that PDE5 inhibitors are safe adjuvant agents to promote functional recovery of normal tissue after prostatectomy, but do not rule out potential cancer-promoting effects of PDE5 inhibitors in the more complex environment of the prostate.