Coronary inflammation on chest computed tomography and COVID-19 mortality.

OBJECTIVES: The main factors associated with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) mortality are age, comorbidities, pattern of inflammatory response, and SARS-CoV-2 lineage involved in infection. However, the clinical course of the disease is extremely heterogeneous, and reliable biomarkers predicting adverse prognosis are lacking. Our aim was to elucidate the prognostic role of a novel marker of coronary artery disease inflammation, peri-coronary adipose tissue attenuation (PCAT), available from high-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) in COVID-19 patients with severe disease requiring hospitalization. METHODS: Two distinct groups of patients were admitted to Parma University Hospital in Italy with COVID-19 in March 2020 and March 2021 (first- and third-wave peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, with the prevalence of wild-type and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 lineage, respectively) were retrospectively enrolled. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, HRCT data, and coronary artery HRCT features (coronary calcium score and PCAT attenuation) were collected to show which variables were associated with mortality. RESULTS: Among the 769 patients enrolled, 555 (72%) were discharged alive, and 214 (28%) died. In multivariable logistic regression analysis age (p < 0.001), number of chronic illnesses (p < 0.001), smoking habit (p = 0.006), P/F ratio (p = 0.001), platelet count (p = 0.002), blood creatinine (p < 0.001), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001), HRCT visual score (p < 0.001), and PCAT (p < 0.001), but not the calcium score, were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Coronary inflammation, measured with PCAT on non-triggered HRCT, appeared to be independently associated with higher mortality in patients with severe COVID-19, while the pre-existent coronary atherosclerotic burden was not associated with adverse outcomes after adjustment for covariates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The current study demonstrates that a relatively simple measurement, peri-coronary adipose tissue attenuation (PCAT), available ex-post from standard high-resolution computed tomography, is strongly and independently associated with in-hospital mortality. KEY POINTS: • Coronary inflammation can be measured by the attenuation of peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT) on high-resolution CT (HRCT) without contrast media. • PCAT is strongly and independently associated with in-hospital mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients. • PCAT might be considered an independent prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients if confirmed in other studies.

Myocardial strain of the left ventricle by speckle tracking echocardiography: From physics to clinical practice.

Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a reliable imaging technique of recognized clinical value in several settings. This method uses the motion of ultrasound backscatter speckles within echocardiographic images to derive myocardial velocities and deformation parameters, providing crucial insights on several cardiac pathological and physiological processes. Its feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy have been widely demonstrated, being myocardial strain of the various chambers inserted in diagnostic algorithms and guidelines for various pathologies. The most important parameters are Global longitudinal strain (GLS), Left atrium (LA) reservoir strain, and Global Work Index (GWI): based on large studies the average of the lower limit of normality are -16%, 23%, and 1442 mmHg%, respectively. For GWI, it should be pointed out that myocardial work relies primarily on non-invasive measurements of blood pressure and segmental strain, both of which exhibit high variability, and thus, this variability constitutes a significant limitation of this parameter. In this review, we describe the principal aspects of the theory behind the use of myocardial strain, from cardiac mechanics to image acquisition techniques, outlining its limitation, and its principal clinical applications: in particular, GLS have a role in determine subclinical myocardial dysfunction (in cardiomyopathies, cardiotoxicity, target organ damage in ambulatory patients with arterial hypertension) and LA strain in determine the risk of AF, specifically in ambulatory patients with arterial hypertension.

Clinical impact of multimodality assessment of myocardial viability.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent cause of left ventricular dysfunction. Nevertheless, effective elective revascularization, particularly surgical revascularization, can enhance long-term outcomes and, in selected cases, global left ventricular contractility. The assessment of myocardial viability and scars is still relevant in guiding treatment decisions and selecting patients who are likely to benefit most from blood flow restoration. Although the most recent randomized studies challenge the notion of "hibernating myocardium" and the clinical usefulness of assessing myocardial viability, the advancement of imaging techniques still renders this assessment valuable in specific situations. According to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, non-invasive stress imaging may be employed to define myocardial ischemia and viability in patients with CAD and heart failure before revascularization. Currently, several non-invasive imaging techniques are available to evaluate the presence and extent of viable myocardium. The selection of the most suitable technique should be based on the patient, clinical context, and resource availability. This narrative review evaluates the characteristics of available imaging modalities for assessing myocardial viability to determine the most appropriate therapeutic strategy.

Predictors of recurrent cerebral ischemia after patent foramen ovale closure: A single center observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure lowers recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack with an indication for closure. However, the incidence of recurrent stroke is not negligible and underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of recurrent ischemic neurological events and to assess its predictors after transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients who underwent patent foramen ovale closure for secondary prevention of neurological ischemic events at the University Hospital of Parma between 2006 and 2021. Clinical and procedure-related features were collected for each patient. The incidence of recurrent ischemic neurological events was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 169 patients with mean Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score at hospital admission of 6.4 ± 1.5. The primary indication was previous cryptogenic stroke (94 [55.6 %] subjects), followed by transient ischemic attack (75 [44.4 %]). Among patients with complete outcome data (n= 154), after a median follow-up of 112 months, recurrent cerebral ischemia occurred in 13 [8.4 %], with an annualized rate of 0.92/100 patients. The presence of obesity [OR 5.268, p = 0.018], Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score < 7 [OR 5.991, p = 0.035] and migraine [OR = 5.932 p = 0.012] were independent positive predictors of recurrent stroke/ transient ischemic attack after patent foramen ovale closure. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of obesity, Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score < 7 and migraine were independent positive predictors of recurrent ischemic neurological events after patent foramen ovale closure.

Predictors of target lesion failure after treatment of left main, bifurcation, or chronic total occlusion lesions with ultrathin-strut drug-eluting coronary stents in the ULTRA registry.

BACKGROUND: Data about the long-term performance of new-generation ultrathin-strut drug-eluting stents (DES) in challenging coronary lesions, such as left main (LM), bifurcation, and chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions are scant. METHODS: The international multicenter retrospective observational ULTRA study included consecutive patients treated from September 2016 to August 2021 with ultrathin-strut (<70 µm) DES in challenging de novo lesions. Primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF): composite of cardiac death, target-lesion revascularization (TLR), target-vessel myocardial infarction (TVMI), or definite stent thrombosis (ST). Secondary endpoints included all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), target vessel revascularization, and TLF components. TLF predictors were assessed with Cox multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Of 1801 patients (age: 66.6 ± 11.2 years; male: 1410 [78.3%]), 170 (9.4%) experienced TLF during follow-up of 3.1 ± 1.4 years. In patients with LM, CTO, and bifurcation lesions, TLF rates were 13.5%, 9.9%, and 8.9%, respectively. Overall, 160 (8.9%) patients died (74 [4.1%] from cardiac causes). AMI and TVMI rates were 6.0% and 3.2%, respectively. ST occurred in 11 (1.1%) patients while 77 (4.3%) underwent TLR. Multivariable analysis identified the following predictors of TLF: age, STEMI with cardiogenic shock, impaired left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes, and renal dysfunction. Among the procedural variables, total stent length increased TLF risk (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1-1.02 per mm increase), while intracoronary imaging reduced the risk substantially (HR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrathin-strut DES showed high efficacy and satisfactory safety, even in patients with challenging coronary lesions. Yet, despite using contemporary gold-standard DES, the association persisted between established patient- and procedure-related features of risk and impaired 3-year clinical outcome.

Artificial intelligence calculated global longitudinal strain and left ventricular ejection fraction predicts cardiac events and all-cause mortality in patients with chest pain.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial deformation with global longitudinal strain (GLS) has shown promise in predicting adverse cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether artificial intelligence (AI) calculated LVEF and GLS is associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all-cause mortality in patients presenting with chest pain. METHODS: We studied 296 patients presenting with chest pain, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Clinical data, downstream clinical investigations and patient outcomes were collected. Resting TTE images underwent AI contouring for automated calculation of LVEF and GLS with Ultromics EchoGo Core 2.0. Regression analysis was performed to identify clinical and AI calculated parameters associated with MACE and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 7.8 years (IQR 6.4, 8.8), MACE occurred in 34 (11.5%) patients and all-cause mortality in 60 (20%) patients. AI calculated LVEF (Odds Ratio [OR] .96; 95% CI .93-.99 and .96; 95% CI .93-.99) and GLS (1.11; 95% CI 1.01-1.21 and 1.08; 95% CI 1.00-1.16) were independently associated with MACE and all-cause mortality, respectively. According to Cox proportional hazards, a LVEF < 50% was associated with a 3.7 times MACE and 2.8 times all-cause mortality hazard rate compared to those with a LVEF ≥ 50%. Those with a GLS ≥ 15% was associated with a 2.5 times MACE and 2.3 times all-cause mortality hazard rate compared to those with a GLS ≤ 15. CONCLUSION: AI calculated resting LVEF and GLS is independently associated with MACE and all-cause mortality in high CVD risk patients. These results may have significant clinical implications through improved risk stratification of patients with chest pain, accelerated workflow of labour-intensive technical measures, and reduced healthcare costs.

Rest contrast echocardiography unmasks hidden wall motion abnormalities in patients with chest pain. A case series and review of pertinent literature.

We present a case series of three patients that underwent myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in the setting of recent chest pain, as paradigmatic examples of the usefulness of contrast-echocardiography with very-low mechanical index imaging in the context of rest wall motion assessment. Moreover, we analysed the pertinent literature about the use of rest MCE in the context of chest pain of unknown origin, showing its diagnostic and prognostic impact. We think that MCE could play a key role in detecting chest pain subtended by previously unknown coronary artery disease (CAD). For example, in pts without significant electrocardiogram (ECG) modifications or in whom high sensitivity troponins show only borderline increase (still below the upper limit) or have no clearly significant delta. In such cases the more sensitive evaluation of wall motion (WM) powered by MCE could add diagnostic information, above all in pts with severe CAD but apparently normal WM at standard echocardiography.

The early and long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting added to aortic valve replacement compared to isolated aortic valve replacement in elderly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In aged population, the early and long-term outcomes of coronary revascularization (CABG) added to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) compared to isolated SAVR (i-SAVR) are conflicting. To address this limitation, a meta-analysis comparing the early and late outcomes of SAVR plus CABG with i-SAVR was performed. Electronic databases from January 2000 to November 2021 were screened. Studies reporting early-term and long-term comparison between the two treatments in patients over 75 years were analyzed. The primary endpoints were in-hospital/30-day mortality and overall long-term survival. The pooled odd ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for in-early outcome and long-term survival, respectively. Random-effect model was used in all analyses. Forty-four retrospective observational studies reporting on 74,560 patients (i-SAVR = 36,062; SAVR + CABG = 38,498) were included for comparison. The pooled analysis revealed that i-SAVR was significantly associated with lower rate of early mortality compared to SAVR plus CABG (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.66-0.75; p < 0.0001) and with lower incidence of postoperative acute renal failure (OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.50-0.91; p = 0.02), need for dialysis (OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.50-0.86; p = 0.002) and prolonged mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.77; p < 0.0001). Twenty-two studies reported data of long-term follow-up. No differences were reported between the two groups in long-term survival (HR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.87-1.03; p = 0.23). CABG added to SAVR is associated with worse early outcomes in terms of early mortality, postoperative acute renal failure, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Long-term survival was comparable between the two treatments.

Pulse-Cancellation Echocardiography for Clinical Evaluation of Myocardial Scar Burden.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Echocardiography has been completely abandoned as far as myocardial tissue characterization is concerned, but recently, the possibility to detect scarred myocardial tissue has been revived. We review the most recent studies aiming to assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis or scar using echocardiography. RECENT FINDINGS: The use of a simple and clinically available ultrasound, such as method pulse-cancellation, is a promising add-on to standard echocardiography for the detection of scarred myocardial tissue, mostly, but not only, in the setting of post-myocardial infarction patients. Pulse-cancellation technique, available since at least 20 years ago on commercial ultrasound machines, is reasonably accurate to detect myocardial scar tissue caused by recent or prior myocardial infarction, the accuracy varying depending on the spatial distribution of myocardial scars in the left ventricle. Severe myocardial fibers disarray, as found in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, can also be detected by this ultrasound method.

Deep vein thrombosis in COVID-19 patients in general wards: prevalence and association with clinical and laboratory variables.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary reports suggest a hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is perceived as a frequent finding in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but data describing the prevalence of DVT are lacking. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to report the prevalence of DVT in COVID-19 patients in general wards, blinded to symptoms/signs of disease, using lower extremities duplex ultrasound (LEDUS) in random patients. We tested the association of DVT with clinical, laboratory and inflammatory markers and also reported on the secondary endpoint of in-hospital mortality. PATIENTS/METHODS: n  = 263 COVID-19 patients were screened with LEDUS between March 01, 2020 and April 05, 2020 out of the overall n = 1012 admitted with COVID-19. RESULTS: DVT was detected in n = 67 screened patients (25.5%), n = 41 patients (15.6%) died during the index hospitalization. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that only C-reactive protein (odds ratio 1.009, 95% CI 1.004-1.013, p < 0.001) was independently associated with the presence of DVT at LEDUS. Both age (odds ratio 1.101, 95% CI 1.054-1.150, p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (odds ratio 1.012, 95% CI 1.006-1.018, p < 0.001) were instead significantly independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The main study finding is that DVT prevalence in COVID-19 patients admitted to general wards is 25.5%, suggesting it may be reasonable to screen COVID-19 patients for this potentially severe but treatable complication, and that inflammation, measured with serum C-reactive protein, is the main variable associated with the presence of DVT, where all other clinical or laboratory variables, age or D-dimer included, are instead not independently associated with DVT.

Standard echocardiography versus very-low mechanical index contrast-imaging: left ventricle volumes and ejection fraction multi-reader variability and reference values in a subgroup with no risk factors or cardiac disease.

We retrospectively assessed the rest-phase images of 300 contrast stress- echocardiograms, during which very-low mechanical index (VLMI) imaging with ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs) was routinely acquired in addition to greyscale echocardiography; intra- and inter-reader variability for left ventricle (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest was established in the overall cohort and normal values were calculated in the subset of subjects with no cardiac risk factors or cardiac disease and a normal stress-echocardiogram. Current recommendations for chamber quantification using echocardiography advise the use of UEAs in case of insufficient quality of endocardial visualization, but normal values for LV volumes and LVEF using UEAs have never been published using currently recommended VLMI method. Single-centre retrospective study, enrolling subjects referred to contrast stress- echocardiography for suspect coronary artery disease, including the acquisition of both standard 2D greyscale and bolus UEAs with VLMI, regardless of the image quality. This enables offline measurement of the LV volumes and LVEF for both greyscale and UEAs-VLMI images at rest in all subjects. Images were allocated to 3 readers in random order. Normal range for LV volumes and LVEF was also derived in a subset of apparently healthy subjects. In the 298 exams finally assessed, measurement variability among the three readers was lower with UEAs-VLMI, in particular for end-systolic volumes (intra-class correlation coefficient for concordance improved from 0.855 to 0.916, for LVEF from 0.68 to 0.783, p < 0.01), intra- observer variability reduced (Lin's correlation coefficient for LVEF from 0.747 to 0.857, p < 0.01). Normal mean indexed LV end-diastolic volume with UEAs-VLMI, compared to greyscale imaging, was + 14 ml/m2, while LVEF was + 5 to + 6% points. This is the largest study specifically addressing UEAs-VLMI imaging and comparing data with standard greyscale imaging; it demonstrates a reduction in measurement variability of LV volumes and LVEF. Normal reference values for VLMI ultrasound are reported for the first time in comparison with greyscale values.

Very Long-term Outcome of Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Reconstructed Time-To-Event Meta-analysis.

The benefits of single (SITA) and bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) in diabetics undergoing coronary bypass grafting (CABG) are conflicting. We undertook a study-level meta-analysis to compare early and long-term outcomes of both CABG configurations. PubMed, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were searched for studies comparing BITA versus SITA for isolated CABG surgery in diabetics. Randomized trials or observational studies were considered eligible for the analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves of long-term survival were reconstructed and compared with Cox linear regression; incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for long-term survival were calculated. Landmark analysis and time-varying hazard ratio (HR) were analyzed. Odds ratios (OR) were extracted for early mortality, postoperative stroke, deep sternal wound infection (DSWI), and myocardial infarction (MI). A random effects meta-analysis was performed. Sensitivity analyses included leave-one-out-analyses and meta-regression. Thirteen studies (7332 patients) were included. Overall, at 20-year follow-up, BITA was associated with higher survival (HR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71-0.84; P < 0.0001). Time-varying HR and landmark analysis reported BITA was associated with a higher rate of 10-year survival (HR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.68-0.82, P < 0.0001), while from 10 to 20-year follow-up no difference was revealed (HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.82-1.19, P = 0.93). There was no increase in early mortality, postoperative MI, stroke, or DSWI between the groups. At meta-regression, the higher the age, the higher the long-term overall survival in patients with BITA. In diabetics, the BITA approach is associated with improved 10-year survival with no increase in early mortality, MI, stroke, or DSWI. In the 10-20-year timeframe, BITA and SITA showed comparable survival.

Long-term outcomes comparison of mitral valve repair or replacement for secondary mitral valve regurgitation. An updated systematic review and reconstructed time-to-event study-level meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The ideal surgical intervention for secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR), a disease of the left ventricle not the mitral valve itself, is still debated. We performed an updated systematic review and study-level meta-analysis investigating mitral valve repair (MVr) versus mitral valve replacement (MVR) for adult patients with SMR, with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE were searched for studies comparing MVr versus MVR. Randomized trial or observational studies were considered eligible. Primary endpoint was long-term mortality for any cause. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were reconstructed and compared with Cox linear regression. Landmark analysis and time-varying hazard ratio (HR) were analyzed. Sensitivity analyses included meta-regression and separate sub-analysis. A random effects model was used. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies (MVr=3,727 and MVR=2,839) were included. One study was a randomized trial, and 19 studies were adjusted. The mean weighted follow-up was 3.7±2.8 years. MVR was associated with significative greater late mortality (HR=1.26; 95 % CI, 1.14-1.39; P<0.0001) at 10-year follow-up. There was a time-varying trend showing an increased risk of mortality in the first 2 years after MVR (HR=1.38; 95 % CI, 1.21-1.56; P<0.0001), after which this difference dissipated (HR=0.94; 95 % CI, 0.81-1.09; P=0.41). Separate sub-analyses showed comparable long-term mortality in patients with concomitant coronary surgery ≥90 %, left ventricle ejection fraction ≤40 %, and sub-valvular apparatus preservation rate of 100 %. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to repair, MVR is associated with higher probability of mortality in the first 2 years following surgery, after which the two procedures showed comparable late mortality rate.

Prognostic role of coronary artery ectasia in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease.

AIMS: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) has been linked to the occurrence of adverse events in patients with ischemia/angina and no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/ANOCA), while the relationship between CAE and myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has been poorly investigated. In our study we aimed at assessing differences in clinical, angiographic and prognostic features among patients with CAE and MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. METHODS: Patients with angiographic evidence of CAE were enrolled at the University Hospital of Parma and divided into MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. Clinical and quantitative angiographic information was recorded and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 97 patients: 49 (50.5%) with MINOCA and 48 (49.5%) with INOCA/ANOCA presentation. The presentation with MINOCA was associated with a higher frequency of inflammatory diseases ( P  = 0.041), multivessel CAE ( P  = 0.030) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 ( P  = 0.013). At a median follow-up of 38 months, patients with MINOCA had a significantly higher incidence of MACE compared with those with INOCA/ANOCA [8 (16.3%) vs. 2 (4.2%), P  = 0.045], mainly driven by a higher rate of nonfatal MI [5 (10.2%) vs. 0 (0.0%), P  = 0.023]. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, the presentation with MINOCA ( P  = 0.039) and the presence of TIMI flow <3 ( P  = 0.037) were independent predictors of MACE at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Among a cohort of patients with CAE and nonobstructive coronary artery disease, the presentation with MINOCA predicted a worse outcome.

Cardiovascular Disease from Pathophysiology to Risk Estimation: Is Inflammation Estimated through Perivascular Attenuation on Computed Tomography the Key?

(1) Background: Systemic inflammation stands as a well-established risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease, as well as a contributing factor in the development of cardiac arrhythmias, notably atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, scientific studies have brought to light the pivotal role of localized vascular inflammation in the initiation, progression, and destabilization of coronary atherosclerotic disease. (2) Methods: We comprehensively review recent, yet robust, scientific evidence elucidating the use of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation measurement on computed tomography applied to key anatomical sites. Specifically, the investigation extends to the internal carotid artery, aorta, left atrium, and coronary arteries. (3) Conclusions: The examination of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation emerges as a non-invasive and indirect means of estimating localized perivascular inflammation. This measure is quantified in Hounsfield units, indicative of the inflammatory response elicited by dense adipose tissue near the vessel or the atrium. Particularly noteworthy is its potential utility in assessing inflammatory processes within the coronary arteries, evaluating coronary microvascular dysfunction, appraising conditions within the aorta and carotid arteries, and discerning inflammatory states within the atria, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation. The widespread applicability of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation measurement underscores its significance as a diagnostic tool with considerable potential for enhancing our understanding and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Contrast Stress Echocardiography Findings in Myocardial Bridging Compared to Normal Coronary Course, With and Without Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial bridging (MB) correlation with ischemia remains a diagnostic challenge. There is a lack of studies that have assessed MB using contrast stress echo and compared the findings with those in patients demonstrating a normal coronary course, with or without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: We evaluated all consecutive patients who underwent contrast stress echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) due to suspected symptoms of CAD within 3 months in Parma Hospital. Coronary computed tomography angiography served as the reference standard for detecting MB and obstructive CAD. The patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) MB and no evidence of obstructive CAD (MB group, N = 64), (2) no evidence of obstructive CAD or MB (NoCAD group, N = 135), (3) obstructive CAD without MB (CAD group, N = 68). RESULTS: The coronary flow velocity reserve in the LAD (CFVR-LAD) was reduced in the MB and CAD groups, measuring 1.91 ± 0.21 and 1.82 ± 0.28, respectively, whereas it was 2.27 ± 0.34 in the NoCAD group (P < .001). The MB and CAD groups exhibited a higher prevalence of reversible myocardial perfusion defects (rMPDs) compared to the NoCAD group (57.8% vs 64.7% vs 3.7%, P < .001). Reversible wall motion abnormalities were frequently observed in the CAD group and rarely found in the MB and NoCAD groups (47.1% vs 18.8% vs 4.4%, P < .001). In multivariable analyses, the presence of MB was independently associated with reduced CFVR-LAD (odds ratio = 14.55; 95% CI, 6.84-30.93; P < .001) and the presence of rMPD (odds ratio = 37.96; 95% CI, 13.49-106.84; P < .001). Patients with deep MB (>2 mm depth) and very deep MB (≥5 mm depth) exhibited significantly greater CFVR-LAD reduction and rMPD than those with superficial MB. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial bridging is capable of inducing rMPD and reducing CFVR-LAD similar to obstructive CAD. The depth of the MB correlates with the abnormalities found in the stress echo evaluation. Contrast stress echo may serve as a valuable noninvasive tool for evaluating patients with MB.

Association of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Stress Echocardiography with Long-Term Cardiac Outcome: A Comparison Study.

AIMS: This study aimed to assess which variables on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and vasodilator stress-echocardiography (SE) are best associated with long-term cardiac outcome in patients presenting for suspected chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) who performed both tests. METHODS: We identified 397 patients with suspected CCS who, between 2007 and 2019, underwent both SE and CTA within 30 days. Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and the number of coronary arteries with diameter stenosis >50% were assessed on CTA. The presence of reversible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) and reduced Doppler coronary flow velocity reserve in the left-anterior descending coronary artery (CFVR) were assessed on SE. The association of SE and CTA variables with cardiac outcome (cardiac death or myocardial infarction) was evaluated using Fine and Gray competing risk models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 10 years, 38 (9.6%) patients experienced a nonfatal myocardial infarction and 19 (4.8%) died from a cardiac cause. RWMA (HR 7.189, p < 0.001) and a lower CFVR (HR 0.034, p < 0.001) on SE, along with CACS (HR 1.004, p < 0.001) and the number of >50% stenosed coronary vessels (HR 1.975, p < 0.001) on CTA, were each associated with cardiac events. After adjusting for covariates, only CACS and CFVR remained associated (both p < 0.001) with cardiac outcome. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that only CFVR on vasodilatory SE and CACS on CTA are independently and strongly associated with long-term cardiac outcome, unlike RWMA or the number of stenosed coronary arteries, usually considered the hallmarks of coronary artery disease on each test.

Long-Term Outcomes Comparison Between Surgical and Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Disease or Left Main Disease: A Systematic Review and Study Level Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Recent randomized trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) utilizing drug-eluting stents in patients with left main disease (LMD) and/or multivessel disease (MVD), reported conflicting results. We performed a study level meta-analysis comparing the 2 interventions for the treatment of LMD or MVD. Using electronic databases, we retrieved 6 trials, between January, 2010 and December, 2022. Five-years Kaplan-Meier curves of endpoints where reconstructed. Comparisons were made by cox-linear regression frailty model and by landmark analysis. A random-effect method was applied. A total of 8269 patients were included and randomly assigned to CABG (n = 4135) or PCI (n = 4134). During 5-years follow-up, PCI showed a higher incidence of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.47; P < 0.0001]), myocardial infarction (HR 1.84; 95% CI, 1.54-2.19; P < 0.0001) and repeat coronary revascularization (HR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.72-2.24; P < 0.0001). There was no long-term difference between the 2 interventions for cardiovascular death (P = 0.14) and stroke (P = 0.20), although the incidence of stroke was higher with CABG within 30-days from intervention (P < 0.0001). PCI was associated with an increased risk for composite endpoints (P < 0.0001) and major cerebral and cardiovascular events. (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, at 5-year follow-up, in patients with LMD and/or MVD there was a significant higher incidence of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization with PCI compared to CABG. The incidence of stroke was higher with CABG during the postprocedural period, but no difference was found during 5-years follow-up. Longer follow-up is mandatory to better define outcome difference between the 2 interventions.

Results beyond 5-years of surgery or percutaneous approach in severe coronary disease. Reconstructed time-to-event meta-analysis of randomized trials.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is controversy about the optimal revascularization strategy in severe coronary artery disease (CAD), including left main disease and/or multivessel disease. Several meta-analyses have analyzed the results at 5-year follow-up but there are no results after the fifth year. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, comparing results after the fifth year, between coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using drug-eluting stents in patients with severe CAD. METHODS: We analyzed all clinical trials between January 2010 and January 2023. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The databases of the original articles were reconstructed from Kaplan-Meier curves, simulating an individual-level meta-analysis. Comparisons were made at certain cutoff points (5 and 10 years). The 10-year restricted median survival time difference between CABG and PCI was calculated. The random effects model and the DerSimonian-Laird method were applied. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 5180 patients. During the 10-year follow-up, PCI showed a higher overall incidence of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.04-1.32; P=.008)]. PCI showed an increased risk of all-cause mortality within 5 years (HR, 1.2; 95%CI, 1.06-1.53; P=.008), while no differences in the 5-10-year period were revealed (HR, 1.03; 95%CI, 0.84-1.26; P=.76). Life expectancy of CABG patients was slightly higher than that of PCI patients (2.4 months more). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe CAD, including left main disease and/or multivessel disease, there was higher a incidence of all-cause mortality after PCI compared with CABG at 10 years of follow-up. Specifically, PCI has higher mortality during the first 5 years and comparable risk beyond 5 years.