Structural Analysis of Jumbo Coliphage phAPEC6.

The phAPEC6 genome encodes 551 predicted gene products, with the vast majority (83%) of unknown function. Of these, 62 have been identified as virion-associated proteins by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), including the major capsid protein (Gp225; present in 1620 copies), which shows a HK97 capsid protein-based fold. Cryo-electron microscopy experiments showed that the 350-kbp DNA molecule of Escherichia coli virus phAPEC6 is packaged in at least 15 concentric layers in the phage capsid. A capsid inner body rod is also present, measuring about 91 nm by 18 nm and oriented along the portal axis. In the phAPEC6 contractile tail, 25 hexameric stacked rings can be distinguished, built of the identified tail sheath protein (Gp277). Cryo-EM reconstruction reveals the base of the unique hairy fibers observed during an initial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. These very unusual filaments are ordered at three annular positions along the contractile sheath, as well as around the capsid, and may be involved in host interaction.

Bioluminescent avian pathogenic Escherichia coli for monitoring colibacillosis in experimentally infected chickens.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, a model for investigating the pathogenesis of APEC infections was established. APEC strain CH2 (O78) was marked with the luciferase operon (luxCDABE) using a Tn7 transposon and tissues of experimentally infected chickens were analysed for a correlation between the bioluminescent signal and the number of bacteria. Transposition of the lux operon into the chromosome of the APEC isolate did not affect sensitivity to lytic bacteriophages and there was no effect on virulence in an intratracheal infection model in 1-day-old chicks, although results with a subcutaneous infection model were inconclusive. A correlation between the number of bacteria and the luminescent signal was found in liquid medium, as well as in homogenised heart, liver, spleen and lung of 4-week-old experimentally infected chickens. This study showed that lux could be used for identification of the infecting strain after experimental infection with APEC in poultry.

Hurdles in bacteriophage therapy: deconstructing the parameters.

Bacterial infections in animals impact our food production, leading to economic losses due to food rejection and the need for preventive and curative measures. Since the onset of the antibiotic era, the rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is causing scares in health care and food producing facilities worldwide. In the search of new therapeutics, re-evaluation of bacteriophage (phage) therapy, using naturally occurring bacterial viruses to tackle infections, is gaining interest. Many studies report about phage therapy success, showing the value and power of these natural viruses. Although phages carry some interesting traits and their basic biology is now well understood, this review argues that phage therapy has not revealed all of its secrets and many parameters remain understudied, making the outcome of phage therapy highly variable depending on the disease incidence. These difficulties include poorly understood mechanisms of phage penetration and distribution throughout the body, the variable expression and accessibility of phage receptors on the bacterial host in in vivo conditions and the unusual (non-linear) phage pharmacokinetics. These parameters are not easily measured in realistic in vivo settings, but are nevertheless important hurdles to overcome the high variability of phage therapy trials. This critical approach is in accordance with Goethe's statement; "Difficulties increase the nearer we get to the goal". However, since the importance of the goal itself also rises, both difficulties and goal justify the need for additional in depth research in this domain.

A cocktail of in vitro efficient phages is not a guarantee for in vivo therapeutic results against avian colibacillosis.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in poultry, leading to important economic losses worldwide. To cure APEC-infected chickens, a cocktail of four different APEC-specific bacteriophages (phages) was composed and tested. Specific phages were selected from a collection of phages isolated in Belgium. The selection was based on their obligate lytic infection cycle, a broad host range, low cross-resistance and low frequency of development of resistant APEC mutants. Genome analysis of the phages indicated they were close relatives of T4 and N4, considered to be safe in vivo. Chickens were intratracheally infected with APEC strain CH2 (serogroup O78), causing a mortality of about 50% during the seven days following the infection. The phage cocktail was administered 2h after the infection, via three different ways: intratracheally, intra-esophageally or via the drinking water. Treated groups did not show a significant decrease in mortality, lesion scores or weight loss compared to untreated groups, although the APEC-specific phages could be re-isolated from the lung and heart of chickens that were euthanized. Moreover, the re-isolated bacteria from infected chickens had remained sensitive to the phage cocktail. Our results indicate that the efficiency of the phage cocktail used in treating CH2-infected chickens in vivo is negligible, even though in vitro, the phages in the cocktail were able to efficiently lyse the APEC strain CH2. Our results emphasize that the 'traditional' pathway of isolation, followed by phenotypical and genotypical characterization of phages composing the cocktail, does not lead to success in phage therapy in all cases.