RESUMO
Previous analyses of the phase 2 KEYNOTE-087 (NCT02453594) trial of pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated effective antitumor activity with acceptable safety in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, long-term response durability and outcome of patients who receive a second course after treatment discontinuation after complete response (CR) remain of clinical interest. We present KEYNOTE-087 data after >5 years of median follow-up. Patients with R/R cHL and progressive disease (PD) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and brentuximab vedotin (BV; cohort 1), salvage chemotherapy and BV without ASCT (cohort 2), or ASCT without subsequent BV (cohort 3), received pembrolizumab for ≤2 years. Patients in CR who discontinued treatment and subsequently experienced PD were eligible for second-course pembrolizumab. Primary end points were the objective response rate (ORR) using blinded central review and safety. The median follow-up was 63.7 months. ORR was 71.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.8-77.4; CR, 27.6%; partial response, 43.8%). Median duration of response (DOR) was 16.6 months; median progression-free survival was 13.7 months. A quarter of responders, including half of complete responders, maintained a response for ≥4 years. Median overall survival was not achieved. Among 20 patients receiving second-course pembrolizumab, ORR for 19 evaluable patients was 73.7% (95% CI, 48.8-90.8); median DOR was 15.2 months. Any-grade treatment-related adverse events occurred in 72.9% of patients and grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 12.9% of patients; no treatment-related deaths occurred. Single-agent pembrolizumab can induce durable responses, particularly in patients achieving CR. Second-course pembrolizumab frequently reinduced sustained responses after relapse from initial CR.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Doença de Hodgkin , Humanos , Seguimentos , Doença de Hodgkin/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante Autólogo , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como AssuntoRESUMO
Thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is an important clinical problem, and risk-stratified management is essential. To identify the clinical characteristics of thrombosis in patients with MPNs, a nationwide multi-institutional retrospective analysis (JSH-MPN-R18) was conducted. The aim of the present study was to perform a sub-analysis of JSH-MPN-R18 findings to clarify the predictive parameters for thrombosis among complete blood count (CBC) results. Among the patients enrolled in JSH-MPN-R18, those with essential thrombocythemia (ET; n = 1152) and polycythemia vera (PV; n = 456) were investigated. We analyzed and compared CBC parameters between patients with and those without any thrombotic events using Welch's T-test. Statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software. Thrombotic events were observed in 74 patients with ET. In multivariate analysis, only the neutrophil ratio was slightly but significantly higher for ET patients with thrombosis than for those without (p < 0.05). Of note, the absolute neutrophil count (aNeu) was considered a useful predictive tool for thrombosis among patients classified as low-risk according to the revised International Prognostic Score of Thrombosis for Essential Thrombocythemia. Among PV patients, those with thrombosis showed significantly higher hematocrit and aNeu than did those without thrombosis. As a thrombosis-associated factor, the neutrophil ratio was slightly but significantly elevated in patients with ET. This myeloid skew might reflect a higher value of JAK2 V617F allelic frequency in patients with ET with thrombosis; this was not clarified in JSH-MPN-R18. Further accumulation of evidence, including genetic information for JAK2 and other passenger mutations, is warranted.
RESUMO
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a unique type of extranodal lymphoma characterized by selective growth of tumor cells in small vessels without lymphadenopathy. Greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of IVLBCL is hampered by the paucity of lymphoma cells in biopsy specimens, creating a limitation in obtaining sufficient tumor materials. To uncover the genetic landscape of IVLBCL, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 21 patients with IVLBCL using plasma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (n = 18), patient-derived xenograft tumors (n = 4), and tumor DNA from bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (n = 2). The concentration of cfDNA in IVLBCL was significantly higher than that in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (P < .0001) and healthy donors (P = .0053), allowing us to perform WES; most mutations detected in BM tumor DNA were successfully captured in cfDNA and xenograft. IVLBCL showed a high frequency of genetic lesions characteristic of activated B-cell-type DLBCL, with the former showing conspicuously higher frequencies (compared with nodal DLBCL) of mutations in MYD88 (57%), CD79B (67%), SETD1B (57%), and HLA-B (57%). We also found that 8 IVLBCL (38%) harbored rearrangements of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1/PD-L2) involving the 3' untranslated region; such rearrangements are implicated in immune evasion via PD-L1/PD-L2 overexpression. Our data demonstrate the utility of cfDNA and imply important roles for immune evasion in IVLBCL pathogenesis and PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 blockade in therapeutics for IVLBCL.
Assuntos
Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Mutação , Evasão Tumoral , Neoplasias Vasculares/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Ácidos Nucleicos Livres/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteína 2 Ligante de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Proteína 2 Ligante de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Neoplasias Vasculares/imunologia , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
Information about genetic mutations that accumulate in each subtype of malignant lymphoma has been reported. Identification of mutations is predicted to become more crucial not only for a definitive diagnosis but also for selecting effective targeted therapies and analyzing detectable residual diseases. However, in the clinical environment of malignant lymphoma, DNA samples might be difficult to obtain, and longitudinal sample collection throughout disease development and/or remission is exceedingly difficult compared to leukemia sectors. Liquid biopsy is a new strategy of tumor biopsy that detects aberrant tumor-derived genes from a patient's plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluids. With advances in genetic analysis methods, reports are accumulating on the usefulness of liquid biopsy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, central nerves system lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and other types of lymphoma. This method has the potential to significantly change the way of ML diagnosis and followed up in daily practice, and its development is a great deal of attention.
Assuntos
Doença de Hodgkin , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Linfoma não Hodgkin , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Biópsia Líquida/métodos , Doença de Hodgkin/diagnóstico , BiópsiaRESUMO
Programmed death-1 inhibitors are approved for patients with relapsed or refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma (RRcHL). We present the 2-year follow-up of the phase 2 KEYNOTE-087 study of pembrolizumab in 210 patients, based on HL progression after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and subsequent brentuximab vedotin (BV; cohort 1); salvage chemotherapy and BV, with ineligibility for SCT owing to chemorefractory disease (cohort 2); and progression after SCT without BV (cohort 3). With a median follow-up of 27.6 months, the objective response rate (ORR) by blinded independent central review was 71.9% (95% CI, 65.3-77.9), the complete response rate (CRR) was 27.6%, and the partial response (PR) rate was 44.3%. Median duration of response was 16.5 months (range, 0.0+ to 27.0+ [+, no progressive disease at last assessment]) in all patients, 22.1 months in cohort 1, 11.1 months in cohort 2, and 24.4 months in cohort 3. Median progression-free survival was not reached in all patients with CR: 13.8 months (95% CI, 12.0-22.1) for patients with PR and 10.9 months (95% CI, 5.6-11.1) for patients with stable disease. Median overall survival was not reached in all patients or in any cohort. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade occurred in 153 (72.9%) patients; grades 3 and 4 occurred in 25 (12.0%) patients; none resulted in death. Results confirmed effective antitumor activity, durability of response, and manageable safety of pembrolizumab monotherapy in RRcHL, regardless of prior treatment and including chemoresistant cHL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02453594.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Doença de Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The occurrence of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has fallen dramatically due to continuous improvements in pre-transfusion laboratory testing. However, the characteristics of transfusion-transmitted HBV infection caused by individual donor nucleic acid amplification test (ID-NAT)-negative blood products are unclear. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia was diagnosed with transfusion-transmitted HBV infection after receiving apheresis platelets derived from an ID-NAT-negative blood donation. This case was diagnosed definitively as transfusion-mediated because complete nucleotide homology of a 1556 bp region of the HBV Pol/preS1-preS2-S genes and a 23 bp region of the HBV core promoter/precore between the donor and recipient strains was confirmed by PCR-directed sequencing. The case is uncommon with respect to the unexpectedly prolonged HBV-DNA incubation period of nearly 5 months after transfusion (previously, the longest period observed since the recent implementation of ID-NAT pre-transfusion laboratory testing in Japan was 84 days). Slow-replicating HBV genotype A2 may contribute to the prolonged incubation period; also, the quantity of apheresis platelets delivered in a large volume of plasma, and/or the immune response of the recipient suffering from a hematological neoplasm, may have contributed to establishment of HBV infection in the recipient. This was supported by analysis of three previously documented cases of transfusion-transmitted HBV infection by blood products derived from ID-NAT-negative donations in Japan. CONCLUSION: Continuous monitoring of HBV infection for longer periods (>3 months) may be required after transfusion of blood components from an ID-NAT-negative HBV window donation.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite B/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite B/transmissão , Período de Incubação de Doenças Infecciosas , Transfusão de Plaquetas/efeitos adversos , Reação Transfusional/etiologia , Idoso , Doadores de Sangue , Segurança do Sangue , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Hepatite B/etiologia , Hepatite B/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/complicações , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Reação Transfusional/virologiaRESUMO
Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) rarely exhibit intratumoral hemorrhage. The differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) currently includes metastatic carcinomas, melanomas, choriocarcinomas, oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastomas. Here we present the clinical, radiological, pathological, and molecular genetic features of six cases of PCNSL associated with intratumoral hemorrhage. The median age of patients was 75 years, with male predominance. While conventional PCNSLs were associated with low cerebral blood volume (CBV), perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed elevated CBV in three cases, consistent with vascular proliferation. All six cases were diagnosed pathologically as having diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with a non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) phenotype; marked histiocytic infiltrates and abundant non-neoplastic T-cells were observed in most cases. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD105 in the lymphoma cells and the small vessels, respectively, suggested angiogenesis within the neoplasms. Neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically negative for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), while immune cells in the microenvironment were positive for PD-L1. Mutations in the MYD88 gene (MYD88) (L265P) and the CD79B gene (CD79B) were detected in five and one case, respectively. As therapeutic modalities used for PCNSLs differ from those that target conventional hemorrhagic neoplasms, full tissue diagnoses of all hemorrhagic CNS tumors are clearly warranted.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Idoso , Sistema Nervoso Central , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicações , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/genética , Hemorragia , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/complicações , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Masculino , Microambiente Tumoral , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
In this phase II multicenter study (JALSG AML209-FLT3-SCT), we aimed to prospectively elucidate the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) at first complete remission (CR1) for FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD)-positive AML. Newly diagnosed de novo AML patients with FLT3-ITD were enrolled at the achievement of CR1 and received allo-HSCT as soon as possible after the first consolidation therapy. Mutations of 57 genes in AML cells at diagnosis were also analyzed. Among 48 eligible patients with a median age of 38.5 (17-49) years, 36 (75%) received allo-HSCT at a median of 108 days after CR1. The median follow-up was 1726 days. The primary end-point, 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) based on an intent to treat analysis, was 43.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%-57%), suggesting the efficacy of this treatment because the lower limit of the 95% CI exceeded the threshold response rate of 20%. The 3-year overall survival, post-transplant DFS, and non-relapse mortality rates were 54.2% (95% CI, 39%-67%), 58.3% (95% CI, 41%-72%), and 25.0% (95% CI, 12%-40%), respectively. The median ITD allelic ratio (AR) was 0.344 (0.006-4.099). Neither FLT3-ITD AR nor cooccurring genetic alterations was associated with a poor DFS. This prospective study indicated the efficacy and safety of allo-HSCT for FLT3-ITD AML patients in CR1. This study was registered at: www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ as #UMIN000003433.
Assuntos
Expansão das Repetições de DNA , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/diagnóstico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Indução de Remissão , Transplante Homólogo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Although next-generation sequencing-based panel testing is well practiced in the field of cancer medicine for the identification of target molecules in solid tumors, the clinical utility and clinical issues surrounding panel testing in hematological malignancies have yet to be fully evaluated. We conducted a multicenter prospective clinical sequencing study to verify the feasibility of a panel test for hematological tumors, including acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Out of 96 eligible patients, 79 patients (82%) showed potentially actionable findings, based on the clinical sequencing assays. We identified that genetic alterations with a strong clinical significance were found at a higher frequency in terms of diagnosis (n = 60; 63%) and prognosis (n = 61; 64%) than in terms of therapy (n = 8; 8%). Three patients who harbored a germline mutation in either DDX41 (n = 2) or BRCA2 (n = 1) were provided with genetic counseling. At 6 mo after sequencing, clinical actions based on the diagnostic (n = 5) or prognostic (n = 3) findings were reported, but no patients were enrolled in a clinical trial or received targeted therapies based on the sequencing results. These results suggest that panel testing for hematological malignancies would be feasible given the availability of useful diagnostic and prognostic information. This study is registered with the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000029879, multiple myeloma; UMIN000031343, adult acute myeloid leukemia; UMIN000033144, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; and UMIN000034243, childhood leukemia).
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias Hematológicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Testes Genéticos , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: HBV reactivation is a risk in patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies for the treatment of lymphoma. The purpose of this post hoc analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of an ultra-high sensitivity HBsAg assay to guide preemptive antiviral treatment in patients with lymphoma and resolved HBV infections using prospectively stored samples from an HBV DNA monitoring study. METHODS: HBV reactivation (defined as HBV DNA levels of ≥11 IU/ml) was confirmed in 22 of 252 patients. A conventional HBsAg assay (ARCHITECT, cut-off value: 0.05 IU/ml) and an ultra-high sensitivity HBsAg assay employing a semi-automated immune complex transfer chemiluminescence enzyme technique (ICT-CLEIA, cut-off value: 0.0005 IU/ml) were performed at baseline, at confirmed HBV reactivation and monitored after HBV reactivation. RESULTS: Baseline HBsAg was detected using ICT-CLEIA in 4 patients; in all of whom precore mutants with high replication capacity were reactivated. Of the 6 patients with HBV DNA detected below the level of quantification at baseline, 5 showed HBV reactivation and 3 of the 5 had precore mutations. Sensitivity for detection by ARCHITECT and ICT-CLEIA HBsAg assays at HBV reactivation or the next sampling after HBV reactivation was 18.2% (4 of 22) and 77.3% (17 of 22), respectively. Of the 5 patients undetectable by ICT-CLEIA, HBV reactivation resolved spontaneously in 2 patients. All 6 patients reactivated with precore mutations including preS deletion could be diagnosed by ICT-CLEIA HBsAg assay at an early stage of HBV reactivation. Multivariate analysis showed that an anti-HBs titer of less than 10 mIU/ml, HBV DNA detected but below the level of quantification, and HBsAg detected by ICT-CLEIA at baseline were independent risk factors for HBV reactivation (adjusted hazard ratios, 15.4, 31.2 and 8.7, respectively; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A novel ICT-CLEIA HBsAg assay is an alternative method to diagnose HBV reactivation. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: UMIN000001299. LAY SUMMARY: Hepatitis B virus can be reactivated in lymphoma patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies such as rituximab. Currently, reactivation requires the monitoring of HBV DNA, but monitoring of the surface antigen (HBsAg) could provide a relatively inexpensive, quick and easy alternative. We assessed the performance of an ultra-high sensitivity HBsAg assay and showed that it could be effective for the diagnosis and monitoring of HBV reactivation.
Assuntos
Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite B Crônica , Linfoma , Reinfecção , Rituximab , Idoso , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Comorbidade , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/análise , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite B/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite B Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma/epidemiologia , Linfoma/virologia , Masculino , Reinfecção/etiologia , Reinfecção/prevenção & controle , Reinfecção/virologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Rituximab/administração & dosagem , Rituximab/efeitos adversos , Testes Sorológicos/métodosRESUMO
Fusions of the Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) with different partner genes have been associated with various hematological disorders. Interestingly, the C-terminally truncated form of RUNX1 and RUNX1 fusion proteins are similarly considered important contributors to leukemogenesis. Here, we describe a 59-year-old male patient who was initially diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, inv(16)(p13;q22)/CBFB-MYH11 (FAB classification M4Eo). He achieved complete remission and negative CBFB-MYH11 status with daunorubicin/cytarabine combination chemotherapy but relapsed 3 years later. Cytogenetic analysis of relapsed leukemia cells revealed CBFB-MYH11 negativity and complex chromosomal abnormalities without inv(16)(p13;q22). RNA-seq identified the glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kinase 2 (GRIK2) gene on 6q16 as a novel fusion partner for RUNX1 in this case. Specifically, the fusion of RUNX1 to the GRIK2 antisense strand (RUNX1-GRIK2as) generated multiple missplicing transcripts. Because extremely low levels of wild-type GRIK2 were detected in leukemia cells, RUNX1-GRIK2as was thought to drive the pathogenesis associated with the RUNX1-GRIK2 fusion. The truncated RUNX1 generated from RUNX1-GRIK2as induced the expression of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor on 32D myeloid leukemia cells and enhanced proliferation in response to G-CSF. In summary, the RUNX1-GRIK2as fusion emphasizes the importance of aberrantly truncated RUNX1 in leukemogenesis.
Assuntos
Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/genética , DNA Antissenso/genética , Fusão Gênica/genética , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/farmacologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/genética , Deleção de Sequência/genética , Translocação Genética/genética , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/diagnóstico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/biossíntese , Receptores de Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/metabolismo , Receptor de GluK2 CainatoRESUMO
Significant advancements have been achieved with regard to the outcomes of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients through the introduction of all-trans retinoic acid; however, early hemorrhagic death and differentiation syndrome remain the major causes of remission induction failure in patients with APL. To investigate early death, serious hemorrhage, and differentiation syndrome during remission induction therapy in terms of incidence, risk factors, influence on outcomes, and prophylactic effects of several new anticoagulants, the results of 344 patients enrolled in the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia 204 study conducted by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group were analyzed. Early death was observed in 16 patients (4.7%), of whom 14 had serious hemorrhage and 2 had differentiation syndrome. Serious hemorrhage and differentiation syndrome of grade 2 or higher were observed in 21 and 54 patients, respectively. Patients who achieved complete remission had a 7-year disease-free survival of 84.8% if they did not experience serious hemorrhage and 40.0% if they experienced serious hemorrhage during remission induction therapy (P = 0.001). Risk factor analyses showed that higher white blood cell count was associated with early death, higher white blood cell count and lower platelet count with serious hemorrhage, and leukocytosis during induction therapy and higher body surface area with differentiation syndrome. In conclusion, these results indicate that patients with such high-risk features may benefit from more intensive supportive care. The hemorrhagic risk was not relieved by the introduction of new anticoagulants. Further studies are required to establish the predictive impact of body surface area on differentiation syndrome. This trial is registered with UMIN-CTR as C000000154 on September 13, 2005.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Hemorragia/diagnóstico , Hemorragia/mortalidade , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/diagnóstico , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hemorragia/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Japão , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade/tendências , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Indução de Remissão/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Almost 20 years have passed after rituximab, an anti-CD20 mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody therapeutic, was introduced in the clinical setting for the treatment of CD20-positive B cell malignancies. Although the prognosis has significantly improved in most B cell malignancies, resistance to rituximab with/without chemotherapies is also widely recognized. With this background, newer generation antibody therapeutics and other molecular targeting drugs that show more effectiveness especially to refractory patients are critically required. In this review, molecular mechanisms of the second/third generation anti-CD20 antibodies (ofatumumab and obinutuzumab), anti-CD19 chimeric antigen-receptor T-cells (CAR-T-CD19; tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene ciloleucel), and the anti-PD-1 antibodies (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) are presented. The therapeutic effectiveness of those drugs as monotherapy and/or combined therapy with conventional chemotherapy (immunochemotherapy) and another molecular targeting therapeutics (so-called "chemo-free" regimens) are also reviewed.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Células B , Animais , Antineoplásicos , Linfócitos B , Humanos , Linfoma de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Radioimunoterapia , RituximabRESUMO
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a key component in the tumor microenvironment and play functional roles in tumor metastasis and resistance to chemotherapies. We have previously reported that CAF isolated from lymphoma samples increase anaerobic glycolysis and decrease intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, promoting the survival of tumor cells. Herein, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying this support of tumor-cell survival by CAF. As direct contact between lymphoma cells and CAF was not indispensable to survival support, we identified that the humoral factor pyruvate was significantly secreted by CAF. Moreover, survival of lymphoma cells was promoted by the presence of pyruvate, and this promotion was canceled by inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters. Metabolome analysis of lymphoma cells in coculture with CAF demonstrated that intermediates in the citric acid cycle were significantly increased, indicating that tumor cells produced energy by aerobic metabolism. These findings indicate that energy production in lymphoma cells is regulated in coordination not only with anaerobic glycolysis, but also with aerobic metabolism termed the reverse-Warburg effect, involving the secretion of pyruvate from CAF resulting in increased use of the citric acid cycle in lymphoma cells.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Linfoma/metabolismo , Ácido Pirúvico/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico , Técnicas de Cocultura , Metabolismo Energético , Glicólise , Humanos , Linfoma/patologia , Metabolômica/métodos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) often require blood transfusion and anticancer therapy; however, elderly patients are intolerant to the associated side effects of anticancer therapy. Because L-leucine can be used to treat Diamond-Blackfan anemia, which is caused by defects in ribosomal protein (RP) genes, resulting in increased in vivo hemoglobin synthesis, it is possible that some MDS patients who have aberrations in their RP genes could also be effectively treated with L-leucine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of L-leucine on hematopoietic function (reticulocyte count), red blood cell count, and hemoglobin level in MDS patients. We administered L-leucine (1.8 g, twice daily, 3 d/week) with oral vitamin B6 supplements to a final cohort of eight MDS patients for 15 (interquartile range: 11-18) weeks. We assessed the patients at 10 ± 2 weeks after therapy initiation. Only the absolute reticulocyte count was affected, improving in 6/8 (75%) patients. The median absolute reticulocyte count was 3.5 × 104 (range: 2.7-6.4 × 104) cells/µL, an increase of 0.5 × 104 (range: 0.2-0.7 × 104) cells/µL. At 10 weeks, there was only one case of an improved hemoglobin level. Non-hematological adverse events of grade 3 were observed one raised triglycerides. These data suggest that L-leucine has little effect on MDS. However, it may contribute to the recovery of hematopoietic function, futher study be desired.
Assuntos
Contagem de Eritrócitos , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucina/farmacologia , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/genética , Reticulócitos , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genéticaRESUMO
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is variable depending on nanoparticle properties and tumor/vessel conditions. Thus, intratumoral evaluations of the vasculature and nanoparticle distribution are important for predicting the therapeutic efficacy and the intractability of tumors. We aimed to develop a tumor vasculature evaluation method and high-resolution nanoparticle delivery imaging using magnetic resonance (MR) micro-imaging technology with a gadolinium (Gd)-dendron assembled liposomal contrast agent. Using the Gd-liposome and a cryogenic receiving coil, we achieved 50-µm isotropic MR angiography with clear visualization of tumor micro-vessel structure. The Gd-liposome-enhanced MR micro-imaging revealed differences in the vascular structures between Colon26- and SU-DHL6-grafted mice models. The vessel volumes and diameters measured for both tumors were significantly correlated with histological observations. The MR micro-imaging methods facilitate the evaluation of intratumoral vascularization patterns, the quantitative assessment of vascular-properties that alter tumor malignancy, particle retentivity, and the effects of treatment.