Essential Image Acquisition Protocols for Thoracic Ultrasonography.

Image acquisition is the technique of correct placement, holding, and manipulation of the ultrasound probe in an ultrasound examination for the purpose of answering a specific clinical question. We review the literature and discuss the image acquisition protocols used for thoracic ultrasound, explaining, where possible, the associated advantages, disadvantages, and alternatives. A better understanding of how to fine-tune image acquisition specifically for thoracic ultrasound will help physicians on all levels to standardise their practice and improve networking and collaboration. It will also lead to better-quality investigations and, potentially, new applications.

Recommendations for Lung Ultrasound in Internal Medicine.

A growing amount of evidence prompts us to update the first version of recommendations for lung ultrasound in internal medicine (POLLUS-IM) that was published in 2018. The recommendations were established in several stages, consisting of: literature review, assessment of literature data quality (with the application of QUADAS, QUADAS-2 and GRADE criteria) and expert evaluation carried out consistently with the modified Delphi method (three rounds of on-line discussions, followed by a secret ballot by the panel of experts after each completed discussion). Publications to be analyzed were selected from the following databases: Pubmed, Medline, OVID, and Embase. New reports published as of October 2019 were added to the existing POLLUS-IM database used for the original publication of 2018. Altogether, 528 publications were systematically reviewed, including 253 new reports published between September 2017 and October 2019. The new recommendations concern the following conditions and issues: pneumonia, heart failure, monitoring dialyzed patients' hydration status, assessment of pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism and diaphragm function assessment. POLLUS-IM 2020 recommendations were established primarily for clinicians who utilize lung ultrasound in their everyday clinical work.

Competence in thoracic ultrasound.

Ultrasound examination is traditionally considered a safe and repeatable exam, but its use is highly operator-dependent. Because of this, lack of sufficient operator skills could lead to diagnostic errors and damage to patient safety related to unnecessary tests or interventional procedures. The indications for lung ultrasound include: diagnosis, quantification, and follow-up of different conditions for which acute respiratory failure or chest pain are the main clinical presentation. Clinicians should have theoretical and practical knowledge on: physics and technology of ultrasound, indications and methodology of ultrasound examination, normal thoracic anatomy identification by echography, and detection of signs of pleuro-pulmonary pathology. Consequently, according to international recommendations, core basic skills and minimum training recommendations for the practice of medical ultrasound and image acquisition are needed to ensure competence of clinicians using ultrasound.

Mechanisms of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is a common condition, but many people still experience suboptimal control of symptoms despite measures such as allergen avoidance, intra-nasal steroids and antihistamines. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used for many years, but though many studies show clinical efficacy, its mechanism of action is still not clearly understood. Earlier studies showed changes in antibodies and it may be that SIT works through mechanisms that alter the ratio of 'protective' IgG4 to 'pro-allergenic' IgE. Other studies have shown a reduction in eosinophil migration to nasal mucosa as well as a reduction in inflammatory mediator release including basophil histamine release. More recent studies have proposed that SIT works through inhibition of T-helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2) which preferentially produce cytokines that promote allergic responses. SIT may cause a deviation from Th2 to Th1 (T-helper 1 lymphocytes) or may induce T-regulatory cells (T-regs) which inhibit Th2 responses directly or through inhibitory cytokines.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for end-stage emphysema: report on the first 98 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To report the first multicenter experience on the treatment of end-stage emphysema using an endobronchial valve (EBV) [Emphasys EBV; Emphasys Medical; Redwood City, CA]. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis from prospective multicenter registry. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: This is a study of the use of EBVs in the treatment of end-stage emphysema at nine centers in seven countries. Ninety-eight patients with mean FEV(1) of 0.9 +/- 0.3 L (30.1 +/- 10.7% of predicted) [+/- SD] and residual volume (RV) of 5.1 +/- 1.3 L (244.3 +/- 0.3% of predicted) were treated over a period of 20 months. Spirometry, plethysmography, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) and exercise tolerance testing were performed at 30 days and 90 days after the procedure. RESULTS: RV decreased by 4.9 +/- 17.4% (p = 0.025), FEV(1) increased by 10.7 +/- 26.2% (p = 0.007), FVC increased by 9.0 +/- 23.9% (p = 0.024), and 6-min walk distance increased by 23.0 + 55.3% (p = 0.001). There was a trend toward improvement in Dlco, but this did not reach statistical significance (17.2 +/- 52.0%, p = 0.063). Patients treated unilaterally showed a trend toward greater improvement than those treated bilaterally. A similar trend toward improvement was observed in patients who had one entire lobe treated compared to those with just one or two bronchopulmonary segments treated. Eight patients (8.2%) had serious complications in the first 90 days, including one death (1.0%). CONCLUSION: This multicenter analysis confirms that improvement in pulmonary function and exercise tolerance can be achieved in emphysematous patients using EBVs. Future efforts should be directed to determining how to select those patients who would benefit most from this procedure and the best endobronchial treatment strategy.

Do declarative titles affect readers' perceptions of research findings? A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Many journals prohibit the use of declarative titles that state study findings, yet a few journals encourage or even require them. We compared the effects of a declarative versus a descriptive title on readers' perceptions about the strength of evidence in a research abstract describing a randomized trial. METHODS: Study participants (medical or dental students or doctors attending lectures) read two abstracts describing studies of a fictitious treatment (Anticox) for a fictitious condition (Green's syndrome). The first abstract (A1) described an uncontrolled, 10-patient, case series, and the second (A2) described a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 48 patients. All participants rated identical A1 abstracts (with a descriptive title) to provide baseline ratings and thus reduce the effects of inter-individual variability. Participants were randomized so that half rated a version of A2 with a descriptive title and half with a declarative title. For each abstract, participants indicated their agreement with the statement "Anticox is an effective treatment for pain in Green's syndrome" using 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) ranging from "disagree completely" to "agree completely." VAS scores were measured by an investigator who was unaware of group allocation. RESULTS: One hundred forty-four participants from four centres completed the study. There was no significant difference between the declarative and the descriptive title groups' confidence in the study conclusions as expressed on VAS scales-in fact, the mean difference between A1 and A2 was smaller for the declarative title group than that for the descriptive title group (32.6 mm, SD 27.4 vs. 39.8 mm, SD 22.6, respectively, p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that the use of a declarative title affected readers' perceptions about study conclusions. This suggests that editors' fears that declarative titles might unduly influence readers' judgements about study conclusions may be unfounded, at least in relation to reports of randomized trials. However, our study design had several limitations, and our findings may not be generalizable to other situations.

Basic thoracic ultrasound for the respiratory physician.

Thoracic ultrasound (TUS) evolved in the last ten years as the method of choice for evaluating pleural abnormalities and for guiding lung procedures. TUS can "see" almost all structures in the chest, including thoracic wall, pleura, pleural space, the heart, the great vessels and the peripheral layers of the lungs. However, there is still a great need to develop TUS services in respiratory departments in Romania. To facilitate this development we reviewed the literature and selected what we considered to be essential practical information for the beginner in TUS, including technique, normal findings, and common abnormalities. Moreover, we describe here a step-by-step scanning technique for chest physicians. Our aim is to raise awareness of TUS. Because TUS is rapid, accurate, noninvasive and can be applied in any ward, we recommend facilitating the training of all junior respiratory doctors in this technique, as it is likely to improve patient experience, clinical effectiveness and to reduce costs with chest radiographs or CT scans in the future.

[The non-invasive ventilation protocol in use at the University Lewisham Hospital--London]. / Protocolul University Hospital Lewisham--Londra pentru ventilatia non-invaziva.

The term non-invasive ventilation (NIV) includes both continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPAP) and non-invasive (bi-level) positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The introduction of NIV in clinical practice improved significantly the outcomes in patients with respiratory failure. The fact that NIV machines are simple to use, do not require endotracheal intubation, and can save lives, has led to their increased use by non ITU personnel. However, for an efficient use of NIV it is very important that the patients are treated according to strict local protocols. In order to support the writing of local NIV protocols in Romania, we present here the NIV protocol in use at the University Lewisham Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Reduction of persistent air leak with endoscopic valve implants.

The standard management of air leaks due to persistent bronchopleural fistula involves chest drainage and occasionally pleurodesis, with intractable cases requiring surgical decortication or surgical repair. However, some of these patients may be at high risk for surgery, particularly if they have already had thoracic surgery or have other medical problems; for this group there is a need for less invasive methods of stopping or reducing air leaks. Emphasys endobronchial valves (EBV) are occlusive devices designed primarily for endoscopic lung volume reduction in emphysema. Because the device is a one-way inspiratory airway blocker, it is possible that it could be used in controlling persistent air leaks while maintaining the drainage of secretions. Two cases are reported of persistent air leaks that were managed by endoscopic occlusion with EBV. In one case complete stoppage of the air leak was achieved with immediate clinical benefits. The second patient died 5 days after treatment from additional complications apparently not related to the procedure. Endobronchial blockage may be a useful salvage procedure for patients with persistent air leak for whom there is no other treatment available.

Effect of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise in emphysema.

Endobronchial valve placement improves pulmonary function in some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but its effects on exercise physiology have not been investigated. In 19 patients with a mean (SD) FEV(1) of 28.4 (11.9)% predicted, studied before and 4 weeks after unilateral valve insertion, functional residual capacity decreased from 7.1 (1.5) to 6.6 (1.7) L (p = 0.03) and diffusing capacity rose from 3.3 (1.1) to 3.7 (1.2) mmol . minute(-1) . kPa(-1) (p = 0.03). Cycle endurance time at 80% of peak workload increased from 227 (129) to 315 (195) seconds (p = 0.03). This was associated with a reduction in end-expiratory lung volume at peak exercise from 7.6 (1.6) to 7.2 (1.7) L (p = 0.03). Using stepwise logistic regression analysis, a model containing changes in transfer factor and resting inspiratory capacity explained 81% of the variation in change in exercise time (p < 0.0001). The same variables were retained if the five patients with radiologic atelectasis were excluded from analysis. In a subgroup of patients in whom invasive measurements were performed, improvement in exercise capacity was associated with a reduction in lung compliance (r(2) = 0.43; p = 0.03) and isotime esophageal pressure-time product (r(2) = 0.47; p = 0.03). Endobronchial valve placement can improve lung volumes and gas transfer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and prolong exercise time by reducing dynamic hyperinflation.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in patients with severe emphysema: anesthetic management.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction is a novel approach to the treatment of severe emphysema. Its objective is to achieve the same improvements in lung function and exercise tolerance as lung volume reduction surgery while avoiding the surgical morbidity and mortality. We describe the anesthetic experience in a series of seven patients who underwent a total of eight procedures (one patient underwent a second procedure on the contralateral side). The technique used was one of total IV anesthesia using remifentanil and propofol, with a ventilatory strategy aimed at avoiding gas trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. To achieve this pressure, limited ventilation with a prolonged expiratory phase was provided by a Draeger Evita 2 ventilator. This technique resulted in intraoperative hypercapnia (Paco(2) 6.75 kPa) compared with baseline values (median Paco(2) 5.1 kPa; P < 0.05), but 2 h postoperatively the arterial partial pressure of CO(2) was returning to baseline (median Paco(2) 5.6 kPa; P < 0.01 compared with intraoperative data). There were no deaths or admissions to the intensive care unit after the procedure. One patient developed a pneumothorax that required drainage, three patients had acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and one patient developed a cough that resolved spontaneously. Total hospital stay did not exceed 5 days for any of these patients.

Endobronchial volume reduction: a myth or a marvel?

Recently, several techniques and devices have been suggested for achieving endobronchial volume reduction in patients with emphysema. The proposed devices include bronchial blockers, bronchial valves, glues, biomodulators, and stents for bronchial fenestration; all could be positioned only with flexible bronchoscopy. The current available evidence on safety and efficacy for these methods is based on animal studies and patient case series at best; therefore, all the results should be seen with caution. However, the preliminary work reviewed here suggests that most of the proposed techniques can work, and seem to be safer than surgical volume reduction. We do not yet have a proven, widely applicable endobronchial palliative treatment for severe emphysema, but we have a rapidly growing area of new research in interventional pneumology with preliminary results that challenge traditional medical thinking.

Methodological aspects of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with a proprietary system.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) is emerging as a new technique to palliate symptoms in patients with severe emphysema. Several devices and techniques are being developed to occlude airways resulting in collapse and reduced lung volume. Here we present in detail the methodological aspects of one such interventional bronchoscopic approach.