Risk of violent behaviour in young people at clinical high risk for psychosis from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies consortium.

AIM: Although violent behaviour has been studied in schizophrenia, violence risk has received little attention in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). This manuscript aims to report and discuss the overall results of the Structured Assessment for Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) from the NAPLS-3 project to explore the risk of violence in CHR youth and to determine the relationship between SAVRY violence risk scores, psychosis risk symptoms, and global functioning. We hypothesized that CHR young people are at higher risk of violence as compared to healthy comparison participants due to a similarity between risk factors for psychosis and risk factors for violence, and that this risk is associated with greater severity of symptoms, poor functioning, and risk for conversion to psychosis. METHODS: Participants from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study consortium phase 3 (NAPLS-3) included 684 CHR and 96 HC. Assessments included the Structural Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), clinical and functional measures. RESULTS: The majority of participants across groups were deemed to be at low risk for violence. There were significantly more CHR participants (29.8%) who had moderate or high scores on the SAVRY Summary Risk Rating compared to HC participants (3.1%). Low versus moderate-high SAVRY scores were associated with better social (p < .005) and role (p < .002) functioning and fewer positive (p < .002), negative (p < .002), disorganized (p < .01) and general symptoms (p < .002). CHR participants with higher SAVRY scores were more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, ADHD and substance misuse. Among CHR, overall violence risk was not associated with conversion to psychosis. However, those who converted to psychosis scored lower on the protective factors index, primarily driven by less prosocial involvement and fewer resilient personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to assess violence risk in CHR adolescents. Violence risk factors overlap with risk factors for psychosis in general, perhaps accounting for the association. These findings have implications for intervention efforts to reduce violence risk and bolster resiliency in CHR youth.

Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in cobalamin C disease: a case report and review of the literature.

Cobalamin C disease is the most common complementation class of cobalamin disorders. Here, we present a case of a 14-yr-old male with early-onset cblC disease and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) admitted to our inpatient medical service for behavioral decompensation. We use this case to highlight key aspects of the neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with cblC disease. By incorporating a comprehensive review of existing literature, we highlight salient domains of psychological impairment in cblC disease, discuss the full range of neuropsychiatric presentations, and review clinical management implications unique to cblC disease.

Decarceration of older adults with mental illness in the USA - beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: Aging and mental illness both represent significant public health challenges for incarcerated people in the USA. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the vulnerabilities of incarcerated people because of the risks of infectious disease transmission in correctional facilities. Focusing on older adults with mental illness, this paper aims to examine efforts to decarcerate US correctional facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these approaches may lead to sustainable reforms beyond the pandemic. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A narrative literature review was conducted using numerous online resources, including PubMed, Google Scholar and LexisNexis. Search terms used included "decarceration pandemic," "COVID-19 decarceration," "aging mental illness decarceration," "jails prisons decarceration," "early release COVID-19" and "correctional decarceration pandemic," among others. Given the rapidly changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, this narrative literature review included content from not only scholarly articles and federal and state government publications but also relevant media articles and policy-related reports. The authors reviewed these sources collaboratively to synthesize a review of existing evidence and opinions on these topics and generate conclusions and policy recommendations moving forward. FINDINGS: To mitigate the risks of COVID-19, policymakers have pursued various decarceration strategies across the USA. Some efforts have focused on reducing inflow into correctional systems, including advising police to reduce numbers of arrests and limiting use of pretrial detention. Other policies have sought to increase outflow from correctional systems, such as facilitating early release of people convicted of nonviolent offenses or those nearing the end of their sentences. Given the well-known risks of COVID-19 among older individuals, age was commonly cited as a reason for diverting or expediting release of people from incarceration. In contrast, despite their vulnerability to complications from COVID-19, people with serious mental illness (SMI), particularly those with acute treatment needs, may have been less likely in some instances to be diverted or released early from incarceration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Although much has been written about decarceration during the COVID-19 pandemic, little attention has been paid to the relevance of these efforts for older adults with mental illness. This paper synthesizes existing proposals and evidence while drawing attention to the public health implications of aging and SMI in US correctional settings and explores opportunities for decarceration of older adults with SMI beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.