Diagnostic Strategy Using Color Doppler Ultrasound of Temporal Arteries in Patients With High Clinical Suspicion of Giant Cell Arteritis : A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most prevalent systemic vasculitis in people older than 50 years. Any delay in diagnosis impairs patients' quality of life and can lead to permanent damage, particularly vision loss. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a diagnostic strategy for GCA using color Doppler ultrasound of the temporal artery as a first-line diagnostic test, temporal artery biopsy (TAB) as a secondary test, and physician expertise as the reference method. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter study with a 2-year follow-up. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02703922). SETTING: Patients were referred by their general practitioner or ophthalmologist to a physician with extensive experience in GCA diagnosis and management in one of the participating centers: 4 general and 2 university hospitals. PATIENTS: 165 patients with high clinical suspicion of GCA, aged 79 years (IQR, 73 to 85 years). INTERVENTION: The diagnostic procedure was ultrasound, performed less than 7 days after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Only ultrasound-negative patients underwent TAB. MEASUREMENTS: Bilateral temporal halo signs seen on ultrasound were considered positive. Ultrasound and TAB results were compared with physician-diagnosed GCA based on clinical findings and other imaging. RESULTS: Diagnosis of GCA was confirmed in 44%, 17%, and 21% of patients by ultrasound, TAB, and clinical expertise and/or other imaging tests, respectively. Their diagnosis remained unchanged at 1 month, and 2 years for those with available follow-up data. An alternative diagnosis was made in 18% of patients. The proportion of ultrasound-positive patients among patients with a clinical GCA diagnosis was 54% (95% CI, 45% to 62%). LIMITATION: Small sample size, no blinding of ultrasound and TAB results, lack of an objective gold-standard comparator, and single diagnostic strategy. CONCLUSION: By using ultrasound of the temporal arteries as a first-line diagnostic tool in patients with high clinical suspicion of GCA, further diagnostic tests for patients with positive ultrasound were avoided. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Tender "Recherche CH-CHU Poitou-Charentes 2014."

Deep Learning for Detecting BRCA Mutations in High-Grade Ovarian Cancer Based on an Innovative Tumor Segmentation Method From Whole Slide Images.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play a crucial role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. Their mutations represent a significant proportion of homologous recombination deficiency and are a reliable effective predictor of sensitivity of high-grade ovarian cancer (HGOC) to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. However, their testing by next-generation sequencing is costly and time-consuming and can be affected by various preanalytical factors. In this study, we present a deep learning classifier for BRCA mutational status prediction from hematoxylin-eosin-safran-stained whole slide images (WSI) of HGOC. We constituted the OvarIA cohort composed of 867 patients with HGOC with known BRCA somatic mutational status from 2 different pathology departments. We first developed a tumor segmentation model according to dynamic sampling and then trained a visual representation encoder with momentum contrastive learning on the predicted tumor tiles. We finally trained a BRCA classifier on more than a million tumor tiles in multiple instance learning with an attention-based mechanism. The tumor segmentation model trained on 8 WSI obtained a dice score of 0.915 and an intersection-over-union score of 0.847 on a test set of 50 WSI, while the BRCA classifier achieved the state-of-the-art area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.739 in 5-fold cross-validation and 0.681 on the testing set. An additional multiscale approach indicates that the relevant information for predicting BRCA mutations is located more in the tumor context than in the cell morphology. Our results suggest that BRCA somatic mutations have a discernible phenotypic effect that could be detected by deep learning and could be used as a prescreening tool in the future.

Replacement Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse: Relation to Mitral Regurgitation, Ventricular Remodeling, and Arrhythmia.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a frequent disease that can be complicated by mitral regurgitation (MR), heart failure, arterial embolism, rhythm disorders, and death. Left ventricular (LV) replacement myocardial fibrosis, a marker of maladaptive remodeling, has been described in patients with MVP, but the implications of this finding remain scarcely explored. We aimed at assessing the prevalence, pathophysiological and prognostic significance of LV replacement myocardial fibrosis through late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with MVP. METHODS: Four hundred patients (53±15 years of age, 55% male) with MVP (trace to severe MR by echocardiography) from 2 centers, who underwent a comprehensive echocardiography and LGE cardiac magnetic resonance, were included. Correlates of replacement myocardial fibrosis (LGE+), influence of MR degree, and ventricular arrhythmia were assessed. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular events (cardiac death, heart failure, new-onset atrial fibrillation, arterial embolism, and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia). RESULTS: Replacement myocardial fibrosis (LGE+) was observed in 110 patients (28%; 91 with myocardial wall including 71 with basal inferolateral wall, 29 with papillary muscle). LGE+ prevalence was 13% in trace-mild MR, 28% in moderate MR, and 37% in severe MR, and was associated with specific features of mitral valve apparatus, more dilated LV and more frequent ventricular arrhythmias (45% versus 26%, P<0.0001). In trace-mild MR, despite the absence of significant volume overload, abnormal LV dilatation was observed in 16% of patients and ventricular arrhythmia in 25%. Correlates of LGE+ in multivariable analysis were LV mass (odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.002-1.017], P=0.009) and moderate-severe MR (odds ratio, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.21-4.31], P=0.011). LGE+ was associated with worse 4-year cardiovascular event-free survival (49.6±11.7 in LGE+ versus 73.3±6.5% in LGE-, P<0.0001). In a stepwise multivariable Cox model, MR volume and LGE+ (hazard ratio, 2.6 [1.4-4.9], P=0.002) were associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: LV replacement myocardial fibrosis is frequent in patients with MVP; is associated with mitral valve apparatus alteration, more dilated LV, MR grade, and ventricular arrhythmia; and is independently associated with cardiovascular events. These findings suggest an MVP-related myocardial disease. Last, cardiac magnetic resonance provides additional information to echocardiography in MVP.

Muscle biopsy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: diagnostic yield depends on anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody type, sex and neutrophil count.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the sensitivity of muscle biopsy (MB) in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), identify factors predicting MB positivity and assess the prognostic value of a positive MB. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre retrospective study of AAV with an MB performed at diagnosis. AAV classification [granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)] followed the European Medicines Agency algorithm. A logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with MB positivity. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Among 276 AAV patients (1995-2018), 101 had an MB. Seventy-eight patients were included: 33 with GPA, 25 with MPA and 20 with EGPA. MB samples were positive in 45 cases (58%): 17 GPA, 16 MPA and 12 EGPA. Univariate analysis focussed on GPA and MPA, revealed that the MB yield was higher in females [22/31 (71%) vs 11/27 (41%); P = 0.02] and in anti-MPO patients [25/37 (68%) vs 6/19 (32%) for anti-PR3; P = 0.01]. By multivariate analysis, three factors predicted MB positivity: anti-MPO ANCA [odds ratio (OR) 10.67 (CI 2.09, 81.68)], female sex [OR 5.3 (CI 1.16, 32.35)] and neutrophil count [OR 1.33 (CI 1.07, 1.8)]. MB positivity had no impact on relapse, death or end-stage renal disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: MB is a safe and efficient diagnostic tool for AAV. Predictors of MB yield include ANCA type, sex and neutrophil count. MB cannot substitute for kidney biopsy when indicated, but should be considered in other cases.

Effect of cannabis consumption on characteristics and evolution of thromboangitis obliterans.

Background: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a distal non atherosclerotic thrombotic vasculitis affecting tobacco smokers. The role of cannabis co-exposure remains controversial. The study aims to assess how cannabis consumption influences clinical presentation and outcome of TAO in tobacco smokers. Patients and methods: TAO patients, according to Papa's criteria, were included in a retrospective bicentric study between the 1st January 2003 and the 1st march 2020. Clinical characteristics, arterial involvement at TAO diagnosis, vascular event and amputations during follow-up were analyzed according to cannabis consumption. Results: Seventy-three patients with TAO patients were included. Forty-five patients were in Tobacco group (T) and 28 in Tobacco and cannabis group (T&C). Tobacco exposure was less important in T&C group than in T group (19.4±11.3 vs 31.6±16.6 pack-years) (p=0.005) and patients in T&C group were younger at TAO diagnosis than in T group (p=0.008). Patients in T&C group presented more claudication (33.3% vs 8.9%, p=0.01) and less upper limbs resting ischemia (25.9% vs 51.1%, p=0.04) than patients in the T group. No differences were found between groups with regard to arterial distribution. Amputation rate for patients who had at least one major or minor amputation did not differ between T and T&C group (25% vs 14.8%, p=0.38). Conclusions: Cannabis consumption was associated with a younger age of TAO onset. However, it does not affect amputation-free survival, Tobacco exposure is less important in T&C patients; data of this bicentric study suggest that cannabis could be a cofactor of tobacco which accelerates TAO onset.

[Inflammatory cardiomyopathies: Diagnosis, correlations with imaging, interest of myocardial biopsy and place of molecular biology]. / Cardiomyopathies inflammatoires : diagnostic, corrélations avec l'imagerie, intérêt de la biopsie myocardique et place de la biologie moléculaire.

Inflammatory cardiomyopathies, also known as "myocarditis" are inflammatory pathologies affecting the myocardium and characterized by vast etiological and clinical heterogeneity. They can be asymptomatic, particularly in viral forms, or be responsible for sudden death, particularly in subjects under 35 years olds. Due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity of imaging and biology, the gold standard is histopathological and is performed on an endomyocardial biopsy or on explanted heart samples in a transplant context. Their classification has considerably evolved and is now based on the identification of a predominant cell pattern such as lymphocytic, neutrophilic or eosinophilic polynuclear, giant cell or granulomatous myocarditis. These different patterns will guide the etiological diagnosis, prognosis and the therapies to be implemented. Due to the importance of viral etiologies, this morphological analysis must be complemented by a virological analysis based on PCR with viral load quantification. In addition, some authors have been able to demonstrate the occurrence of myocarditis in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of genetic origin. The aim of this chapter is to review the current state of knowledge on inflammatory cardiomyopathies and their management.

The inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer: a promising new druggable immune checkpoint in the context of HLAE/ß2m overexpression.

We previously demonstrated that HLA-E/ß2m overexpression by tumor cells in colorectal cancers is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. However, the expression of its specific receptor CD94/NKG2 by intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, their exact phenotype and function, as well as the relation with the molecular status of colorectal cancer and prognosis remain unknown. Based on a retrospective cohort of 234 colorectal cancer patients, we assessed the expression of HLA-E, ß2m, CD94, CD8, and NKp46 by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray. The expression profile of HLA-E/ß2m on tumor cells and the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were correlated to the clinicopathological and molecular features (Microsatellite status, BRAF and RAS mutations). Then, from the primary tumors of 27 prospective colorectal cancers, we characterized by multiparameter flow cytometry the nature (T and/or NK cells) and the co-expression of the inhibitory NKG2A or activating NKG2C chain of ex vivo isolated CD94+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Their biological function was determined using an in vitro redirected cytolytic activity assay. Our results showed that HLA-E/ß2m was preferentially overexpressed in microsatellite instable tumors compared with microsatellite stable ones (45% vs. 19%, respectively, p = 0.0001), irrespective of the RAS or BRAF mutational status. However, HLA-E/ß2m+ colorectal cancers were significantly enriched in CD94+ intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in microsatellite instable as well as in microsatellite stable tumors. Those CD94+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes mostly corresponded to CD8+ αß T cells, and  to a lesser extent to NK cells, and mainly co-expressed a functional inhibitory NKG2A chain. Finally, a high number of CD94+ intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in close contact with tumor cells was independently associated with a worse overall survival. In conclusion, these findings strongly suggest that HLA-E/ß2m-CD94/NKG2A represents a new druggable inhibitory immune checkpoint, preferentially expressed in microsatellite instable tumors, but also in a subgroup of microsatellite stable tumors, leading to a new opportunity in colorectal cancer immunotherapies.

Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations.

A 75-year-old man presented to a French hospital with a 4-day fever after returning from a coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cluster region. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. After he returned home and a telephone follow-up, he was found deceased 9 days after first showing symptoms. Whole-body, non-enhanced, post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and a forensic autopsy were performed approximately 48 h after death, with sanitary precautions. The PMCT showed bilateral and diffuse crazy-paving lung opacities, with bilateral pleural effusions. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. Microscopic examination showed that severe lung damage was responsible for his death. The main abnormality was diffuse alveolar damage, associated with different stages of inflammation and fibrosis. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response.

Gene Expression Profiling for the Identification and Classification of Antibody-Mediated Heart Rejection.

BACKGROUND: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) contributes to heart allograft loss. However, an important knowledge gap remains in terms of the pathophysiology of AMR and how detection of immune activity, injury degree, and stage could be improved by intragraft gene expression profiling. METHODS: We prospectively monitored 617 heart transplant recipients referred from 4 French transplant centers (January 1, 2006-January 1, 2011) for AMR. We compared patients with AMR (n=55) with a matched control group of 55 patients without AMR. We characterized all patients using histopathology (ISHLT [International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation] 2013 grades), immunostaining, and circulating anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies at the time of biopsy, together with systematic gene expression assessments of the allograft tissue, using microarrays. Effector cells were evaluated with in vitro human cell cultures. We studied a validation cohort of 98 heart recipients transplanted in Edmonton, AB, Canada, including 27 cases of AMR and 71 controls. RESULTS: A total of 240 heart transplant endomyocardial biopsies were assessed. AMR showed a distinct pattern of injury characterized by endothelial activation with microcirculatory inflammation by monocytes/macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. We also observed selective changes in endothelial/angiogenesis and NK cell transcripts, including CD16A signaling and interferon-γ-inducible genes. The AMR-selective gene sets accurately discriminated patients with AMR from those without and included NK transcripts (area under the curve=0.87), endothelial activation transcripts (area under the curve=0.80), macrophage transcripts (area under the curve=0.86), and interferon-γ transcripts (area under the curve=0.84; P<0.0001 for all comparisons). These 4 gene sets showed increased expression with increasing pathological AMR (pAMR) International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade (P<0.001) and association with donor-specific antibody levels. The unsupervised principal components analysis demonstrated a high proportion of molecularly inactive pAMR1(I+), and there was significant molecular overlap between pAMR1(H+) and full-blown pAMR2/3 cases. Endothelial activation transcripts, interferon-γ, and NK transcripts showed association with chronic allograft vasculopathy. The molecular architecture and selective AMR transcripts, together with gene set discrimination capacity for AMR identified in the discovery set, were reproduced in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue-based measurements of specific pathogenesis-based transcripts reflecting NK burden, endothelial activation, macrophage burden, and interferon-γ effects accurately classify AMR and correlate with degree of injury and disease activity. This study illustrates the clinical potential of a tissue-based analysis of gene transcripts to refine diagnosis of heart transplant rejection.

[Learning pathologic anatomy during medical formation: Understanding the contribution of the motivation]. / Apprentissage de l'anatomo-cyto-pathologie par les étudiants en médecine : comprendre le rôle de la motivation.

INTRODUCTION: The motivations of medical students for Pathologic Anatomy are little known although they can strongly influence their academic performance. Our work focused on the analysis of the relationship between performance and motivation for Pathologic Anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Second-year students (n=268) from the University of Nantes were contacted to complete a motivation questionnaire and to provide indicators of performance and attendance. The responses were analyzed in order to establish the psychometric reliability and the factorial structure of the questionnaire. The relationship between motivation and performance was explored by correlation and by linear regression studies. A cluster analysis was performed to specify the distribution of the two variables in our sample. RESULTS: The sample corresponded to 168 respondents with a F/M ratio similar to that of our population. Our data demonstrated the reliability of the questionnaire and a structure described by 5 motivation factors (self-determination, self-efficacy, career, grade and intrinsic motivation). The academic performance was not significantly correlated with the overall motivation or with student attendance. However, it was predicted by self-determination and self-efficacy. Our work revealed gender differences as well as the existence of two distinct clusters defined by the motivation and performance of the students. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This work constitutes the first study of the motivations of French medical students for cyto-pathology. It validates a quantitative assessment tool for motivation. Finally, it explores the heterogeneity of the distribution of motivation and academic performance within a population of learners.

[Aortitis]. / Aortites.

Aortitis is a rare disease entity of unknown prevalence. Primary aortitis mainly affects the thoracic aorta. They are most often diagnosed on imaging by grade III 18-FDG uptake of the aortic wall on PET, or by circumferential thickening>2.2mm on CT or MRI with late-stage contrast. More rarely, aortitis is histologically proven, as in some cases of clinically isolated aortitis discovered after planned aortic aneurysm surgery or during aortic dissection surgery. The most common histological types are granulomatous/giant cell or lymphoplasmacytic. Clinical signs associated with aortitis are often non-specific: asthenia, fever, dry cough, chest, back, lumbar or abdominal pain. Aortitis can be divided into different etiological categories: primary aortitis, which includes vasculitis with a preferential or exclusive tropism for the aortic wall, aortitis secondary to systemic or iatrogenic diseases, and infectious aortitis. The main etiologies of primary aortitis are giant cell arteritis (GCA), Takayasu arteritis (TA) or clinically isolated aortitis. Aortitis secondary to systemic diseases is seen in atrophying polychondritis, systemic lupus and inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as spondyloarthropathy and rheumatoid arthritis. In both ACG and AT, aortitis is a negative factor, characterized by a higher risk of relapse, cardiovascular complications and increased mortality. The management of aortitis is insufficiently codified, and relies on the control of cardiovascular risk factors, with particular monitoring of blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, and on corticosteroid therapy and immunosuppressive drugs, the use of which will depend on the disease associated with the aortitis, the initial severity and comorbidities.

Filamin A heart valve disease as a genetic cause of inherited bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve disease.

OBJECTIVE: Variants in the FLNA gene have been associated with mitral valve dystrophy (MVD), and even polyvalvular disease has been reported. This study aimed to analyse the aortic valve and root involvement in FLNA-MVD families and its impact on outcomes. METHODS: 262 subjects (37 (18-53) years, 140 male, 79 carriers: FLNA+) from 4 FLNA-MVD families were included. Echocardiography was performed in 185 patients and histological analysis in 3 explanted aortic valves. The outcomes were defined as aortic valve surgery or all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Aortic valve alterations were found in 58% of FLNA+ compared with 6% of FLNA- (p<0.001). 9 (13.4%) FLNA+ had bicuspid aortic valve compared with 4 (3.4%) FLNA- (p=0.03). Overall, the transvalvular mean gradient was slightly increased in FLNA+ (4.8 (4.1-6.1) vs 4.0 (2.9-4.9) mm Hg, p=0.02). The sinuses of Valsalva and sinotubular junction diameters were enlarged in FLNA+ subjects (all p<0.05). 8 FLNA+ patients underwent aortic valve surgery (0 in relatives; p<0.001). Myxomatous remodelling with an infiltration of immune cells was observed. Overall survival was similar between FLNA+ versus FLNA- subjects (86±5% vs 85±6%, p=0.36). There was no statistical evidence for an interaction between genetic status and sex (p=0.15), but the survival tended to be impaired in FLNA+ men (p=0.06) whereas not in women (p=0.71). CONCLUSION: The patients with FLNA variants present frequent aortic valve disease and worse outcomes. Bicuspid aortic valve is more frequent in patients carrying the FLNA-MVD variants. These unique features should be factored into the management of patients with dystrophic and/or bicuspid aortic valve.

Isolated prolapse of the posterior mitral valve leaflet: phenotypic refinement, heritability and genetic etiology.

BACKGROUND: Isolated posterior leaflet mitral valve prolapse (PostMVP), a common form of MVP, often referred as fibroelastic deficiency, is considered a degenerative disease. PostMVP patients are usually asymptomatic and often undiagnosed until chordal rupture. The present study aims to characterize familial PostMVP phenotype and familial recurrence, its genetic background, and the pathophysiological processes involved. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 284 unrelated MVP probands, of whom 178 (63%) had bi-leaflet MVP and 106 had PostMVP (37%). Familial screening within PostMVP patients allowed the identification of 20 families with inherited forms of PostMVP for whom whole genome sequencing was carried out in probands. Functional in vivo and in vitro investigations were performed in zebrafishand in Hek293T cells. RESULTS: In the 20 families with inherited form of PostMVP, 38.8% of relatives had a MVP/prodromal form, mainly of the posterior leaflet, with transmission consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Compared with control relatives, PostMVP family patients have clear posterior leaflet dystrophy on echocardiography. Patients with PostMVP present a burden of rare genetic variants in ARHGAP24. ARHGAP24 encodes the filamin A binding RhoGTPase-activating protein FilGAP and its silencing in zebrafish leads to atrioventricular regurgitation. In vitro functional studies showed that variants of FilGAP, found in PostMVP families, are loss-of-function variants impairing cellular adhesion and mechano-transduction capacities. CONCLUSIONS: PostMVP should not only be considered an isolated degenerative pathology but as a specific heritable phenotypic trait with genetic and functional pathophysiological origins. The identification of loss-of-function variants in ARHGAP24 further reinforces the pivotal role of mechano-transduction pathways in the pathogenesis of MVP. CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE: Isolated posterior mitral valve prolapse (PostMVP), often called fibro-elastic deficiency MVP, is at least in some patients, a specific inherited phenotypic traitPostMVP has both genetic and functional pathophysiological origins Genetic variants in the ARHGAP24 gene, which encodes for the FilGAP protein, cause progressive Post MVP in familial cases, and impair cell adhesion and mechano-transduction capacities.

[Takayasu's arteritis]. / Artérite de Takayasu.

TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS. Takayasu's arteritis is an inflammatory panarteritis of the large vessels, preferentially affecting the aorta, its main branches, and the pulmonary arteries. Its incidence is estimated at 1.11 cases per million person-years, with a female predominance. The disease is classically characterized by the succession of two phases: a pre-occlusive inflammatory phase that may go unnoticed and an occlusive phase characterized by ischemic vascular symptoms because of parietal arterial lesions such as stenosis, occlusion or aneurysm. The diagnosis is based on clinical, biological and morphological findings. When available, pathological examination reveals a predominantly medial-adventitial, segmental and focal granulomatous panarteritis. Treatment consists of administering corticosteroid therapy and often immunosuppressants, or even biotherapies, managing cardiovascular risk factors, and managing vascular complications.

ARTÉRITE DE TAKAYASU. L'artérite de Takayasu est une panartérite inflammatoire des gros vaisseaux touchant préférentiellement l'aorte et ses branches principales ainsi que les artères pulmonaires. On estime son incidence annuelle à 1,11 cas par million de personnes, avec une prédominance féminine. Il est classiquement observé deux phases successives : une phase inflammatoire préocclusive pouvant passer inaperçue, puis une phase occlusive, caractérisée par des symptômes vasculaires ischémiques, conséquence des lésions artérielles pariétales à type de sténose, occlusion ou anévrisme. Le diagnostic repose sur un faisceau d'arguments cliniques, biologiques et morphologiques. Lorsqu'il est accessible, l'examen anatomopathologique retrouve un aspect de panartérite granulomateuse à prédominance médio-adventitielle, segmentaire et focale. Le traitement consiste en l'administration d'une corticothérapie et souvent d'immunosuppresseurs, ainsi qu'en la prise en charge des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire afin de prévenir les complications vasculaires à plus long terme.

Long-Term Outcome and Prognosis of Noninfectious Thoracic Aortitis.

BACKGROUND: Aortitis is a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the aorta. The large-vessel vasculitides are the most common causes of aortitis. Aortitis long-term outcomes are not well known. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome and prognosis of noninfectious surgical thoracic aortitis. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study of 5,666 patients with thoracic aorta surgery including 217 (3.8%) with noninfectious thoracic aortitis (118 clinically isolated aortitis, 57 giant cells arteritis, 21 Takayasu arteritis, and 21 with various systemic autoimmune disorders). Factors associated with vascular complications and a second vascular procedure were assessed by multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Indications for aortic surgery were asymptomatic aneurysm with a critical size (n = 152 [70%]), aortic dissection (n = 28 [13%]), and symptomatic aortic aneurysm (n = 30 [14%]). The 10-year cumulative incidence of vascular complication and second vascular procedure was 82.1% (95% CI: 67.6%-90.6%), and 42.6% (95% CI: 28.4%-56.1%), respectively. Aortic arch aortitis (HR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.26-3.44; P = 0.005) was independently associated with vascular complications. Descending thoracic aortitis (HR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.11-4.96; P = 0.031) and aortic dissection (HR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.61-5.90; P = 0.002) were independently associated with a second vascular procedure, while treatment with statins after aortitis diagnosis (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.24-0.90; P = 0.028) decreased it. After a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 19 (16.1%) clinically isolated aortitis patients developed features of a systemic inflammatory disease and 35 (16%) patients had died. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study shows that 82% of noninfectious surgical thoracic aortitis patients will experience a vascular complication within 10 years. We pointed out specific characteristics that identified those at highest risk for subsequent vascular complications and second vascular procedures.

Multimodality imaging and transcriptomics to phenotype mitral valve dystrophy in a unique knock-in Filamin-A rat model.

AIMS: Degenerative mitral valve dystrophy (MVD) leading to mitral valve prolapse is the most frequent form of MV disease, and there is currently no pharmacological treatment available. The limited understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to MVD limits our ability to identify therapeutic targets. This study aimed to reveal the main pathophysiological pathways involved in MVD via the multimodality imaging and transcriptomic analysis of the new and unique knock-in (KI) rat model for the FilaminA-P637Q (FlnA-P637Q) mutation associated-MVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wild-type (WT) and KI rats were evaluated morphologically, functionally, and histologically between 3-week-old and 3-to-6-month-old based on Doppler echocardiography, 3D micro-computed tomography (microCT), and standard histology. RNA-sequencing and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) were performed on 3-week-old WT and KI mitral valves and valvular cells, respectively, to highlight the main signalling pathways associated with MVD. Echocardiographic exploration confirmed MV elongation (2.0 ± 0.1 mm vs. 1.8 ± 0.1, P = 0.001), as well as MV thickening and prolapse in KI animals compared to WT at 3 weeks. 3D MV volume quantified by microCT was significantly increased in KI animals (+58% vs. WT, P = 0.02). Histological analyses revealed a myxomatous remodelling in KI MV characterized by proteoglycans accumulation. A persistent phenotype was observed in adult KI rats. Signalling pathways related to extracellular matrix homeostasis, response to molecular stress, epithelial cell migration, endothelial to mesenchymal transition, chemotaxis and immune cell migration, were identified based on RNA-seq analysis. ATAC-seq analysis points to the critical role of transforming growth factor-ß and inflammation in the disease. CONCLUSION: The KI FlnA-P637Q rat model mimics human myxomatous MVD, offering a unique opportunity to decipher pathophysiological mechanisms related to this disease. Extracellular matrix organization, epithelial cell migration, response to mechanical stress, and a central contribution of immune cells are highlighted as the main signalling pathways leading to myxomatous MVD. Our findings pave the road to decipher underlying molecular mechanisms and the specific role of distinct cell populations in this context.

ADAM15 to α5ß1 integrin switch in colon carcinoma cells: a late event in cancer progression associated with tumor dedifferentiation and poor prognosis.

ADAM15, a member of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, is a membrane protein containing an adhesion domain that binds to α5ß1 integrin through a unique RGD domain. ADAM15, expressed by human normal colonocytes, is involved in epithelial wound healing and tissue remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease. The aims of our study were (i) to analyze ADAM15 expression in a series of colon carcinomas and paired normal mucosa and (ii) to integrate the spatial relationship of ADAM15 with its binding partners α5ß1 integrin, a mesenchymal marker, as well as with other adhesion molecules, α3ß1 integrin and E-cadherin. A series of 94 colon carcinomas of the non other specified category were graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frozen tissue sections using antibodies directed to ADAM15, α5ß1 and α3ß1 integrins, and E-cadherin. ADAM15 was quantified at the mRNA level. Finally, promoter methylation of ADAM15 was examined as well as the microsatellite instability status (MSS/MSI). Thirty-six percent of colorectal carcinomas displayed a reduced expression of ADAM15 in cancer cells, confirmed at the mRNA level in most cases, without promoter methylation. ADAM15 down-regulation was associated with histologically poorly differentiated carcinomas. In addition, it was associated with the acquisition of α5ß1 by cancer cells and down-regulation of α3ß1 integrin and E-cadherin. Finally this profile that includes characteristic of epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a late progression event of colon cancer with a poor prognosis.

Cryoablation of Soft Tissues Low-Flow Vascular Malformations: Clinical Outcomes and Safety.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical effectiveness and the safety of cryoablation in first or second-line therapy in symptomatic soft tissues vascular malformation, a mini-invasive therapeutic alternative to sclerotherapy or surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective and monocentric study included patients with symptomatic low-flow vascular malformation. The interventions were carried out under computed tomography (CT) scan, Cone-beam CT (CBCT) and/or USA guidance. Clinical response was evaluated by collecting the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for symptoms before and after the ablation. Safety was assessed based on criteria proposed by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. Imaging response was evaluated with post-ablation Magnetic Resonance Imaging. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included. Cryoablation was the first operative treatment for 12 patients (12/21, 57%). The remaining patients had already undergone surgery (2/21, 9%) or one or more sclerotherapy procedures (7/21, 33%).Symptoms assessed by Numerical Rating Scale dropped from a median of 7 [IQR 6-8] before the procedure to a median of 1 [IQR 0-2] after cryoablation (p < 0.001). Half of the patients declared a full effectiveness of cryoablation on their symptoms (11/21). No major complications and four minor adverse events (two skin lesions, two patients with neuropathic pain) were reported (19%). Lesional volume significantly decreased after cryoablation (median from 3.7 cm3 [1-10.4] to 0.25 cm3 [0-2.0], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cryoablation seems to be a safe and effective first- or second-line therapy for soft tissue vascular malformations.

Magnetic resonance imaging quantitative T2* mapping to predict the red blood cell content of in vivo thrombi retrieved from patients with large vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance imaging quantitative T2* mapping has shown reliable identification of thrombus red blood cell content in vitro. The thrombus composition has been in vivo, associated with outcomes after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. We aim to analyze the red blood cell content of thrombi retrieved from patients with large vessel occlusions in relation to the thrombus-T2* relaxation time in magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients treated by endovascular therapy were scanned with an magnetic resonance imaging quantitative T2* mapping sequence. Quantitative histologic evaluations of red blood cell content were performed. A linear regression assessed the association between vascular risk factors, comorbidities, antithrombotic drugs intake, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular therapy, time between onset and groin puncture, patient's outcome at 3 months, magnetic resonance imaging quantitative T2* mapping results, and the red blood cell content of thrombi. The correlation between the mean thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content was assessed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Among 31 thrombi, 16 were "Fibrin rich" and 15 "red blood cell dominant." The median red blood cell content was 39 (range, 0-90; interquartile range, 37). The median (interquartile range) thrombus-T2* relaxation time was shorter in "red blood cell dominant" thrombi (21, interquartile range 6) than in "Fibrin rich" thrombi (24, interquartile range 7), without significant difference (p = 0.15), as shown in the Box plot. An inverse correlation between thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content was found, with a correlation coefficient of -0.41 (95% CI, -0.67 to -0.08, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that a shorter thrombus-T2* relaxation time is related to a higher red blood cell content within in vivo thrombi.

Correlation Between Microvascular Inflammation in Endomyocardial Biopsies and Rejection Transcripts, Donor-specific Antibodies, and Graft Dysfunction in Antibody-mediated Rejection.

BACKGROUND: The pathology-based diagnosis of cardiac antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) relies on the 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Working Formulation, in which microvascular inflammation (MVI) is considered as present or absent regardless of its extent. This work assessed the biological and clinical value of a semiquantitative evaluation of the extent of MVI in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs). METHODS: We retrospectively graded the extent of MVI in 291 EMB from 291 patients according to a 4-point scale in which MVI scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 represented 0%, 1%-10%, 11%-50%, and >50% of the myocardial area, respectively. We analyzed the association between the MVI score and tissue rejection molecular activity assessed by microarrays or reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, current pathology classification (pathologic AMR [pAMR]), anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies, and graft dysfunction. RESULTS: Overall, 172 (59.1%), 33 (11.4%), 42 (14.4%), and 44 (15.1%) EMB were given MVI scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. pAMR1(H+) and pAMR2/3 categories were found to be heterogeneous in terms of MVI score. Acute cellular rejection grades did not influence the MVI score. In both molecular approaches, we observed a stepwise increase in the expression of AMR-related transcripts with increasing MVI scores, independent of the C4d or CD68 status (P < 0.001). Both the frequency and mean fluorescence intensity of donor-specific antibodies gradually increased with the MVI score (P < 0.001). Acute graft dysfunction was more frequent in MVI score 3 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of MVI in EMB, based on a semiquantitative evaluation of its extent, has biological and clinical importance.