Free-breathing 2D radial cine MRI with respiratory auto-calibrated motion correction (RAMCO).

PURPOSE: To develop a free-breathing (FB) 2D radial balanced steady-state free precession cine cardiac MRI method with 100% respiratory gating efficiency using respiratory auto-calibrated motion correction (RAMCO) based on a motion-sensing camera. METHODS: The signal from a respiratory motion-sensing camera was recorded during a FB retrospectively electrocardiogram triggered 2D radial balanced steady-state free precession acquisition using pseudo-tiny-golden-angle ordering. With RAMCO, for each acquisition the respiratory signal was retrospectively auto-calibrated by applying different linear translations, using the resulting in-plane image sharpness as a criterium. The auto-calibration determines the optimal magnitude of the linear translations for each of the in-plane directions to minimize motion blurring caused by bulk respiratory motion. Additionally, motion-weighted density compensation was applied during radial gridding to minimize through-plane and non-bulk motion blurring. Left ventricular functional parameters and sharpness scores of FB radial cine were compared with and without RAMCO, and additionally with conventional breath-hold Cartesian cine on 9 volunteers. RESULTS: FB radial cine with RAMCO had similar sharpness scores as conventional breath-hold Cartesian cine and the left ventricular functional parameters agreed. For FB radial cine, RAMCO reduced respiratory motion artifacts with a statistically significant difference in sharpness scores (P < 0.05) compared to reconstructions without motion correction. CONCLUSION: 2D radial cine imaging with RAMCO allows evaluation of left ventricular functional parameters in FB with 100% respiratory efficiency. It eliminates the need for breath-holds, which is especially valuable for patients with no or impaired breath-holding capacity. Validation of the proposed method on patients is warranted.

Robust cardiac T 1 ρ $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1_{\boldsymbol{\rho}}} $$ mapping at 3T using adiabatic spin-lock preparations.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to develop and optimize an adiabatic T 1 ρ $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho} $$ ( T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ ) mapping method for robust quantification of spin-lock (SL) relaxation in the myocardium at 3T. METHODS: Adiabatic SL (aSL) preparations were optimized for resilience against B 0 $$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ and B 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ inhomogeneities using Bloch simulations. Optimized B 0 $$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ -aSL, Bal-aSL and B 1 $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1 $$ -aSL modules, each compensating for different inhomogeneities, were first validated in phantom and human calf. Myocardial T 1 ρ $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho} $$ mapping was performed using a single breath-hold cardiac-triggered bSSFP-based sequence. Then, optimized T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ preparations were compared to each other and to conventional SL-prepared T 1 ρ $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho} $$ maps (RefSL) in phantoms to assess repeatability, and in 13 healthy subjects to investigate image quality, precision, reproducibility and intersubject variability. Finally, aSL and RefSL sequences were tested on six patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease and compared with LGE, T 1 $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1 $$ , and ECV mapping. RESULTS: The highest T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ preparation efficiency was obtained in simulations for modules comprising 2 HS pulses of 30 ms each. In vivo T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ maps yielded significantly higher quality than RefSL maps. Average myocardial T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ values were 183.28 ± $$ \pm $$ 25.53 ms, compared with 38.21 ± $$ \pm $$ 14.37 ms RefSL-prepared T 1 ρ $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho} $$ . T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ maps showed a significant improvement in precision (avg. 14.47 ± $$ \pm $$ 3.71% aSL, 37.61 ± $$ \pm $$ 19.42% RefSL, p < 0.01) and reproducibility (avg. 4.64 ± $$ \pm $$ 2.18% aSL, 47.39 ± $$ \pm $$ 12.06% RefSL, p < 0.0001), with decreased inter-subject variability (avg. 8.76 ± $$ \pm $$ 3.65% aSL, 51.90 ± $$ \pm $$ 15.27% RefSL, p < 0.0001). Among aSL preparations, B 0 $$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ -aSL achieved the better inter-subject variability. In patients, B 1 $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1 $$ -aSL preparations showed the best artifact resilience among the adiabatic preparations. T 1 ρ , adiab $$ {\mathrm{T}}_{1\uprho, \mathrm{adiab}} $$ times show focal alteration colocalized with areas of hyper-enhancement in the LGE images. CONCLUSION: Adiabatic preparations enable robust in vivo quantification of myocardial SL relaxation times at 3T.

Variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial imaging with spiral phyllotaxis (VASP).

PURPOSE: To develop a new 3D radial trajectory based on the natural spiral phyllotaxis (SP), with variable anisotropic FOV. THEORY & METHODS: A 3D radial trajectory based on the SP with favorable interleaving properties for cardiac imaging has been proposed by Piccini et al (Magn Reson Med. 2011;66:1049-1056), which supports a FOV with a fixed anisotropy. However, a fixed anisotropy can be inefficient when sampling objects with different anisotropic dimensions. We extend Larson's 3D radial method to provide variable anisotropic FOV for spiral phyllotaxis (VASP). Simulations were performed to measure distance between successive projections, analyze point spread functions, and compare aliasing artifacts for both VASP and conventional SP. VASP was fully implemented on a whole-body clinical MR scanner. Phantom and in vivo cardiac images were acquired at 1.5 tesla. RESULTS: Simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments confirmed that VASP can achieve variable anisotropic FOV while maintaining the favorable interleaving properties of SP. For an anisotropic FOV with 100:100:35 ratio, VASP required ~65% fewer radial projections than the conventional SP to satisfy Nyquist criteria. Alternatively, when the same number of radial projections were used as in conventional SP, VASP produced fewer aliasing artifacts for anisotropic objects within the excited imaging volumes. CONCLUSION: We have developed a new method (VASP), which enables variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial trajectory with SP. For anisotropic objects within the excited imaging volumes, VASP can reduce scan times and/or reduce aliasing artifacts.

Retrospective Camera-Based Respiratory Gating in Clinical Whole-Heart 4D Flow MRI.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory gating is generally recommended in 4D flow MRI of the heart to avoid blurring and motion artifacts. Recently, a novel automated contact-less camera-based respiratory motion sensor has been introduced. PURPOSE: To compare camera-based respiratory gating (CAM) with liver-lung-navigator-based gating (NAV) and no gating (NO) for whole-heart 4D flow MRI. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: Thirty two patients with a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A 3T, 3D-cine spoiled-gradient-echo-T1-weighted-sequence with flow-encoding in three spatial directions. ASSESSMENT: Respiratory phases were derived and compared against each other by cross-correlation. Three radiologists/cardiologist scored images reconstructed with camera-based, navigator-based, and no respiratory gating with a 4-point Likert scale (qualitative analysis). Quantitative image quality analysis, in form of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and liver-lung-edge (LLE) for sharpness and quantitative flow analysis of the valves were performed semi-automatically. STATISTICAL TESTS: One-way repeated measured analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Wilks's lambda testing and follow-up pairwise comparisons. Significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Krippendorff's-alpha-test for inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: The respiratory signal analysis revealed that CAM and NAV phases were highly correlated (C = 0.93 ± 0.09, P < 0.01). Image scoring showed poor inter-rater reliability and no significant differences were observed (P ≥ 0.16). The image quality comparison showed that NAV and CAM were superior to NO with higher SNR (P = 0.02) and smaller LLE (P < 0.01). The quantitative flow analysis showed significant differences between the three respiratory-gated reconstructions in the tricuspid and pulmonary valves (P ≤ 0.05), but not in the mitral and aortic valves (P > 0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed that reconstructions without respiratory gating were different in flow measurements to either CAM or NAV or both, but no differences were found between CAM and NAV reconstructions. DATA CONCLUSION: Camera-based respiratory gating performed as well as conventional liver-lung-navigator-based respiratory gating. Quantitative image quality analysis showed that both techniques were equivalent and superior to no-gating-reconstructions. Quantitative flow analysis revealed local flow differences (tricuspid/pulmonary valves) in images of no-gating-reconstructions, but no differences were found between images reconstructed with camera-based and navigator-based respiratory gating. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Rapid Whole-Knee Quantification of Cartilage Using T1, T2*, and TRAFF2 Mapping With Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) holds great promise for the early detection of cartilage deterioration. Here, a Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF) framework is proposed for comprehensive and rapid quantification of T1, T2*, and TRAFF2 with whole-knee coverage. METHODS: A MRF framework was developed to achieve quantification of Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field in the 2nd rotating frame of reference ( TRAFF2) along with T1 and T2*. The proposed sequence acquires 65 measurements of 25 high-resolution slices, interleaved with 7 inversion pulses and 40 RAFF2 trains, for whole-knee quantification in a total acquisition time of 3:25 min. Comparison with reference T1, T2*, and TRAFF2 methods was performed in phantom and in seven healthy subjects at 3 T. Repeatability (test-retest) with and without repositioning was also assessed. RESULTS: Phantom measurements resulted in good agreement between MRF and the reference with mean biases of -54, 2, and 5 ms for T1, T2*, and TRAFF2, respectively. Complete characterization of the whole-knee cartilage was achieved for all subjects, and, for the femoral and tibial compartments, a good agreement between MRF and reference measurements was obtained. Across all subjects, the proposed MRF method yielded acceptable repeatability without repositioning ( R2 ≥ 0.94) and with repositioning ( R2 ≥ 0.57) for T1, T2*, and TRAFF2. SIGNIFICANCE: The short scan time combined with the whole-knee coverage makes the proposed MRF framework a promising candidate for the early assessment of cartilage degeneration with quantitative MRI, but further research may be warranted to improve repeatability after repositioning and assess clinical value in patients.

Improving Patient Comfort in MRI with Predictive Acoustic Noise Cancelling.

With sound pressure levels reaching up to 130 dB, acoustic noise in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the main sources of patient discomfort in otherwise one of the safest medical imaging modalities. In this work, a noise prediction-based approach, termed predictive noise cancelling (PNC), is applied, for the first time, to suppress noise in MRI. In PN C the noise from the scanner gradient coils is predicted based on linear time-invariant models, which relate the individual gradient coil (X, Y and Z) input to the acoustic noise output. A model setup was constructed of a custom speaker box and MRI -compatible microphone to demonstrate live noise reduction. Additional tuning steps, including output channel equalization and clock mismatch correction, were performed to maximize noise reduction. A calibration sequence was designed to determine the model and tuning parameters. Analysis of actual scanner noise shows an upper limit of 21 dB noise reduction with the proposed linear model. For the components of a clinical example sequence, the setup demonstrated in-bore live noise reduction of up to 10 dB (7.01 ± 0.31 dB, 6.42 ± 2.04 dB and 9.28 ± 0.26 dB for X, Y and Z gradient coils respectively) in the presence of system imperfections. Clinical relevance - The results indicate promising noise attenuation without the need to modify scanner hardware or compromises in acquisition speed or quality. This has potential to substantially and cost effectively improve patient comfort in clinical MRI.

Adiabatic spin-lock preparations enable robust in vivo cardiac T1ρ-mapping at 3T.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the clinical gold standard for the assessment of myocardial viability but requires injection of exogenous gadolinium-based contrast agents. Recently, T1ρ-mapping has been proposed as a fully non-invasive alternative for imaging myocardial fibrosis without the need for contrast agent injection. However, its applicability at high fields is hindered by susceptibility to MRI system imperfections, such as inhomogeneities in the B0 and B1+ fields. In this work we propose a single breath-hold ECG-triggered single-shot bSSFP sequence to enable T1ρ-mapping in vivo at 3T. Adiabatic T1ρ preparations are evaluated to reduce B0 and B1+ sensitivity in comparison with conventional spin-lock (SL) modules. Numerical Bloch simulations were performed to identify optimal parameters for the adiabatic pulses. Experiments yield T1ρ values in the myocardium equal to 48.13±54.08 ms for the best adiabatic preparation and 16.01±20.75 ms for the reference non-adiabatic SL, with 26.91% against 89.74% relative difference in T1ρ values across two shimming conditions. Both phantom and in vivo measurements show increased myocardium/blood contrast and improved resilience against system imperfections compared to non-adiabatic T1ρ preparations, enabling the use at 3T. Clinical relevance- Adiabatically-prepared T1ρ-mapping sequences form a promising candidate for non-contrast evaluation of ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies at 3T.

Myocardial Approximate Spin-lock Dispersion Mapping using a Simultaneous T2 and TRAFF2 Mapping at 3T MRI.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction (MI) represents a third of all IHD cases, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to assess its damage to myocardial viability. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is the current gold standard, but the use of gadolinium-based agents limits the clinical applicability in some patients. Spin-lock (SL) dispersion has recently been proposed as a promising non-contrast biomarker for the assessment of MI. However, at 3T, the required range of SL preparations acquired at different amplitudes suffers from specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations and off-resonance artifacts. Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) is an alternative to SL preparations with lower SAR requirements, while still sampling relaxation in the rotating frame. In this study, a single breath-hold simultaneous TRAFF2 and T2 mapping sequence is proposed for SL dispersion mapping at 3T. Excellent reproducibility (coefficient of variations lower than 10%) was achieved in phantom experiments, indicating good intrascan repeatability. The average myocardial TRAFF2, T2, and SL dispersion obtained with the proposed sequence (68.0±10.7 ms, 44.0±4.0 ms, and 0.4±0.2 ×10-4 s2, respectively) were comparable to the reference methods (62.7±11.7 ms, 41.2±2.4 ms, and 0.3±0.2x 10-4s2, respectively). High visual map quality, free of B0 and B1+ related artifacts, for T2, TRAFF2, and SL dispersion maps were obtained in phantoms and in vivo, suggesting promise in clinical use at 3T. Clinical relevance - and imaging promises non-contrast assessment of scar and focal fibrosis in a single breath-hold using approximate spin-lock dispersion mapping.

High-Resolution Free-Breathing Quantitative First-Pass Perfusion Cardiac MR Using Dual-Echo Dixon With Spatio-Temporal Acceleration.

Introduction: To develop and test the feasibility of free-breathing (FB), high-resolution quantitative first-pass perfusion cardiac MR (FPP-CMR) using dual-echo Dixon (FOSTERS; Fat-water separation for mOtion-corrected Spatio-TEmporally accelerated myocardial peRfuSion). Materials and Methods: FOSTERS was performed in FB using a dual-saturation single-bolus acquisition with dual-echo Dixon and a dynamically variable Cartesian k-t undersampling (8-fold) approach, with low-rank and sparsity constrained reconstruction, to achieve high-resolution FPP-CMR images. FOSTERS also included automatic in-plane motion estimation and T 2 * correction to obtain quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) maps. High-resolution (1.6 x 1.6 mm2) FB FOSTERS was evaluated in eleven patients, during rest, against standard-resolution (2.6 x 2.6 mm2) 2-fold SENSE-accelerated breath-hold (BH) FPP-CMR. In addition, MBF was computed for FOSTERS and spatial wavelet-based compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction. Two cardiologists scored the image quality (IQ) of FOSTERS, CS, and standard BH FPP-CMR images using a 4-point scale (1-4, non-diagnostic - fully diagnostic). Results: FOSTERS produced high-quality images without dark-rim and with reduced motion-related artifacts, using an 8x accelerated FB acquisition. FOSTERS and standard BH FPP-CMR exhibited excellent IQ with an average score of 3.5 ± 0.6 and 3.4 ± 0.6 (no statistical difference, p > 0.05), respectively. CS images exhibited severe artifacts and high levels of noise, resulting in an average IQ score of 2.9 ± 0.5. MBF values obtained with FOSTERS presented a lower variance than those obtained with CS. Discussion: FOSTERS enabled high-resolution FB FPP-CMR with MBF quantification. Combining motion correction with a low-rank and sparsity-constrained reconstruction results in excellent image quality.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging compatible Elastic Loading Mechanism (MELM): A minimal footprint device for MR imaging under load.

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can enable early diagnosis of knee cartilage damage if imaging is performed during the application of load. Mechanical loading via ropes, pulleys and suspended weights can be obstructive and require adaptations to the patient table. In this paper, a new lightweight MRI-compatible elastic loading mechanism is introduced. The new device showed sufficient linearity (|α/ß| = 0.42 ± 0.25), reproducibility (CoV = 5 ± 2%), and stability (CoV = 0.5 ± 0.1%). In vivo and ex vivo scans confirmed the ability of the device to exert sufficient force to study the knee cartilage under loading conditions, inducing up to a 29% decrease in $T_2^{\ast}$ of the central medial cartilage. With this device mechanical loading can become more accessible for researchers and clinicians, thus facilitating the translational use of MRI biomarkers for the detection of cartilage deterioration.