[On the formation of Russian pulmonology: the development of the doctrine of lung diseases (first half of the 20th century)].

The articles on the history of Russian pulmonology presented in the historical, medical and therapeutic literature contain materials for this history, but their authors did not solve the problem of its consistent presentation, highlighting the stages of formation and founders. The authors of this study critically reviewed the literary and archival primary sources, for the first time proposed the identification of three stages in the development of Russian pulmonology and indicated eight of its founders at these stages. The abundance of material did not allow us to present it in one article. This article is devoted to the 1st stage of the history of pulmonology - the formation of the doctrine of lung diseases. The second (development of pulmonology as an independent scientific direction in internal diseases) and the third (organizational design of pulmonology as a new independent clinical scientific and educational discipline and medical specialty, i.e. its institutionalization) stages will be discussed in the next articles.

[The new materials to scientific biography of V. D. Shervinsky].

The scientific biography of Vasily Dmitrievich Shervinsky, the classic of Russian therapy is described in a number of articles and monographs. However, uncovered materials and results of our studies require to specify certain aspects of his biography and his scientific school.

[On becoming of nephrology in the USSR: The role of Moscow therapists M. I. Vihert and E. M. Tareev].

The article considers stages of becoming of Soviet nephrology as independent scientific educational clinical discipline. The role of M. I. Vikhert in becoming of nephrology as independent clinical direction within the framework of the clinic of internal diseases is demonstrated. Also the role of E. M. Tareev as the founder of nephrology in the USSR as institutionalized clinical discipline is revealed.

[On the formation of Soviet haematology as an independent scientific clinical discipline and medical profession].

On the basis of a critical analysis of sources and the use of comparative historical research method, the authors reveal the fundamental role of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.A. Kassirsky in the formation of haematology as an independent clinical discipline in the USSR and put forward the thesis of the decisive importance in this process of the unified haematological school of A.N. Kryukov - I.A. Kassirsky.

[Moscow scientific schools on the field of internal medicine in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries: comparative characteristics].

Peculiarities and comparative characteristics of three main Moscow schools on the field of internal medicine of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries are discussed: schools of Grigory Zakharyin, Alexey Ostroumov and Vassily Shervinsky - Leonid Golubinin; the legitimacy to acknowledge scientific clinical schools of Mikhail Cherinov and Nikolay Golubov is disputed. The arguments are provided that of the Moscow therapeutic schools, it was the Shervinsky-Golubinin school, and not the Zakharyin or Ostroumov school, that played the most significant role in the formation of the internal medicine in the USSR, in passing the accumulated knowledge and ideas to therapeutic elites in the USSR.