A patient with widespread skin lesions presenting with massive pleural effusion.

Mycosis fungoides is the most commonly seen type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. While mycosis fungoides is linked to an increased risk of developing secondary malignancies, the occurrence of B-cell-originated disease in association with it is exceedingly rare. A 66-year-old male with persistent papillomatous skin eruption was admitted due to dyspnea. Chest X-ray, positron emission tomography, and chest computed tomography revealed axillary and mediastinal lymph node enlargement and right lower pulmonary lobe infiltration along with right-sided massive pleural effusion. Histological and immunohistochemical findings of pleural biopsy and axillary lymph nodes suggested a diagnosis of pulmonary extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. Skin biopsies from the abdomen, chest, and legs revealed CD4/CD8 double-positive patch stage of mycosis fungoides. After completing six cycles of chemotherapy, complete remission of lymphoma was achieved, with the skin eruptions remaining unchanged. Herein, the authors present a unique case of concomitant diagnoses of mycosis fungoides and marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the respiratory system to emphasize the importance of careful evaluation of each finding.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for heavily pretreated patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a promising strategy for treatment of heavily pretreated mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS). Herein, we aimed to evaluate the outcomes of AHSCT for heavily pretreated patients with MF/SS retrospectively. This analysis included consecutive 19 patients with MF/SS who received 20 AHSCT between 2012-2021 in our transplant center. Eight patients have been previously reported. Fifteen patients had diagnosis of MF and referred to SS in five patients. In our cohort, all cases had advanced disease (stages IIB: n = 1, IIIA: n = 7; IIIB: n = 4, IVA: n = 4, and IVB: n = 3). Nine patients (47.4%) had developed large cell transformation. Only two patients received AHSCT in complete response, one very good partial response and two partial response while the others had progressive disease (n = 15) before transplant. Seven (35%) patients were alive at the time of analysis, with a median follow up of 10.5 months (range, 0.3-113 months) after AHSCT. Nine patients (47.4%) died without disease relapse or progression. Non-relapse mortality was 35.9% at 1 year and 26.9% at 3 years and thereafter. For all patients the probability of overall survival was 48.5% and 32.3% at 1- and 5-year post-transplant, respectively. AHSCT for MF/SS resulted in an estimated progression free survival of 45.4% at 1 year. Given the poor prognosis of patients not receiving transplants and in the absence of curative non-transplantation therapies, our results support that AHSCT is able to effectively rescue 32.3% of the population of transplant eligible, heavily pretreated patients in 5 years.

MATRA-A: A study on massive transfusion.

BACKGROUND: We use massive transfusion in various clinical conditions and it is associated with high mortality. Although some massive transfusion protocols improve patient outcomes, the clinical circumstances requiring it are not well defined. METHODS: MATRA-A is a multicenter retrospective study. Six University and Training Research Hospitals in Ankara participated in the study. We collected clinical data on patients (>18 years) who received massive transfusions (≥10 units/24 h) from 2017 through 2019. RESULTS: Overall, 167 (0·27% of transfused patients) received a massive transfusion of 2586 units of red blood cells (1·5% of total RBCs transfused). The median interquartile range values for RBCs, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets were 13 (11-176), 16 (9-33) and 4 (0-11), respectively. Surgical patients received 90% of massive transfusions. The most common clinical indications for massive transfusion were cardiovascular diseases (42·6%), trauma (20·3%) and malignancies (11%). FFP: RBC: Platelets ratio was 1·9:1:0·5. The overall and trauma-related mortality rates were 57·4% and 61·8%, respectively. The hospital mortality rates of trauma patients that received high vs. low ratio (FFP: RBCs > 1:1·5 vs. ≤1:1·5) transfusions were 47·6% and 86·6% and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0·03). CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular diseases and trauma occasion are the most common causes of massive transfusion. It is infrequent in clinical settings and is associated with high mortality rates. Additionally, in massively transfused trauma patients, a high FFP:RBCs ratio seems to be associated with increased survival. Focused prospective studies are required to define the areas that need improvement on a national scale.

Treatment Approaches for Managing Patients with Hematological Malignancies in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background/aim: The COVID-19 pandemic is a unique challenge to the care of patients with hematological malignancies. We aim to provide supportive guidance to clinicians making individual patients decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular during periods that access to healthcare resources may be limited. Conclusion: This review also provides recommendations, which are convenient in evaluating indications for therapy, reducing therapy-associated immunosuppression, and reducing healthcare utilization in patients with specific hematological malignancies in the COVID-19 era. Specific decisions regarding treatment of hematological malignancies will need to be individualized, based on disease risk, risk of immunosuppression, rates of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and available local healthcare resources.

Long-term results of brentuximab vedotin in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: multi-center real-life experience.

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is considered a curable disease; however, approximately one-third of responders experience disease relapse following first-line therapy. Several studies have shown the efficacy of brentuximab vedotin (BV) in patients with relapsed/refractory HL. We present a retrospective analysis of 58 patients with relapsed/refractory HL treated with BV in a named patient program from 11 centers. The median follow-up duration was 20 (range, 4-84) months. The best overall response rate was 64% (complete response [CR], 31%; partial response [PR], 33%). The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.22) and 26% (95% CI, 0.16-0.38), respectively. Among patients who achieved CR, the estimated 5-year PFS and OS rates were 32% (95% CI, 0.13-0.54) and 60% (95% CI, 0.33-0.78), respectively. A total of 26 patients underwent subsequent stem cell transplantation. The 5-year PFS and OS rates for 10 patients who had consolidative stem cell transplantation were 28% and 30%, respectively. Twenty-seven patients required further therapy following BV. At the time of the analysis, 12 patients (21%) were alive. Five patients (9%) had long-term remission after achieving CR with BV monotherapy, with a median PFS of 76 months. Three of them (5%) did not receive any other treatment following BV and their median PFS was 75 months. Our long-term results showed that a small subset of patients with relapsed/refractory cHL may benefit from and even be cured with BV monotherapy.

Thyroid dysfunctions in adult patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is one of the major endocrinopathies shown after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation over the long term. The incidence and the risk factors for TD have varied widely. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-nine patients with pre-transplant normal thyroid function tests who survived at least 1 year after allo-HSCT between 2006-2016 were included in the study. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients (25%) developed TD at median of 34 months (range, 1-112 months). Hypothyroidism was detected in 32 patients (12%): 5 patients had primary hypothyroidism, and subclinical hypothyroidism occurred in 27 patients. 18 patients (7%) were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism: 2 patients (0.07%) were treated for primary hyperthyroidism, and 16 patients (6%) were followed for subclinical hyperthyroidism. Euthyroid sick syndrome occurred in 14 cases. None of the patients with thyroid dysfunction developed secondary thyroid malignancy. Receiving high-dose TBI (P = .001) was found to be significant risk for hypothyroidism; older age than median (P = .01) and pre-transplant active disease (P < .0001) were related to hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid dysfunction, mostly hypothyroidism, is a long-term complication after allo-HSCT in 25% of patients. Older age, pre-transplant active disease, and receiving TBI are among the risk factors. Sustained long-term monitoring of thyroid function test should be considered post allo-HSCT.

Incidence and risk factors for hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A retrospective multicenter study of Turkish hematology research and education group (ThREG).

Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is a potentially life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We retrospectively evaluated the incidence, risk factors, treatment and survival for HSOS after allo-HSCT in Turkey. We also reported our experience of defibrotide (DF) for HSOS prophylaxis in high-risk (HR) patients. Across Turkey, 1153 patients from 10 centers were enrolled in the study. We evaluated the medical records of patients who were treated with allo-SCT between January 2012 and December 2015. The study included 1153 patients (687 males/466 females) with median age of 38 (15-71) years. The incidence of HSOS was 7.5 % (n = 86). The incidences of HSOS in the HR/DF+, HR/DF- and standard risk (SR) group were 8%, 66.7 % and 6.2 %, respectively. The rate of HSOS development was not statistically different between HR/DF + and SR group (p = 0.237). HSOS prophylaxis (defibrotide) was significantly decreased HSOS-related mortality (p = 0.004). The incidence of HSOS was found similar to literature in this large Turkish cohort. Defibrotide prophylaxis appears to be associated with low incidence of HSOS development and reduced HSOS-related mortality. Although these results are promising, future studies are needed to support the efficacy of defibrotide prophylaxis in patients with risk of HSOS.

Transfusion policy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The incompatibility of ABO blood group between the recipient and the donor is not a barrier to perform allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT). However, ABO incompatibility may lead to many complications during and after stem cell transplantation at the early or late period. Therefore, the typing of the blood group of the recipient and the donor should be done prior to the transplantation. In addition, the ABO/Rh group of blood products for transfusion should be determined according to the type of ABO-incompatibility. In this review, the subtypes of ABO blood group-incompatibility and transfusion policies will be discussed in detail.

Subsequent malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

We evaluated 979 patients for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) and solid malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (allo-HSCT) as a late complication. We found 15 (1.5%) subsequent malignancies; three of these malignancies were PTLD, and twelve were solid tumors. The median time from allo-HSCT to the development of PTLD was 9 (3-20) months and that from allo-HSCT to the development of solid tumors was 93 (6-316) months. The cumulative incidence of evolving subsequent malignancy in patients was 1.3% (±0.5 SE) at 5 years and 3.9% (±1.2 SE) at 10 years. The cumulative incidence of developing subsequent malignancy in patients with benign hematological diseases as the transplant indication was 7.4%±4.2 SE at 5 years. More subsequent malignancy developed in patients having ≥1 year chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD; 3.7% in ≥1 year chronic GVHD and 0.7% in <1 year chronic GVHD patient groups, P=.002). Subsequent epithelial tumor risk was higher in ≥1 year chronic GVHD patients than <1 year (3.7% vs 0.1%, P<.001). In multivariate analysis, benign hematological diseases as transplant indication (RR: 5.6, CI 95%: 1.4-22.3, P=.015) and ≥1 year chronic GVHD (RR: 7.1, 95% CI: 2.3-22.5, P=.001) were associated with the development of subsequent malignancy.

The effect of age on peripheral stem cell mobilization in healthy donors, single center experience.

PURPOSE: Peripheral stem cell transplantation is used as a life-saving therapeutic option in hematological malignancies. As previously established, most hematological malignancies are seen in the elderly population. Therefore, possible HLA-identical sibling donors of elderly patients are generally of an advanced age. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of old age on stem cell mobilization and quality in older adult healthy sibling donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2014, we evaluated 38 healthy donors aged ≥55 years. The granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) analogs were used at a dose of 5 µg/kg/day and administered subcutaneously twice a day for five days. CD34+ cells were estimated in the peripheral blood before collection of the apheresis product. The National Marrow Donor Program selects healthy unrelated donors if they are younger than 60 years. Therefore, we compared the product quality in donors over the age of 60 to that in donors aged 60 years or less. RESULTS: We collected sufficient products from all the donors with one to three apheresis procedures. No serious complication was detected in all donors. Reaching the target CD34+ cell count in one day were detected in 83% of younger and 79% of older donors (P = NS). Collected CD34+ cells x10e6/recipient body weight (kg) was same and 5.1 in the groups (P = NS). There were no correlation between the donor age and these parameters. CONCLUSION: Healthy donor apheresis in older adults can be performed effectively and possible donors should be evaluated regardless of their age. J. Clin. Apheresis 32:16-20, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A rare complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: post-transplant erythrocytosis.

Post-transplant erythrocytosis is an infrequent complication and has been reported after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. The pre-disposing factors and treatment are not clearly defined. We present 11 post-transplant erythrocytosis cases. More studies should be conducted to distinguish the pathogenesis and follow-up for this rare complication.

Myeloid sarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Myeloid sarcoma is a tumoral mass of mature or immature myeloid blasts in extramedullary anatomic locations. It can be seen de novo or in association with acute myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasias, or myelodysplastic syndrome. Isolated myeloid sarcoma can be seen as a relapse in cases with allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Although it may involve any tissue in the body, the most common locations are skin, soft tissues, lymph nodes, and the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemically, most cases show myelomonocytic or pure monoblastic differentiation. We reviewed the clinicopathological features of 20 cases of myeloid sarcoma diagnosed in our institute in view of the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2012 at the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, were selected. Clinicopathological findings including the age and sex of the patients; symptoms; anatomic location; accompanying hematological disease; and the morphological, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic features of the cases were noted. RESULTS: Sixteen of the patients were male and 4 were female. The median age at diagnosis was 47 years. The most commonly involved locations were the lymph nodes and skin. Immunohistochemically, eleven cases were of the myelomonocytic and 7 cases were of the myeloid phenotype, whereas 2 cases showed pure monoblastic differentiation. The median follow-up period for the 18 cases with known clinical data was 33 weeks. Five patients died of the disease in an average of 36 weeks. CONCLUSION: Myeloid sarcoma is a rare presentation of leukemias, myeloproliferative neoplasias, or myelodysplastic syndrome, composed of immature myelomonocytic cells in extramedullary tissues. It may present with variable morphological and phenotypic features, always creating a challenge in pathological diagnosis.

Epstein-barr virus-negative post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases: three distinct cases from a single center.

Three cases of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease that occurred 6 to 8 years after renal transplantation are reported. The patients respectively had gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and atypical Burkitt lymphoma. Absence of EBV in the tissue samples was demonstrated by both in situ hybridization for EBV early RNA and polymerase chain reaction for EBV DNA. Patients were treated with reduction in immunosuppression and combined chemotherapy plus an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab. Despite the reduction in immunosuppression, patients had stable renal functions without loss of graft functions. The patient with atypical Burkitt lymphoma had an abnormal karyotype, did not respond to treatment completely, and died due to disease progression. The other patients are still alive and in remission 5 and 3 years after diagnosis, respectively. EBV-negative post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases are usually late-onset and are reported to have poor prognosis. Thus, reduction in immunosuppression is usually not sufficient for treatment and more aggressive approaches like rituximab with combined chemotherapy are required.

Generic Lenalidomide Rivelime Versus Brand-name Revlimid® in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Retrospective Single-center Experience on Efficacy, Safety and Survival Outcome.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare use of original brand-name lenalidomide (Revlimid®) vs. generic equivalent (Rivelime®) in terms of efficacy, safety and survival outcome in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 184 patients RRMM (median age: 62 years, 60.9% were males) who received singlet, doublet or triplet lenalidomide-containing regimens including either Revlimid® (n=74) or Rivelime® (n=110) were included in this study. Treatment response was based on evaluation of objective response to treatment (ORR) including the sum of patients who achieved partial response (PR), very good partial responses (VGPR) or complete response (CR) to therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and safety data were also recorded. RESULTS: Revlimid® and Rivelime® groups were similar in terms of ORR (54.1 vs. 60.0%), CR (22.5 vs. 28.8%), VGPR (55.0 vs. 50.0%) and PR (22.5 vs. 21.2%) rates. Median (SE) PFS time were similar between Rivelime® vs. Revlimid® treated patients who were in the 2nd line (30.3(3.8) vs. 22.7(7.0) months, p=0.827) or 3rd line of therapy (38.1(12.1) vs. 20.1(0.9) months, p=0.147) at lenalidomide initiation. Two groups also had similar OS rate (83.8 vs. 73.6%) and OS time (mean 122.3 vs. 123.5 months). Side effects were manageable in both groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, replacing Revlimid® with its generic version Rivelime® in singlet, doublet or triplet lenalidomide containing RRMM regimens seems not to compromise the efficacy of treatment, and to yield a similarly improved response rates and survival outcome and no additional toxic effects, enabling a long-term therapy.

The effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on genotoxicity in allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation donors: a prospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Every year, thousands of donors are exposed to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for stem cell mobilization in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT). Previous studies about the genotoxicity of G-CSF were inconclusive. In this study, the genotoxic effects of G-CSF in peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donors were evaluated prospectively by using three different validated and reliable methods for the first time in the literature to the best of our knowledge. METHODS: Donors of PBSC transplantation (n=36), who received G-CSF were evaluated for genotoxicity by micronucleus test (MNT), nuclear division index (NDI), and comet assay (CA). Genotoxic effects are expected to cause an increase in MNT and CA values and decrease in NDI. Blood samples were collected at three timepoints (TP): before starting G-CSF (TP1), after G-CSF for five days (TP2), and one month after the last dose (TP3). Sixteen controls were included for baseline comparison of genotoxicity tests. CD34 cell counts and hemograms were also analyzed. RESULTS: MNT and CA parameters; comet and tail length, tail DNA%, and tail moment, showed no change in time whereas another CA parameter, Olive`s tail moment (OTM) was increased significantly at TP3 compared to both baseline and TP2 (p=0.002 and p=0.017, respectively). Nuclear division index decreased significantly at TP2 (p < 0.001), then increased above baseline at TP3 (p=0.004). Baseline comparison with controls showed higher MN frequency in donors without statistical significance (p=0.059). Whereas, CA results were significantly higher in controls. CD34 cell count showed moderate positive correlation with white blood cell count at TP2 (Pearson R=0.495, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed the genotoxic effect of G-CSF in healthy donors, in two of the three tests performed, short-term effect in NDI, and long-lasting effect in OTM. So, this study provides novel information for the debate about the genotoxicity of G-CSF and supports the need for further studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Eltrombopag for the Treatment of Poor Graft Function Following Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Real-Life Data

Background: Eltrombopag has an off-label indication for haematopoietic cell transplantation in patients experiencing delayed thrombocyte recovery and/or thrombocytopaenia. Aims: To present our centre's experience of using this agent not only for post- haematopoietic cell transplantation thrombocytopaenia but also for poor graft functioning in the post-haematopoietic cell transplantation setting. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty-nine patients who had persistent cytopaenia following haematopoietic cell transplantation and treated with eltrombopag at our centre between October 2011 and December 2021 were retrospectively identified. During this period, 9 (23.1%) and 30 (76.9%) patients who underwent allogeneic transplantations, respectively, received eltrombopag. Results: The female-to-male ratio was 12:27, and the median transplant age was 49 (18-70) years. Eight (20.5%) patients had isolated thrombocytopaenia, 19 (49.4%) had bi-lineage cytopaenia and 12 (30.1%) had pancytopaenia. Patients received a median of 50 mg/day (25-150 mg/day) of eltrombopagfor a median duration of 82 (24-386) days. Nine (23.1%) patients had autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation, and 30 (76.9%) had allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (14 unrelated, 9 sibling and 7 haploidentical). The median donor age was 32 (20-67) years. The median follow-up was 16.4 (1.8-84.3) months. The median pre-treatment platelet count was 11x109/l (1-23), which increased to 41x109/l (6-150). The median platelet count increment was 29.5x109/l (p = 0.001). The pre-treatment median neutrophil count was 1.19x109/l (0.39-5.1), which increased to 2.35 x109/l (0.1-5.33) (p = 0.05), and the pre-treatment median haemoglobin was 8.3 (6.2-14) g/dl, which increased to 10 (6.2-14) g/dl (p = 0.001) with eltrombopag. No eltrombopag-related hepatotoxicity occurred; however, 1 (2.6%) patient failed to continue treatment because of two consecutive episodes of deep venous thrombosis. Six (15.4%) patients were unresponsive to eltrombopag and dependent on blood product transfusions. After a median time of 82 days, 61.5% of the patients discontinued eltrombopag successfully. Conclusion: The results confirmed that eltrombopag could provide a rapid, sustained response in patients with poor graft functioning after haematopoietic cell transplantation. This finding is essential given the high rate of non-relapse mortality caused by poor graft functioning after haematopoietic cell transplantation.

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary Myelofibrosis: A 20-year Experience in a Single Center

Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a well-established approach for patients diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis and remains the only potentially curative treatment. Aims: To present the overall outcome of patients with myelofibrosis treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 26 consecutive patients with primary myelofibrosis who underwent transplantation at our center between January 2002 and January 2022. Disease and transplant variables contributing to outcomes were analyzed. Results: The median age at the time of transplantation was 52.5 (range, 32-63) years and the median time from diagnosis to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 25 (range, 3.1-156.8) months. Myeloablative conditioning and reduced-intensity conditioning regimens were used in 8 (30.8%) and 18 (69.2%) transplantations, respectively. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment was achieved in 23 patients at a median follow-up of 21.2 months (range, 12 days to 234.8 months). Primary graft failure occurred in 1 of 23 patients (4.3%). Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred at a median of 16 (range, 12-39) days and 20 (range, 11-78) days, respectively. Acute graft-versus-host disease was seen in 11 of 22 patients engrafted allografts, of which 7 (31.8%) were grade 3-4 acute graft-versus-host disease. Eight patients (36.4%) developed chronic graft-versus-host disease, and three cases were extensive. Four patients (19%) relapsed after a median of 5.5 months, and three patients received donor lymphocyte infusion. The 3-year overall survival rate of the entire study population was 46.2%. The median overall survival was not reached in the myeloablative conditioning group; however, it was 11.9 months in the reduced-intensity conditioning group (p =0.3). According to the donor graft source, the median overall survival was 0.73 months in mismatched unrelated graft recipients, 12 months in matched sibling donors, and not reached in matched unrelated graft recipients (p = 0.03). The 3-year progression-free survival rate of patients who survived > 100 days was 74.7%. The effect of JAK-2 status, graft source, conditioning regimen or dynamic international prognostic scoring system on progression-free survival was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Given the poor prognosis of non-transplant recipients and the lack of non-transplant curative approaches, our results support the consideration of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for eligible patients with primary myelofibrosis.

Case-matched comparison with standard versus reduced intensity conditioning regimen in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.

This retrospective case-matched study evaluated the efficacy of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen on early and late allogeneic transplant outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Twenty-eight patients conditioned with RIC regimen were matched to 56 patients who received a myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimen. The main criteria for case matching among our CML allotransplant cohort were the Gratwohl scoring system. The median score was 2 (1-4) in each group. The pretransplant disease status was first chronic phase (CP1, n = 20), CP2 (n = 2), and advanced phase (n = 6) in RIC, and CP1 (n = 46), CP2 (n = 3), and advanced phase (n = 7) in MAC. The duration of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was shorter in RIC than MAC. The grade and duration of mucositis were less in RIC. The need for total parenteral nutrition (21% vs. 77%, p < 0.0001) and febrile neutropenic episodes (50% vs. 95%, p < 0.0001) were observed less frequently in RIC compared with MAC-given patients. Acute or chronic graft versus host diseases (GvHD) were not affected by the intensity of conditioning regimen. The incidence of transplant-related mortality was higher in MAC (7% vs. 14%, p = 0.01). Although more relapse/progression was observed in the RIC group, the probability of 5- and 10-year leukemia-free- and overall survival were similar regardless of conditioning regimen intensity (p > 0.05). In early first CP, the pair of female donor-male recipient and the development of chronic GvHD prolonged both leukemia-free survival and overall survival in multivariate analysis. According to our single-center matched-pair analysis, the use of RIC regimens in patients with low-risk CML results with toxicities less, responses later, and relapses more frequent than the MAC regimens.