[Executive summary of the recommendations on the evaluation and management of renal disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients]. / Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso sobre el manejo de la patología renal en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

The aim of this article is to update the 2010 recommendations on the evaluation and management of renal disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Renal function should be monitored in all HIV-infected patients. The basic renal work-up should include measurements of serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and urinary sediment. Tubular function tests should include determination of serum phosphate levels and urine dipstick for glycosuria. In the absence of abnormal values, renal screening should be performed annually. In patients treated with tenofovir, or with risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), more frequent renal screening is recommended. In order to prevent disease progression, potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs are not recommended in patients with CKD or risk factors for CKD. The document provides indications for renal biopsy and advises on the optimal time for referral of a patient to the nephrologist. The indications for and evaluation and management of dialysis and renal transplantation are also addressed.

Projected clinical benefits of dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Aims: To address the projected clinical benefits of dapagliflozin among patients with heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: A multicenter, prospective, cohort study of patients ≥50 years admitted with HF to Spanish internal medicine departments. The projected clinical benefits of dapagliflozin were calculated from the DELIVER trial. Results: A total of 4049 patients were included; 3271 (80.8%) were eligible for dapagliflozin treatment, according to DELIVER criteria. Within 1 year after discharge, 22.2% were rehospitalized for HF and 21.6% died. Implementation of dapagliflozin would translate into an absolute risk reduction of 1.3% for mortality and 5.1% for HF readmission. Conclusion: HF patients with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction have a high risk of events. The use of dapagliflozin could substantially reduce the HF burden.

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction is frequent in clinical practice, particularly in the elderly. In HF with preserved ejection fraction, the heart still pumps a similar proportion of blood, but the heart muscle has become thicker. This means there is less space inside the heart to fill with blood, so too little is pumped out each time. Until very recently, no drugs had been shown to provide significant benefits on the outcome of the condition or the chance of recovery for these patients. Fortunately, recent clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment with drugs called SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., dapagliflozin) could reduce the chance of being admitted to hospital or dying from HF. We investigated the benefits for patients who took dapagliflozin after being admitted to hospital and had HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. We saw substantial benefits in this population.

Renal dysfunction in the setting of HIV/AIDS.

Antiretroviral therapy has been immensely successful in reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections and death after HIV infection. This has resulted in heightened interest in noninfectious comorbidities including kidney disease. Although HIV-associated nephropathy, the most ominous kidney disease related to the direct effects of HIV, may be prevented and treated with antiretrovirals, kidney disease remains an important issue in this population. In addition to the common risk factors for kidney disease of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, HIV-infected individuals have a high prevalence of other risk factors, including hepatitis C and exposure to antiretrovirals and other medications. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is vast. Early identification (through efficient screening) and prompt treatment of kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals are critical to lead to better outcomes. This review focuses on clinical and epidemiological issues, treatment strategies (including dialysis and kidney transplantation), and recent advances among kidney disease in the HIV population.

Renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: 2010 update.

The prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has improved in recent years with the introduction of antiretroviral treatment. While the frequency of AIDS-defining events has decreased as a cause of death, mortality from non-AIDS-related events including end-stage renal diseases has increased. The etiology of chronic kidney disease is multifactorial: immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, HIV-associated nephropathy, thrombotic microangiopathies, and so on. HIV infection is no longer a contraindication to transplantation and is becoming standard therapy in most developed countries. The HIV criteria used to select patients for renal transplantation are similar in Europe and North America. Current criteria state that prior opportunistic infections are not a strict exclusion criterion, but patients must have a CD4+ count above 200 cells/mm(3) and a HIV-1 RNA viral load suppressible with treatment. In recent years, more than 200 renal transplants have been performed in HIV-infected patients worldwide, and mid-term patient and graft survival rates have been similar to that of HIV-negative patients. The main issues in post-transplant period are pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and immunosuppressants, a high rate of acute rejection, the management of hepatitis C virus coinfection, and the high cardiovascular risk after transplantation. More studies are needed to determine the most appropriate antiretroviral and immunosuppressive regimens and the long-term outcome of HIV infection and kidney graft.

Effect of thymoglobulin induction on HIV-infected renal transplant recipients: differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.

The best immunosuppressive regimen in HIV-infected renal transplant recipients has not been established. Thymoglobulin has been associated with an increased risk of serious bacterial infections in HIV-negative patients and, for this reason, there is some concern over its use in the HIV-infected population. We describe three consecutive HIV-infected renal transplant recipients who received thymoglobulin as induction therapy, and we compared their progress with a cohort of 23 HIV-negative recipients. Median follow-up was 24 and 11 months, respectively. Nadir lymphocytopenia was observed at 1 week in both groups, and their absolute lymphocyte count recovery was similar. An early and deep (<30 cells/mm(3)) CD4(+) T cell lymphocytopenia was seen in two of the three HIV-infected patients. No opportunistic infections were diagnosed in HIV-positive patients. One HIV-positive patient had a bacterial infection and five HIV-negative patients had one or more bacterial infections. Thymoglobulin was safe in our three HIV-infected renal transplant recipients. Until those data are confirmed in larger studies, close monitoring is recommended during the thymoglobulin-induced CD4(+) T cell lymphocytopenia period.

Consensus document on the management of renal disease in HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To update the 2010 recommendations on the evaluation and management of renal disease in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This document was approved by a panel of experts from the AIDS Working Group (GESIDA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.), and the Spanish Society of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Pathology (SEQC). The quality of evidence and the level of recommendation were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS: The basic renal work-up should include measurements of serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI, Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and urinary sediment. Tubular function tests should include determination of serum phosphate levels and urine dipstick for glucosuria. In the absence of abnormal values, renal screening should be performed annually. In patients treated with tenofovir or with risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), more frequent renal screening is recommended. In order to prevent disease progression, potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs are not recommended in patients with CKD or risk factors for CKD. The document advises on the optimal time for referral of a patient to the nephrologist and provides indications for renal biopsy. The indications for and evaluation and management of dialysis and renal transplantation are also addressed. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function should be monitored in all HIV-infected patients. The information provided in this document should enable clinicians to optimize the evaluation and management of HIV-infected patients with renal disease.