Changes in survival and causes of death among people living with HIV: Three decades of surveys from Tokyo, one of the Asian metropolitan cities.

INTRODUCTION: Survival among people living with HIV (PLWH) has dramatically improved in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. This is the first study in Asia to describe three decades of surveys on survival and causes of death among PLWH. METHODS: We included 1121 HIV-infected patients, categorized into three period groups according to date of first visit: 1986-1996 (Pre-ART); 1997-2007 (Early-ART); and 2008-2018 (Late-ART). RESULTS: Ten-year all-cause mortality has reduced from Pre-ART (49.6/1000 person-years) to Late-ART (6.3/1000 person-years). Mortality for AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) has also reduced from Pre-ART (34.4/1000 person-years) to Late-ART (2.9/1000 person-years), and mortality for non-ADIs has reduced from Pre-ART (11.7/1000 person-years) to Late-ART (2.9/1000 person-years). In the ART-era, deaths from non-AIDS-defining malignancies and unnatural events including suicide represented the majority of non-ADI-related deaths and mortality rates of non-AIDS defining malignancies and unnatural cause event were not different between each group (3.4, 1.9 and 2.5/1000 person-years). Crude cumulative survival improved over the study period, and 10-year survival ratios of HIV-infected patients to the general Japanese population approached 1.00, from Pre-ART (0.66) to Late-ART (0.99). Even in the Late-ART period, survival remained lower in patients with a history of ADIs than in those without, but the difference in 5-year mortality between these groups has shrunk in the Late-ART compared to the Pre-ART. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality for ADIs and non-ADIs in PLWH has reduced in the Early-ART and Late-ART. To improve survival for PLWH further, early HIV detection and treatment and good management of non-AIDS-defining malignancies and mental disorders are needed. (248/250).

The Dose-Response Relationship of Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to meta-analytically estimate the dose-response relationship of atomoxetine for treating children with ADHD. METHODS: We systematically searched double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of atomoxetine for treating ADHD in children. The search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINHAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, covering articles from their inception until January 20, 2023. In addition, a dose-response meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In this dose-response meta-analysis, 12 double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials involving 2,250 patients were included. The efficacy of atomoxetine increased up to a dosage of 1.4 mg/kg, after which it reached a plateau. CONCLUSIONS: The first dose-response meta-analysis of atomoxetine dosing for children with ADHD conducted here enhances the robustness of the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency dose recommendations.

Association between a history of major osteoporotic fractures and subsequent hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: A history of fractures involving the distal radius, proximal humerus, spine, and hip may be associated with the incidence of subsequent hip fractures in older people. However, a comprehensive summary of this association using a rigorous methodology is lacking. Our objective was to systematically review the literature and examine the association between four major osteoporotic fractures and subsequent hip fractures in individuals aged ≥ 50 years. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov on February 15, 2023. The search included cohort or case-control studies investigating the association between these four types of osteoporotic fractures and subsequent hip fractures. We pooled the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random-effects model. We used the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool to assess the risk of bias in the included studies, and the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach to determine the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: The selection process identified 48 studies for qualitative synthesis and 23 studies (2,239,217 participants) for meta-analysis. The overall methodological quality had a low risk of bias in 65% of the included studies. The association between a history of major osteoporotic fractures and subsequent hip fracture varied, with a high certainty of evidence for a history of proximal humerus and hip fractures (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.75-2.33 and 2.86, 95% CI 1.92-4.25, respectively), moderate certainty for distal radius fractures (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.53-1.81), and low certainty for spine fractures (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.38-1.69). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a history of major osteoporotic fractures, particularly distal radius, proximal humerus, and hip fractures, is associated with subsequent hip fractures in older adults. Further research is needed to verify the association between a history of spine fracture and subsequent hip fractures. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/7fjuc ).