Visual Recognition Memory of Scenes Is Driven by Categorical, Not Sensory, Visual Representations.

When we perceive a scene, our brain processes various types of visual information simultaneously, ranging from sensory features, such as line orientations and colors, to categorical features, such as objects and their arrangements. Whereas the role of sensory and categorical visual representations in predicting subsequent memory has been studied using isolated objects, their impact on memory for complex scenes remains largely unknown. To address this gap, we conducted an fMRI study in which female and male participants encoded pictures of familiar scenes (e.g., an airport picture) and later recalled them, while rating the vividness of their visual recall. Outside the scanner, participants had to distinguish each seen scene from three similar lures (e.g., three airport pictures). We modeled the sensory and categorical visual features of multiple scenes using both early and late layers of a deep convolutional neural network. Then, we applied representational similarity analysis to determine which brain regions represented stimuli in accordance with the sensory and categorical models. We found that categorical, but not sensory, representations predicted subsequent memory. In line with the previous result, only for the categorical model, the average recognition performance of each scene exhibited a positive correlation with the average visual dissimilarity between the item in question and its respective lures. These results strongly suggest that even in memory tests that ostensibly rely solely on visual cues (such as forced-choice visual recognition with similar distractors), memory decisions for scenes may be primarily influenced by categorical rather than sensory representations.

Perceived plausibility modulates hippocampal activity in episodic counterfactual thinking.

Episodic counterfactual thinking (ECT) consists of imagining alternative outcomes to past personal events. Previous research has shown that ECT shares common neural substrates with episodic future thinking (EFT): our ability to imagine possible future events. Both ECT and EFT have been shown to critically depend on the hippocampus, and past research has explored hippocampal engagement as a function of the perceived plausibility of an imagined future event. However, the extent to which the hippocampus is modulated by perceived plausibility during ECT is unknown. In this study, we combine two functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets to investigate whether perceived plausibility modulates hippocampal activity during ECT. Our results indicate that plausibility parametrically modulates hippocampal activity during ECT, and that such modulation is confined to the left anterior portion of the hippocampus. Moreover, our results indicate that this modulation is positive, such that increased activity in the left anterior hippocampus is associated with higher ratings of ECT plausibility. We suggest that neither effort nor difficulty alone can account for these results, and instead suggest possible alternatives to explain the role of the hippocampus during the construction of plausible and implausible ECT.

Quantitative Analysis of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the principal causes of death in Mexico and worldwide. AMI triggers an acute inflammatory process that induces the activation of different populations of the innate immune system. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an innate immunity, highly pleiotropic population, which have been observed to participate in tissue repair and polarization of the adaptive immune response. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze the levels of subsets of ILCs in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), immediately 3 and 6 months post-AMI, and analyze their correlation with clinical parameters. RESULTS: We evaluated 29 STEMI patients and 15 healthy controls and analyzed the different subsets of circulating ILCs, immediately 3 and 6 months post-AMI. We observed higher levels of circulating ILCs in STEMI patients compared to control subjects and a significant correlation between ILC levels and cardiac function. We also found increased production of the cytokines interleukin 5 (IL-5) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A), produced by ILC2 cells and by ILC3 cells, respectively, in the STEMI patients. CONCLUSION: This study shows new evidence of the role of ILCs in the pathophysiology of AMI and their possible involvement in the maintenance of cardiac function.

Neural retrieval processes occur more rapidly for visual mental images that were previously encoded with high-vividness.

Visual mental imagery refers to our ability to experience visual images in the absence of sensory stimulation. Studies have shown that visual mental imagery can improve episodic memory. However, we have limited understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this improvement. Using electroencephalography, we examined the neural processes associated with the retrieval of previously generated visual mental images, focusing on how the vividness at generation can modulate retrieval processes. Participants viewed word stimuli referring to common objects, forming a visual mental image of each word and rating the vividness of the mental image. This was followed by a surprise old/new recognition task. We compared retrieval performance for items rated as high- versus low-vividness at encoding. High-vividness items were retrieved with faster reaction times and higher confidence ratings in the memory judgment. While controlling for confidence, neural measures indicated that high-vividness items produced an earlier decrease in alpha-band activity at retrieval compared with low-vividness items, suggesting an earlier memory reinstatement. Even when low-vividness items were remembered with high confidence, they were not retrieved as quickly as high-vividness items. These results indicate that when highly vivid mental images are encoded, the speed of their retrieval occurs more rapidly, relative to low-vivid items.

Physical Examination of the Thyroid: Accuracy in Detecting Thyroid Nodules and Frequency of Additional Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid palpation is a common clinical practice to detect thyroid abnormalities. However, its accuracy and potential for additional findings remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of physical exams in detecting thyroid nodules. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on a random sample of adult patients who underwent their first-time thyroid ultrasound between January 2015 and September 2017, following a documented thyroid physical exam. The study assessed the performance of thyroid palpation in detecting 1 or multiple thyroid nodules, as well as the proportion of additional findings on ultrasounds due to false positive thyroid palpation. RESULTS: We included 327 patients, mostly female (65.1%), white (84.1%), and treated in a primary care setting (54.4%) with a mean age of 50.8 years (SD 16.9). For solitary thyroid nodules, the physical exam had a sensitivity of 20.3%, specificity of 79.1%, an accuracy of 68.5%, negative predictive value of 81.8%, and positive predictive value of 17.6%. For detecting a multinodular goiter, physical exams demonstrated a sensitivity of 10.8%, specificity of 96.5%, accuracy of 55.4%, negative predictive value of 53.9, and positive predictive value of 73.9%. Among 154 cases with palpable nodules, 60% had additional nodules found in subsequent thyroid ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Thyroid physical exam has limited diagnostic performance and leads to additional findings when followed by a thyroid ultrasound. Future efforts should be directed at improving the accuracy of thyroid physical exams or re-evaluating its routine use.

Use of Natural Language Processing to Extract and Classify Papillary Thyroid Cancer Features From Surgical Pathology Reports.

BACKGROUND: We aim to use Natural Language Processing to automate the extraction and classification of thyroid cancer risk factors from pathology reports. METHODS: We analyzed 1410 surgical pathology reports from adult papillary thyroid cancer patients from 2010 to 2019. Structured and nonstructured reports were used to create a consensus-based ground truth dictionary and categorized them into modified recurrence risk levels. Nonstructured reports were narrative, while structured reports followed standardized formats. We developed ThyroPath, a rule-based Natural Language Processing pipeline, to extract and classify thyroid cancer features into risk categories. Training involved 225 reports (150 structured, 75 unstructured), with testing on 170 reports (120 structured, 50 unstructured) for evaluation. The pipeline's performance was assessed using both strict and lenient criteria for accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score; a metric that combines precision and recall evaluation. RESULTS: In extraction tasks, ThyroPath achieved overall strict F-1 scores of 93% for structured reports and 90% for unstructured reports, covering 18 thyroid cancer pathology features. In classification tasks, ThyroPath-extracted information demonstrated an overall accuracy of 93% in categorizing reports based on their corresponding guideline-based risk of recurrence: 76.9% for high-risk, 86.8% for intermediate risk, and 100% for both low and very low-risk cases. However, ThyroPath achieved 100% accuracy across all risk categories with human extracted pathology information. CONCLUSIONS: ThyroPath shows promise in automating the extraction and risk recurrence classification of thyroid pathology reports at large scale. It offers a solution to laborious manual reviews and advancing virtual registries. However, it requires further validation before implementation.

The relationship between serum vitamin D, bone mineral density, and injury in collegiate acrobatics and tumbling athletes.

Background: Medical staff for indoor aesthetic sports such as acrobatics and tumbling (A&T) is often concerned with athletes' bone mineral density (BMD), serum vitamin D (SvD), and associated injury risks. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between BMD, SvD, and injury among A&T athletes. Methods: 42 (19 tops, 23 bases) female A&T athletes aged 19.6 (±1.17) years participated. Two samples of SvD were taken. Injury and BMD data were provided by support staff. Bivariate and multivariate analysis assessed relationships between and among variables. Results: Participants experienced a decrease in SvD (6.093 ± 10.973). Spine BMD was significantly higher in bases compared to tops (p = 0.039). BMD and SvD did not differ based on injuries sustained. Conclusion: Relationships between SvD, BMD, and injury were not identified. Positional differences in BMD may be related to the demands of each role. Participants possessed low SvD and high BMDs, which may provide useful information for medical staff.

Identifying and protecting macroalgae detritus sinks toward climate change mitigation.

Harnessing natural solutions to mitigate climate change requires an understanding of carbon fixation, flux, and sequestration across ocean habitats. Recent studies have suggested that exported seaweed particulate organic carbon is stored within soft-sediment systems. However, very little is known about how seaweed detritus disperses from coastlines, or where it may enter seabed carbon stores, where it could become the target of conservation efforts. Here, focusing on regionally dominant seaweed species, we surveyed environmental DNA (eDNA) from natural coastal sediments, and studied their connectivity to seaweed habitats using a particle tracking model parameterized to reproduce seaweed detritus dispersal behavior based on laboratory observations of seaweed fragment degradation and sinking. Experiments showed that seaweed detritus density changed over time, differently across species. This, in turn, modified distances traveled by released fragments until they reached the seabed for the first time, during model simulations. Dispersal pathways connected detritus from the shore to the open ocean but, importantly, also to coastal sediments, and this was reflected by field eDNA evidence. Dispersion pathways were also affected by hydrodynamic conditions, varying in space and time. Both the properties and timing of released detritus, individual to each macroalgal population, and short-term near-seabed and medium-term water-column transport pathways, are thus seemingly important in determining the connectivity between seaweed habitats and potential sedimentary sinks. Studies such as this one, supported by further field verification of sedimentary carbon sequestration rates and source partitioning, are still needed to help quantify the role of seaweed in the ocean carbon cycle. Such studies will provide vital evidence to inform on the potential need to develop blue carbon conservation mechanisms, beyond wetlands.

Autonomous sensory meridian response is associated with a larger heartbeat-evoked potential amplitude without differences in interoceptive awareness.

Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) describes the experience of a pleasant body sensation accompanied by a feeling of well-being and relaxation in response to specific audiovisual stimuli, such as whispers and personal attention. Previous work suggests a relationship between this experience with the processing of affective and body states; however, no research has explored differences in interoception between people experiencing ASMR and those who do not. We hypothesized that the ASMR experience is based on interoception processing. To test this, we assessed group differences across different dimensions of interoception: Interoceptive sensibility (IS), measured using the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA); Interoceptive accuracy score (IAS), measured by calculating performance in a heartbeat counting task (HCT), and the electrophysiological index of interoception, the heartbeat evoked potential (HEP), which was calculated during the HCT and an ASMR tingle reporting task (ASMR-TRT). Our results showed that IS and IAS, dimensions requiring conscious awareness, showed no differences between groups. However, HEP amplitude was larger in the ASMR group in both tasks. We concluded that the ASMR experience is based on an unconscious interoceptive mechanism, reflected by HEP, where exteroceptive social-affective stimuli are integrated to represent a body state of positive affective feelings and relaxation, as has been described for affective touch. The relevance of this finding relies on that interoceptive function, body regulation, and emotional/affective experiences are fundamental for well-being, and the relationship between ASMR and interoception opens the way to future research exploring the causal relationship between them and their potential clinical applications.

Drivers of Thyroid Ultrasound Use: A Retrospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Excessive use of thyroid ultrasound (TUS) contributes to the overdiagnosis of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. In this study, we evaluated drivers of and clinical trajectories following TUS orders. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 500 adult patients who underwent an initial TUS between 2015 and 2017 at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. A framework was employed to classify the indication for TUS, and it was characterized as inappropriate when ordered without a guideline-based indication. Medical records were reviewed for up to 12 months following the TUS, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age mean age (SD) was 53.6 years (16.6), 63.8% female, and 86.6% white. TUS orders were triggered by incidental findings on unrelated imaging (31.6%), thyroid symptoms (20.4%), thyroid abnormalities on routine physical examination (17.2%), and thyroid dysfunction workup (11.8%). In females and males, the most common reason were incidental findings on imaging (female, 91/319, 28.5% and male, 67/181, 37.0%). In primary care practice, TUS orders were mostly triggered by symptoms (71/218, 32.5%), while thyroid dysfunction workup was the primary reason in endocrinology (28/100, 28.0%). We classified 11.2% (56/500) TUS orders as likely to have been ordered inappropriately based on current guidelines. Finally, 119 patients (119/500, 23.8%) had a thyroid biopsy with 11.8% had thyroid cancer (14/119. 11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Incidental findings on imaging, symptoms, and routine physical exam findings in asymptomatic patients were the most prevalent drivers of TUS. Furthermore, 1 in 10 TUS were likely inappropriately ordered based on current practice guidelines.

The Urgent Need for Neuroscience Research to Consider Culture when Assessing the Development of Gait in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on a global scale, impacting all racial and cultural groups. This increase in the diagnostic rate has prompted investigation into a myriad of factors that may serve as early signs of ASD. One of these factors includes the biomechanics of gait, or the manner of walking. Although ASD is a spectrum, many autistic children experience differences in gross motor function, including gait. It has been documented that gait is also impacted by racial and cultural background. Given that ASD is equally prevalent across all cultural backgrounds, it is urgent that studies assessing gait in autistic children consider the impact of cultural factors on children's development of gait. The purpose of the present scoping review was to assess whether recent empirical research studies focusing on gait in autistic children have taken culture into account. METHODS: To do so, we conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines using a keyword searching with the terms autism, OR autism spectrum disorder, OR ASD, OR autis, AND gait OR walking in the following databases: CINAHL, ERIC (EBSCO), Medline, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, PsychInfo, PubMed, and Scopus. Articles were considered for review if they met all six of the following inclusionary criteria: (1) included participants with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), (2) directly measured gait or walking, (3) the article was a primary study, (4) the article was written in English, (5) participants included children up to age 18, and (6) the article was published between 2014 and 2022. RESULTS: A total of 43 articles met eligibility criteria but none of the articles took culture into account in the data analysis process. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need for neuroscience research to consider cultural factors when assessing gait characteristics of autistic children. This would allow for more culturally responsive and equitable assessment and intervention planning for all autistic children.

Home Chimney Pinwheels (HCP) as Steh and Remote Monitoring for Smart Building IoT and WSN Applications.

Smart, and ultra-low energy consuming Internet of Things (IoTs), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and autonomous devices are being deployed to smart buildings and cities, which require continuous power supply, whereas battery usage has accompanying environmental problems, coupled with additional maintenance cost. We present Home Chimney Pinwheels (HCP) as the Smart Turbine Energy Harvester (STEH) for wind; and Cloud-based remote monitoring of its output data. The HCP commonly serves as an external cap to home chimney exhaust outlets; they have very low inertia to wind; and are available on the rooftops of some buildings. Here, an electromagnetic converter adapted from a brushless DC motor was mechanically fastened to the circular base of an 18-blade HCP. In simulated wind, and rooftop experiments, an output voltage of 0.3 V to 16 V was realised for a wind speed between 0.6 to 16 km/h. This is sufficient to operate low-power IoT devices deployed around a smart city. The harvester was connected to a power management unit and its output data was remotely monitored via the IoT analytic Cloud platform "ThingSpeak" by means of LoRa transceivers, serving as sensors; while also obtaining supply from the harvester. The HCP can be a battery-less "stand-alone" low-cost STEH, with no grid connection, and can be installed as attachments to IoT or wireless sensors nodes in smart buildings and cities.

On the frequency and nature of the cues that elicit déjà vu and involuntary autobiographical memories.

Barzykowski and Moulin suggest that déjà vu and involuntary autobiographical memories recruit similar retrieval processes. Here, we invite the authors to clarify three issues: (1) What mechanism prevents déjà vu to happen more frequently? (2) What is the role of semantic cues in involuntary autobiographical retrieval? and (3) How déjà vu relates to non-believed memories?

Modification of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli χ7122 lipopolysaccharide increases accessibility to glycoconjugate antigens.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, an estimated 70.7 billion broilers were produced in 2020. With the reduction in use of prophylactic antibiotics as a result of consumer pressure and regulatory oversight alternative approaches, such as vaccination, are required to control bacterial infections. A potential way to produce a multivalent vaccine is via the generation of a glycoconjugate vaccine which consists of an antigenic protein covalently linked to an immunogenic carbohydrate. Protein-glycan coupling technology (PGCT) is an approach to generate glycoconjugates using enzymes that can couple proteins and glycan when produced in bacterial cells. Previous studies have used PGCT to generate a live-attenuated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain capable of N-glycosylation of target proteins using a chromosomally integrated Campylobacter jejuni pgl locus. However, this proved ineffective against C. jejuni challenge. RESULTS: In this study we demonstrate the lack of surface exposure of glycosylated protein in APEC strain χ7122 carrying the pgl locus. Furthermore, we hypothesise that this may be due to the complex cell-surface architecture of E. coli. To this end, we removed the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of APEC χ7122 pgl+ via deletion of the wecA gene and demonstrate increased surface exposure of glycosylated antigens (NetB and FlpA) in this strain. We hypothesise that increasing the surface expression of the glycosylated protein would increase the chance of host immune cells being exposed to the glycoconjugate, and therefore the generation of an efficacious immune response would be more likely. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate an increase in cell surface exposure and therefore accessibility of glycosylated antigens upon removal of lipopolysaccharide antigen from the APEC cell surface.

Fluid-filled intragastric balloons are an effective and safe weight loss option across BMI and age ranges.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an expanding public health problem, resulting in more than half a billion adults worldwide. Intragastric balloon (IGB) placement is a weight loss alternative for obese patients with an inadequate weight loss response to diet and exercise. The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy and safety of the single-chamber fluid-filled IGB for weight loss and compare its results across different age groups. METHODS: We performed a database review of 239 consecutive patients from two outpatient GI clinics who underwent placement of an IGB. Our final analysis composed of 239 IGB placements in 232 patients (mean age, 44.5 ± 10.3 years; 67% female; baseline BMI 42.0 ± 9.0). Efficacy outcomes included the percentage of the total (%TWL) and excess weight loss (%EWL). Safety outcomes were measured as the number of patients who required early IGB removal (before 6 months). RESULTS: %TWL at 3 months was 10.1% and 14.4% at 6 months. Overall, 92%, 74%, and 47% of patients lost 5%, 10%, and 15% of total weight at 6 months, respectively. %EWL was 22.1% and 30.7% at 3 and 6 months post-IGB placement, respectively. The balloon was safely removed at six months after placement in most patients, whereas in 13.0% of cases early removal was performed at an average of 12.0 weeks after placement (range, 2 days-23 weeks). CONCLUSION: The use of a single-chamber fluid-filled IGB is successful in inducing a significant amount of weight loss in almost three-fourths of patients six months after its placement. This beneficial effect is seen across different BMI ranges and age groups at a similar level. IGBs should be considered an effective and safe alternative for obese patients who fail lifestyle interventions and conservative measures, fulfilling the unmet needs of many who are unwilling or unable to undergo bariatric surgery.

Litter Detection with Deep Learning: A Comparative Study.

Pollution in the form of litter in the natural environment is one of the great challenges of our times. Automated litter detection can help assess waste occurrences in the environment. Different machine learning solutions have been explored to develop litter detection tools, thereby supporting research, citizen science, and volunteer clean-up initiatives. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has investigated the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning object detection approaches in the context of litter detection. In particular, no studies have focused on the assessment of those methods aiming their use in devices with low processing capabilities, e.g., mobile phones, typically employed in citizen science activities. In this paper, we fill this literature gap. We performed a comparative study involving state-of-the-art CNN architectures (e.g., Faster RCNN, Mask-RCNN, EfficientDet, RetinaNet and YOLO-v5), two litter image datasets and a smartphone. We also introduce a new dataset for litter detection, named PlastOPol, composed of 2418 images and 5300 annotations. The experimental results demonstrate that object detectors based on the YOLO family are promising for the construction of litter detection solutions, with superior performance in terms of detection accuracy, processing time, and memory footprint.

International Delphi Expert Consensus on Safe Return to Surgical and Endoscopic Practice: From the Coronavirus Global Surgical Collaborative.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to formulate recommendations based on global expert consensus to guide the surgical community on the safe resumption of surgical and endoscopic activities. BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused marked disruptions in the delivery of surgical care worldwide. A thoughtful, structured approach to resuming surgical services is necessary as the impact of COVID-19 becomes better controlled. The Coronavirus Global Surgical Collaborative sought to formulate, through rigorous scientific methodology, consensus-based recommendations in collaboration with a multidisciplinary group of international experts and policymakers. METHODS: Recommendations were developed following a Delphi process. Domain topics were formulated and subsequently subdivided into questions pertinent to different aspects of surgical care in the COVID-19 crisis. Forty-four experts from 15 countries across 4 continents drafted statements based on the specific questions. Anonymous Delphi voting on the statements was performed in 2 rounds, as well as in a telepresence meeting. RESULTS: One hundred statements were formulated across 10 domains. The statements addressed terminology, impact on procedural services, patient/staff safety, managing a backlog of surgeries, methods to restart and sustain surgical services, education, and research. Eighty-three of the statements were approved during the first round of Delphi voting, and 11 during the second round. A final telepresence meeting and discussion yielded acceptance of 5 other statements. CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi process resulted in 99 recommendations. These consensus statements provide expert guidance, based on scientific methodology, for the safe resumption of surgical activities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Identification of binding residues between periplasmic adapter protein (PAP) and RND efflux pumps explains PAP-pump promiscuity and roles in antimicrobial resistance.

Active efflux due to tripartite RND efflux pumps is an important mechanism of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. These pumps are also essential for Gram-negative pathogens to cause infection and form biofilms. They consist of an inner membrane RND transporter; a periplasmic adaptor protein (PAP), and an outer membrane channel. The role of PAPs in assembly, and the identities of specific residues involved in PAP-RND binding, remain poorly understood. Using recent high-resolution structures, four 3D sites involved in PAP-RND binding within each PAP protomer were defined that correspond to nine discrete linear binding sequences or "binding boxes" within the PAP sequence. In the important human pathogen Salmonella enterica, these binding boxes are conserved within phylogenetically-related PAPs, such as AcrA and AcrE, while differing considerably between divergent PAPs such as MdsA and MdtA, despite overall conservation of the PAP structure. By analysing these binding sequences we created a predictive model of PAP-RND interaction, which suggested the determinants that may allow promiscuity between certain PAPs, but discrimination of others. We corroborated these predictions using direct phenotypic data, confirming that only AcrA and AcrE, but not MdtA or MsdA, can function with the major RND pump AcrB. Furthermore, we provide functional validation of the involvement of the binding boxes by disruptive site-directed mutagenesis. These results directly link sequence conservation within identified PAP binding sites with functional data providing mechanistic explanation for assembly of clinically relevant RND-pumps and explain how Salmonella and other pathogens maintain a degree of redundancy in efflux mediated resistance. Overall, our study provides a novel understanding of the molecular determinants driving the RND-PAP recognition by bridging the available structural information with experimental functional validation thus providing the scientific community with a predictive model of pump-contacts that could be exploited in the future for the development of targeted therapeutics and efflux pump inhibitors.

Multivalent poultry vaccine development using Protein Glycan Coupling Technology.

BACKGROUND: Poultry is the world's most popular animal-based food and global production has tripled in the past 20 years alone. Low-cost vaccines that can be combined to protect poultry against multiple infections are a current global imperative. Glycoconjugate vaccines, which consist of an immunogenic protein covalently coupled to glycan antigens of the targeted pathogen, have a proven track record in human vaccinology, but have yet to be used for livestock due to prohibitively high manufacturing costs. To overcome this, we use Protein Glycan Coupling Technology (PGCT), which enables the production of glycoconjugates in bacterial cells at considerably reduced costs, to generate a candidate glycan-based live vaccine intended to simultaneously protect against Campylobacter jejuni, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and Clostridium perfringens. Campylobacter is the most common cause of food poisoning, whereas colibacillosis and necrotic enteritis are widespread and devastating infectious diseases in poultry. RESULTS: We demonstrate the functional transfer of C. jejuni protein glycosylation (pgl) locus into the genome of APEC χ7122 serotype O78:H9. The integration caused mild attenuation of the χ7122 strain following oral inoculation of chickens without impairing its ability to colonise the respiratory tract. We exploit the χ7122 pgl integrant as bacterial vectors delivering a glycoprotein decorated with the C. jejuni heptasaccharide glycan antigen. To this end we engineered χ7122 pgl to express glycosylated NetB toxoid from C. perfringens and tested its ability to reduce caecal colonisation of chickens by C. jejuni and protect against intra-air sac challenge with the homologous APEC strain. CONCLUSIONS: We generated a candidate glycan-based multivalent live vaccine with the potential to induce protection against key avian and zoonotic pathogens (C. jejuni, APEC, C. perfringens). The live vaccine failed to significantly reduce Campylobacter colonisation under the conditions tested but was protective against homologous APEC challenge. Nevertheless, we present a strategy towards the production of low-cost "live-attenuated multivalent vaccine factories" with the ability to express glycoconjugates in poultry.

Cognitive Control-Loop for Elastic Optical Networks with Space-Division Multiplexing.

This paper introduces a new solution to improve network performance by decreasing spectrum fragmentation, crosstalk interference, blocking of virtual networks, cost, and link load imbalance. These problems degrade the performance of Elastic Optical Networks with Space-Division Multiplexing. The proposed solution, called Cognitive control loop (CO-OP), is capable of identifying a set of problems and creating plans to mitigate these problems. The CO-OP comprises four functions that employ learning algorithms to identify problems and plan a series of actions to reduce or eliminate them. The results show that the CO-OP can effectively decrease up to 30% the blocking of requests and up to 50% the crosstalk occurrence compared to existing algorithms.