RESUMO
The ERF (ethylene responsive factor) family is composed of transcription factors (TFs) that are critical for appropriate Arabidopsis thaliana responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we identified and characterized a member of the ERF TF group IX, namely ERF96, that when overexpressed enhances Arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic pathogens such as the fungus Botrytis cinerea and the bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum. ERF96 is jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) responsive and ERF96 transcripts accumulation was abolished in JA-insensitive coi1-16 and in ET-insensitive ein2-1 mutants. Protoplast transactivation and electrophoresis mobility shift analyses revealed that ERF96 is an activator of transcription that binds to GCC elements. In addition, ERF96 mainly localized to the nucleus. Microarray analysis coupled to chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR of Arabidopsis overexpressing ERF96 revealed that ERF96 enhances the expression of the JA/ET defence genes PDF1.2a, PR-3 and PR-4 as well as the TF ORA59 by direct binding to GCC elements present in their promoters. While ERF96-RNAi plants demonstrated wild-type resistance to necrotrophic pathogens, basal PDF1.2 expression levels were reduced in ERF96-silenced plants. This work revealed ERF96 as a key player of the ERF network that positively regulates the Arabidopsis resistance response to necrotrophic pathogens.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/imunologia , Defensinas/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Botrytis/fisiologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Defensinas/genética , Etilenos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/imunologia , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes , Plântula/genética , Plântula/imunologia , Plântula/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate factors influencing survival for adult glioma at the national population level, data from the Cancer Registry in England and Wales were analyzed. Glioma was diagnosed in 32,267 patients during 1971-1990 and follow-up data were available for these patients until 1995. METHODS: Median survival and crude survival rates (CSR) for 8 variables (age, gender, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology [ICD-O] morphology, World Health Organization [WHO] grade, tumor site, deprivation, geographical region, and period of diagnosis) were calculated and tested using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Relative survival rates (RSR) were calculated using the life table of 1981. Cox multivariate regression was performed for estimating hazards ratios (HR) and tested using the log likelihood ratio test. RESULTS: The median survival and the 1-, 5-, and 10-year CSR for this population were 0.42 years, 29.1%, 12.0%, and 7.7%, respectively. The 1- and 5-year RSR were 29.6% and 12.3%, respectively. Survival was influenced by all 8 variables tested (p