Comparative predictors of mortality among patients referred for stress single-photon emission computed tomography versus positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging.

BACKGROUND: There is currently little information regarding the usage and comparative predictors of mortality among patients referred for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) versus positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) within multimodality imaging laboratories. METHODS: We compared the clinical characteristics and mortality outcomes among 15,718 patients referred for SPECT-MPI and 6202 patients referred for PET-MPI between 2008 and 2017. RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds of MPI studies were performed using SPECT-MPI. The PET-MPI group was substantially older and included more patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial ischemia. The annualized mortality rate was also higher in the PET-MPI group, and this difference persisted after propensity matching 3615 SPECT-MPI and 3615 PET-MPI patients to have similar clinical profiles. Among the SPECT-MPI patients, the most potent predictor of mortality was exercise ability and performance, including consideration of patients' mode of stress testing and exercise duration. Among the PET-MPI patients, myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was the most potent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In our real-world setting, PET-MPI was more commonly employed among older patients with more cardiac risk factors than SPECT-MPI patients. The most potent predictors of mortality in our SPECT and PET-MPI groups were variables exclusive to each test: exercise ability/capacity for SPECT-MPI patients and MFR for PET-MPI patients.

Emerging Role of Scintigraphy Using Bone-Seeking Tracers for Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Amyloidoses are a complex group of clinical diseases that result from progressive organ dysfunction due to extracellular protein misfolding and deposition. The two most common types of cardiac amyloidosis are transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Diagnosis of ATTR cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is challenging owing to its phenotypic similarity to other more common cardiac conditions, the perceived rarity of the disease, and unfamiliarity with its diagnostic algorithms; endomyocardial biopsy was historically required for diagnosis. However, myocardial scintigraphy using bone-seeking tracers has shown high accuracy for detection of ATTR-CM and has become a key noninvasive diagnostic test for the condition, receiving support from professional society guidelines and transforming prior diagnostic paradigms. This AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review describes the role of myocardial scintigraphy using bone-seeking tracers in the diagnosis of ATTR-CM. The article summarizes available tracers, acquisition techniques, interpretation and reporting considerations, diagnostic pitfalls, and gaps in the current literature. The critical need for monoclonal testing of patients with positive scintigraphy results to differentiate ATTR-CM from AL cardiac amyloidosis is highlighted. Recent updates in guideline recommendations that emphasize the importance of a qualitative visual assessment are also discussed.

Development and validation of ischemia risk scores.

BACKGROUND: The likelihood of ischemia on myocardial perfusion imaging is central to physician decisions regarding test selection, but dedicated risk scores are lacking. We derived and validated two novel ischemia risk scores to support physician decision making. METHODS: Risk scores were derived using 15,186 patients and validated with 2,995 patients from a different center. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with ischemia to derive point-based and calculated ischemia scores. Predictive performance for ischemia was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared with the CAD consortium basic and clinical models. RESULTS: During derivation, the calculated ischemia risk score (0.801) had higher AUC compared to the point-based score (0.786, p < 0.001). During validation, the calculated ischemia score (0.716, 95% CI 0.684- 0.748) had higher AUC compared to the point-based ischemia score (0.699, 95% CI 0.666- 0.732, p = 0.016) and the clinical CAD model (AUC 0.667, 95% CI 0.633- 0.701, p = 0.002). Calibration for both ischemia scores was good in both populations (Brier score  < 0.100). CONCLUSIONS: We developed two novel risk scores for predicting probability of ischemia on MPI which demonstrated high accuracy during model derivation and in external testing. These scores could support physician decisions regarding diagnostic testing strategies.

Decline in typical angina among patients referred for cardiac stress testing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate temporal trends in the prevalence of typical angina and its clinical correlates among patients referred for stress/rest SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence of chest pain symptoms and their relationship to inducible myocardial ischemia among 61,717 patients undergoing stress/rest SPECT-MPI between January 2, 1991 and December 31, 2017. We also assessed the relationship between chest pain symptom and angiographic findings among 6,579 patients undergoing coronary CT angiography between 2011 and 2017. RESULTS: The prevalence of typical angina among SPECT-MPI patients declined from 16.2% between 1991 and 1997 to 3.1% between 2011 and 2017, while the prevalence of dyspnea without any chest pain increased from 5.9 to 14.5% over the same period. The frequency of inducible myocardial ischemia declined over time within all symptom groups, but its frequency among current patients (2011-2017) with typical angina was approximately three-fold higher versus other symptom groups (28.4% versus 8.6%, p < 0.001). Overall, patients with typical angina had a higher prevalence of obstructive CAD on CCTA than those with other clinical symptoms, but 33.3% of typical angina patients had no coronary stenoses, 31.1% had 1-49% stenoses, and 35.4% had ≥ 50% stenoses. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of typical angina has declined to a very low level among contemporary patients referred for noninvasive cardiac tests. The angiographic findings among current typical angina patients are now quite heterogeneous, with one-third of such patients having normal coronary angiograms. However, typical angina remains associated with a substantially higher frequency of inducible myocardial ischemia compared to patients with other cardiac symptoms.

Increasing frequency of dyspnea among patients referred for cardiac stress testing.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency, change in prevalence, and prognostic significance of dyspnea among contemporary patients referred for cardiac stress testing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence of dyspnea and its relationship to all-cause mortality among 33,564 patients undergoing stress/rest SPECT-MPI between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2017. Dyspnea was assessed as a single-item question. Patients were divided into three temporal groups. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dyspnea in our cohort was 30.2%. However, there was a stepwise increase in the temporal prevalence of dyspnea, which was present in 25.6% of patients studied between 2002 and 2006, 30.5% of patients studied between 2007 and 2011, and 38.7% of patients studied between 2012 and 2017. There was a temporal increase in the prevalence of dyspnea in each age, symptom, and risk factor subgroup. The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was higher among patients with dyspnea vs those without dyspnea both among all patients, and within each chest pain subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Dyspnea has become increasingly prevalent among patients referred for cardiac stress testing and is now present among nearly two-fifths of contemporary cohorts referred for stress-rest SPECT-MPI. Prospective study is needed to standardize the assessment of dyspnea and evaluate the reasons for its increasing prevalence.

Design, methodology and baseline characteristics of the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD).

A significant number of women with signs and symptoms of ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) have coronary vascular dysfunction detected by invasive coronary reactivity testing (CRT). However, the noninvasive assessment of coronary vascular dysfunction has been limited. METHODS: The Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) was a prospective study of women with suspected INOCA aimed to investigate whether (1) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) abnormalities in left ventricular morphology and function and myocardial perfusion predict CRT measured coronary microvascular dysfunction, (2) these persistent CMRI abnormalities at 1-year follow-up predict persistent symptoms of ischemia, and (3) these CMRI abnormalities predict cardiovascular outcomes. By design, a sample size of 375 women undergoing clinically indicated invasive coronary angiography for suspected INOCA was projected to complete baseline CMRI, a priori subgroup of 200 clinically indicated CRTs, and a priori subgroup of 200 repeat 1-year follow-up CMRIs. RESULTS: A total of 437 women enrolled between 2008 and 2015, 374 completed baseline CMRI, 279 completed CRT, and 214 completed 1-year follow-up CMRI. Mean age was 55±â€¯11 years, 93% had 20%-50% coronary stenosis, and 7% had <20% stenosis by angiography. CONCLUSIONS: The WISE-CVD study investigates the utility of noninvasive CMRI to predict coronary vascular dysfunction in comparison to invasive CRT, and the prognostic value of CMRI abnormalities for persistent symptoms of ischemia and cardiovascular outcomes in women with INOCA. WISE-CVD will provide new understanding of a noninvasive imaging modality for future clinical trials.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of late Na current inhibition (ranolazine) in coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD): impact on angina and myocardial perfusion reserve.

AIMS: The mechanistic basis of the symptoms and signs of myocardial ischaemia in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and evidence of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to mechanistically test short-term late sodium current inhibition (ranolazine) in such subjects on angina, myocardial perfusion reserve index, and diastolic filling. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, mechanistic trial in subjects with evidence of CMD [invasive coronary reactivity testing or non-invasive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI)]. Short-term oral ranolazine 500-1000 mg twice daily for 2 weeks vs. placebo. Angina measured by Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) and SAQ-7 (co-primaries), diary angina (secondary), stress MPRI, diastolic filling, quality of life (QoL). Of 128 (96% women) subjects, no treatment differences in the outcomes were observed. Peak heart rate was lower during pharmacological stress during ranolazine (-3.55 b.p.m., P < 0.001). The change in SAQ-7 directly correlated with the change in MPRI (correlation 0.25, P = 0.005). The change in MPRI predicted the change in SAQ QoL, adjusted for body mass index (BMI), prior myocardial infarction, and site (P = 0.0032). Low coronary flow reserve (CFR <2.5) subjects improved MPRI (P < 0.0137), SAQ angina frequency (P = 0.027), and SAQ-7 (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In this mechanistic trial among symptomatic subjects, no obstructive CAD, short-term late sodium current inhibition was not generally effective for SAQ angina. Angina and myocardial perfusion reserve changes were related, supporting the notion that strategies to improve ischaemia should be tested in these subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01342029.

Role of Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Women with Suspected Ischemia but No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is often a diagnostic dilemma in women. The use of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) for advanced diagnostic assessment in these patients is a non-ionizing radiation option, but the diagnostic utility in this population is unknown. We examined the diagnostic role of stress CMRI in our patient population of these women. METHODS: We analyzed 113 consecutive female patients from 2/2006-11/2007 who had prior cardiac evaluations for signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive CAD who underwent stress CMRI, which included anatomic, functional, adenosine stress perfusion and delayed enhancement imaging. RESULTS: The population demographics of 113 women included a mean age of 55±12.2 years with an average body mass index (BMI) of 25 ± 4.5. Overall, 43% had hypertension, 4% had diabetes and 3% were smokers. Overall, 80/113 (70%) demonstrated abnormal stress CMRI results. The majority of patients demonstrated findings consistent with subendocardial perfusion abnormalities suggestive of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Of note, 3 patients (4%) were diagnosed with congenital coronary anomalies or cardiomyopathy not detected in prior cardiac evaluations. CONCLUSION: Among women with signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive CAD, stress CMRI is frequently abnormal and is valuable in diagnosis of CMD. Stress CMRI appears useful for advanced diagnostic assessment in these diagnostically challenged patients.

Myocardial steatosis as a possible mechanistic link between diastolic dysfunction and coronary microvascular dysfunction in women.

Women with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) have increased rates of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The mechanisms of HFpEF are not well understood. Ectopic fat deposition in the myocardium, termed myocardial steatosis, is frequently associated with diastolic dysfunction in other metabolic diseases. We investigated the prevalence of myocardial steatosis and diastolic dysfunction in women with CMD and subclinical HFpEF. In 13 women, including eight reference controls and five women with CMD and evidence of subclinical HFpEF (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure >12 mmHg), we measured myocardial triglyceride content (TG) and diastolic function, by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance tissue tagging, respectively. When compared with reference controls, women with CMD had higher myocardial TG content (0.83 ± 0.12% vs. 0.43 ± 0.06%; P = 0.025) and lower diastolic circumferential strain rate (168 ± 12 vs. 217 ± 15%/s; P = 0.012), with myocardial TG content correlating inversely with diastolic circumferential strain rate (r = -0.779; P = 0.002). This study provides proof-of-concept that myocardial steatosis may play an important mechanistic role in the development of diastolic dysfunction in women with CMD and no obstructive CAD. Detailed longitudinal studies are warranted to explore specific treatment strategies targeting myocardial steatosis and its effect on diastolic function.

Quantification of myocardial blood flow using non-electrocardiogram-triggered MRI with three-slice coverage.

PURPOSE: Accurate quantification of myocardial perfusion is dependent on reliable electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering. Measuring myocardial blood flow (MBF) in patients with arrhythmias or poor ECGs is currently infeasible with MR. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a non-ECG-triggered method with clinically useful three-slice ventricular coverage for measurement of MBF in healthy volunteers. METHODS: A saturation recovery magnetization-prepared gradient recalled echo acquisition was continuously repeated during first-pass imaging. A slice-interleaved radial trajectory was employed to enable image-based retrospective triggering. The arterial input function was generated using a beat-by-beat T1 estimation method. The proposed technique was validated against a conventional ECG-triggered dual-bolus technique in 10 healthy volunteers. The technique was further demonstrated under adenosine stress in 12 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The proposed method produced MBF with no significant difference compared with the ECG-triggered technique. The proposed method yielded mean myocardial perfusion reserve comparable to published literature. CONCLUSION: We have developed a non-ECG-triggered quantitative perfusion imaging method. In this preliminary study, our results demonstrate that our method yields comparable MBF compared with the conventional ECG-triggered method and that it is feasible for stress imaging.

Quantification of myocardial blood flow using non-ECG-triggered MR imaging.

PURPOSE: MR myocardial perfusion imaging is dependent on reliable electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering for accurate measurement of myocardial blood flow (MBF). A non-ECG-triggered method for quantitative first-pass imaging may improve clinical feasibility in patients with poor ECG signal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a non-ECG-triggered method for myocardial perfusion imaging in a single slice. METHODS: The proposed non-ECG-triggered technique uses a saturation-recovery magnetization preparation and golden-angle radial acquisition for integrated arterial input function (AIF) measurement. Image based self-gating with a temporal resolution of 42.6 ms is used to generate a first-pass image series with consistent cardiac phase. The AIF is measured using beat-by-beat T1 estimation of the ventricular blood pool. The proposed technique was performed on 14 healthy volunteers and compared against a conventional ECG-triggered dual-bolus acquisition. RESULTS: The proposed method produced MBF with no significant difference compared with ECG-triggered technique (mean of 0.63 ± 0.22 mL/min/g to 0.73 ± 0.21 mL/min/g). CONCLUSION: We have developed a non-ECG-triggered perfusion imaging method with T1 based measurement of the AIF in a single slice. In this preliminary study, our results demonstrate that MBF measured using the proposed method is comparable to the conventional ECG-triggered method.

Tricuspid Regurgitation, the Forgotten Valvular Lesion-A Contemporary Review of Etiology, Prevalence, and Management Options.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding. Pathologic TR is an independent risk factor for mortality. TR can be classified by etiology into functional versus organic. Organic TR is caused by structural damage to the tricuspid valve (TV) by a spectrum of etiologies, including pacemaker leads and right heart biopsies, whereas functional TR is predominantly due to elevated pulmonary pressures. Atrial fibrillation and chamber enlargement, among other risk factors, are strong predictors of functional TR. Correction of elevated pulmonary pressures improves TR, and concurrent repair of severe TR at the time of left heart valve surgery improves postoperative heart failure symptoms but does not improve survival. TR repair is associated with less operative and long-term mortality than TV replacement, and demonstrates similar improvements in heart failure symptoms. Substantial residual TR remains after repair, and reoperative mortality for residual TR is considerable. Percutaneous TV replacement may offer a rescue strategy.

Quantitative high-efficiency cadmium-zinc-telluride SPECT with dedicated parallel-hole collimation system in obese patients: results of a multi-center study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a common source of artifact on conventional SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We evaluated image quality and diagnostic performance of high-efficiency (HE) cadmium-zinc-telluride parallel-hole SPECT MPI for coronary artery disease (CAD) in obese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: 118 consecutive obese patients at three centers (BMI 43.6 ± 8.9 kg·m(-2), range 35-79.7 kg·m(-2)) had upright/supine HE-SPECT and invasive coronary angiography > 6 months (n = 67) or low likelihood of CAD (n = 51). Stress quantitative total perfusion deficit (TPD) for upright (U-TPD), supine (S-TPD), and combined acquisitions (C-TPD) was assessed. Image quality (IQ; 5 = excellent; < 3 nondiagnostic) was compared among BMI 35-39.9 (n = 58), 40-44.9 (n = 24) and ≥45 (n = 36) groups. ROC curve area for CAD detection (≥50% stenosis) for U-TPD, S-TPD, and C-TPD were 0.80, 0.80, and 0.87, respectively. Sensitivity/specificity was 82%/57% for U-TPD, 74%/71% for S-TPD, and 80%/82% for C-TPD. C-TPD had highest specificity (P = .02). C-TPD normalcy rate was higher than U-TPD (88% vs 75%, P = .02). Mean IQ was similar among BMI 35-39.9, 40-44.9 and ≥45 groups [4.6 vs 4.4 vs 4.5, respectively (P = .6)]. No patient had a nondiagnostic stress scan. CONCLUSIONS: In obese patients, HE-SPECT MPI with dedicated parallel-hole collimation demonstrated high image quality, normalcy rate, and diagnostic accuracy for CAD by quantitative analysis of combined upright/supine acquisitions.

Whole-heart coronary MRA with 100% respiratory gating efficiency: self-navigated three-dimensional retrospective image-based motion correction (TRIM).

PURPOSE: To develop a three-dimensional retrospective image-based motion correction technique for whole-heart coronary MRA with self-navigation that eliminates both the need to setup a diaphragm navigator and gate the acquisition. METHODS: The proposed technique uses one-dimensional self-navigation to track the superior-inferior translation of the heart, with which the acquired three-dimensional radial k-space data is segmented into different respiratory bins. Respiratory motion is then estimated in image space using an affine transform model and subsequently this information is used to perform efficient motion correction in k-space. The performance of the proposed technique on healthy volunteers is compared with the conventional navigator gating approach as well as data binning using diaphragm navigator. RESULTS: The proposed method is able to reduce the imaging time to 7.1±0.5 min from 13.9±2.6 min with conventional navigator gating. The scan setup time is reduced as well due to the elimination of the navigator. The proposed method yields excellent image quality comparable with either conventional navigator gating or the navigator binning approach. CONCLUSION: We have developed a new respiratory motion correction technique for coronary MRA that enables 1 mm(3) isotropic resolution and whole-heart coverage with 7 min of scan time. Further tests on patient population are needed to determine its clinical usage.

Improved quantification of myocardial blood flow using highly constrained back projection reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To improve quantification of myocardial blood flow using a fast T1 mapping technique using highly constrained back projection reconstruction (HYPR)-accelerated acquisition. METHODS: A major source of error in the measurement of myocardial blood flow (MBF) using MRI is the nonlinear relationship between image signal intensity and contrast agent (CA) concentration. HYPR-accelerated radial acquisition was used to generate pixel-wise T1 maps with a temporal resolution of one heartbeat. HYPR produces images with a temporal footprint of 40 ms and four images within 188 ms. T1 values were converted into CA concentrations by the known linear relationship between CA concentration and T1 . The T1 mapping technique was used to quantify MBF in 10 healthy subjects and compared with MBF found using image signal intensity as well as MBF reported in the literature. RESULTS: The MBF measured using the proposed method was more consistent with that previously reported in the literature and was significantly lower (P = 0.002) than that calculated using image signal intensity (1.11 ± 0.27 mL/min/g versus 1.88 ± 0.45 mL/min/g, respectively). CONCLUSION: We developed a fast T1 mapping method for MBF quantification using radial sampling and HYPR. Further validation is required to determine its clinical value in assessing myocardial perfusion deficit in coronary artery disease.

Two-position supine/prone myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) imaging improves visual inter-observer correlation and agreement.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the inter-observer agreement between two experienced readers using supine vs combined supine/prone myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) in a large population. METHODS: 1,181 consecutive patients without known coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing rest (201)Tl/stress (99m)Tc-sestamibi MPS studies were evaluated. Visual reads were performed in two consecutive steps, with readers scoring the stress supine perfusion images during step 1 and rescoring the images using both supine/prone data during step 2. Visual summed stress scores (SSS) of two readers including regional scores in different vascular territories were compared. RESULTS: The specificity for both readers improved using combined supine/prone imaging (reader 1: 92% vs 86% [P = .0002], reader 2: 88% vs 72% [P < .0001]). The inter-observer correlation for SSS (0.90 vs 0.84, P < .0001) and inter-observer agreement for combined supine/prone reading (bias = 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.2 vs bias = 3.1, 95% CI 2.8-3.4, P < .0001) were significantly better as compared to supine-only reading. The overall correlation between SSS scores for two readers improved with supine/prone imaging for both genders, as well as in the left anterior descending and right coronary territories. CONCLUSION: The inter-observer correlation and agreement significantly improve using two-position supine/prone vs supine-only imaging.

Long-term mortality following normal exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT according to coronary disease risk factors.

BACKGROUND: While normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI) is a robust predictor of low short-term clinical risk, there is increasing interest in ascertaining how clinical factors influence long-term risk following SPECT-MPI. METHODS: We evaluated the predictors of outcome from clinical data obtained at the time of testing in 12,232 patients with normal exercise SPECT-MPI studies. All-cause mortality (ACM) was assessed at a mean of 11.2 ± 4.5 years using the Social Security Death Index. RESULTS: The ACM rate was 0.8%/year, but varied markedly according to the presence of CAD risk factors. Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, exercise capacity, dyspnea, obesity, higher resting heart rate, an abnormal ECG, LVH, atrial fibrillation, and LVEF < 45% were all predictors of increased mortality. Risk factors were synergistic in predicting mortality: annualized age and gender-adjusted ACM rates ranged from only 0.2%/year among patients exercising for >9 minutes having none of three significant risk factors (among hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) to 1.6%/year among patients exercising <6 minutes and having ≥ 2 of these three risk factors. The age and gender-adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was increased by 7.3 (95% confidence interval 5.5-9.7) in the latter patients compared to those patients who exercised >9 minutes and had no significant risk factors (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term mortality risk varies markedly in accordance with baseline CAD risk factors and functional capacity among patients with normal exercise SPECT-MPI studies. Further study is indicated to determine whether the prospective characterization of both short-term and long-term risks following the performance of stress SPECT-MPI leads to improved clinical management.

The ethnic and racial diversity of patients undergoing coronary artery calcium scanning.

BACKGROUND: While coronary artery calcium (CAC) CAC scanning has become increasingly used as a tool for primary cardiovascular disease prevention, there has been little study regarding its comparative utilization among ethnic and racial minorities. METHODS: We contrasted the temporal trends in the ethnoracial composition for 73,856 out-patients undergoing stress/rest radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) between 1991 and 2020 and 32,906 undergoing CAC scanning between 1998 and 2020. Both groups were divided into those below and above 65 years. Initial medical insurance claims were used to identify which patients self-paid for SPECT-MPI and CAC studies. RESULTS: Among stress-MPI patients <65 years, the prevalence of White patients declined from 85.5% to 54.0% over the temporal span of our study while the prevalence of Blacks increased from 7.2% to 15.1% and that of Hispanics from 2.3 to 21.6%. Increasing ethnoracial diversification was also noted for SPECT-MPI patients ≥65 years. By contrast, over four-fifths of CAC studies were performed in White patients in each temporal period among both younger and older patients. Among CAC patients <65 years, over 95% of studies were self-paid by patients. For CAC patients ≥65 years, nearly two-third of studies were first submitted to Medicare, but there was no difference in the ethnoracial composition in this group versus initial self-paying patients. CONCLUSIONS: While the ethnoracial diversity of patients undergoing SPECT-MPI markedly increased at our Institution over recent decades, CAC scanning has been disproportionately and consistently utilized by self-paying White patients. These findings highlight the need to make CAC scanning more available among ethnoracial minorities.

Self-reported exercise activity influences the relationship between coronary computed tomography angiographic finding and mortality.

AIM: Recent studies suggest that the application of exercise activity questionnaires, including the use of a single-item exercise question, can be additive to the prognostic efficacy of imaging findings. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic efficacy of exercise activity in patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed 9772 patients who underwent CCTA at a single center between 2007 and 2020. Patients were divided into 4 groups of physical activity as no exercise (n â€‹= â€‹1643, 17%), mild exercise (n â€‹= â€‹3156, 32%), moderate exercise (n â€‹= â€‹3542, 36%), and high exercise (n â€‹= â€‹1431,15%), based on a single-item self-reported questionnaire. Coronary stenosis was categorized as no (0%), non-obstructive (1-49%), borderline (50-69%), and obstructive (≥70%). During a median follow-up of 4.64 (IQR 1.53-7.89) years, 490 (7.6%) died. There was a stepwise inverse relationship between exercise activity and mortality (p â€‹< â€‹0.001). Compared with the high activity group, the no activity group had a 3-fold higher mortality risk (HR: 3.3, 95%CI (1.94-5.63), p â€‹< â€‹0.001) after adjustment for age, clinical risk factors, symptoms, and statin use. For any level of CCTA stenosis, mortality rates were inversely associated with the degree of patients' exercise activity. The risk of all-cause mortality was similar among the patients with obstructive stenosis with high exercise versus those with no coronary stenosis but no exercise activity (p â€‹= â€‹0.912). CONCLUSION: Physical activity as assessed by a single-item self-reported questionnaire is a strong stepwise inverse predictor of mortality risk among patients undergoing CCTA.