Neovascular glaucoma: a review.

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary glaucoma generally associated with poor visual prognosis. The development of new vessels over the iris and the iridocorneal angle can obstruct aqueous humor outflow and lead to increased intraocular pressure. The underlying pathogenesis in most cases is posterior segment ischemia, which is most commonly secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central vein retinal occlusion. The neovascularization process in the eye is driven by the events that alter the homeostatic balance between pro-angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenic factors, such as the pigment-epithelium-derived factor. Early diagnosis of this condition through slit lamp examination of the iris, iridocorneal angle and retina can help to avoid the development of goniosynechia and obstruction of aqueous humor outflow, with consequent intraocular pressure elevation. Historically, NVG treatment was focused on reducing the posterior segment ischemic process that caused the formation of new vessels, through panretinal photocoagulation. Recently, several studies have investigated the application of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies in NVG. If clinical treatment with the use of hypotensive topical drops is not sufficient, laser and/or surgical procedures are required for intraocular pressure control.

Prognostic factors in open globe injuries.

PURPOSES: To evaluate the main factors related to visual outcome after open globe injuries (excluding intraocular foreign bodies). METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing consecutive ocular lacerations, primarily repaired in this institution, between January 1993 and January 2000. Of the 364 cases, 283 (77.75%) lacerations were statistically analyzed, correlating the preoperative variables with the postoperative visual acuity (VA). Excluded from this study were all patients with less than 6 months of follow-up, previous ocular surgery, unreliable information on VA, intraocular foreign bodies and endophthalmitis. When a bilateral injury was detected, only 1 eye was randomly chosen. RESULTS: It was observed, after statistical analysis (multivariate analysis), that the most important factors related to postoperative poor VA (less than 20/100) were: the length of the laceration, the elapsed time between the injury and the surgery and the presence or absence of vitreous loss, cataract (lens damage), hyphema, laceration posterior to rectus muscle insertion and retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: With this study, it was possible to point out the most important factors related to visual prognosis in open globe injuries. The results found are similar to results previously reported.

Conjunctival keratoacanthoma.

Keratoacanthoma generally occurs on the skin; it is rarely found in the conjunctiva. A case of a 34-year-old woman with a rapidly growing conjunctival mass is reported. The tumor was excised with a safety margin to exclude squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathologically it was crateriform and consistent with atypical keratoacanthoma. There has been no recurrence in 2 years of follow-up. Conjunctival keratoacanthoma is rare; differential diagnosis of conventional squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma can be difficult. We recommend complete surgical excision and careful follow-up of crateriform squamous proliferations.

Endophthalmitis caused by Agrobacterium radiobacter.

Infections due to Agrobacterium radiobacter are rare. This study reports 2 cases of A. radiobacter endophthalmitis. To the authors' knowledge, these are only the second and third reported cases of endophthalmitis caused by this Gram-negative rod.

Normatização do eletrorretinograma por reversão alternada de padrões em voluntários normais / Standardization of pattern electroretinograms by alternate reversion in normal volunteers

OBJETIVO: Realizar a normatizaçäo do eletrorretinograma por reversäo alternada em indivíduos oftalmologicamente normais e sem doenças neurológicas associadas, determinando a faixa de normalidade estratificada por sexo, faixa etária e estímulo utilizado. MÉTODOS: A padronizaçäo seguiu o modelo proposto pela Organizaçäo Internacional de Eletrorretinografia e a normatizaçäo foi específica para o laboratório de potenciais evocados do Departamento de Neurologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Dois tipos de estímulos foram utilizados: o denominado estímulo 16, que proporciona ângulo visual de 60 minutos de arco e o de 32, que proporciona ângulo visual de 30. RESULTADOS: Em todos os pacientes obteve-se uma onda positiva, definida internacionalmente como P50 e uma negativa, chamada N95, sem a presença de artefatos. Foram observados intervalos de normalidade que continham a média das latências, amplitudes e duraçöes das curvas positiva e negativa, internacionalmente aceitas. As ondas P50 e N95 apresentaram diferenças significativas na amplitude, latência e duraçäo quando comparadas às diversas faixas etárias, ocorrendo diminuiçäo na amplitude das ondas e aumento na latência total do eletrorretinograma com o aumento da idade. Construíram-se tabelas com intervalo de prediçäo de 95 por cento em relaçäo à idade para a amplitude, latência e duraçäo das curvas P50 e N95. CONCLUSÖES: A normatizaçäo do eletrorretinograma por reversäo alternada proporciona a reprodutibilidade dos resultados e a possibilidade de estudos comparativos

Conjunctival keratoacanthoma

Ceratoacantoma geralmente ocorre na pele e raramente é encontrado na conjuntiva. Relatamos um caso de uma mulher de 34 anos que apresentou uma massa conjuntival de rápido crescimento. O tumor foi retirado com margem de segurança para excluir carcinoma de células escamosas. Ao exame histopatológico, o tumor apresentou configuração crateriforme, sendo consistente com ceratoacantoma atípico. Não houve recorrência após dois anos de seguimento. Ceratoacantoma conjuntival é uma doença rara. Um diagnóstico diferencial entre carcinoma de células escamosas e ceratoacantoma pode ser difícil. Recomendamos total remoção e seguimento cuidadoso de pacientes com lesões escamosas crateriformes.