Low Bone Density and High Sclerostin in Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma.

PURPOSE: Sclerostin reduces bone formation by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway in bone tissue. This study evaluated the serum sclerostin level in non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) patients and analyzed its relationship with bone metabolism. METHOD: The data of the patients who applied to the Dicle University Endocrinology, diagnosed with non-functioning pituitary adenoma, and the control group consisting of healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum sclerostin levels and DXA analysis parameters were evaluated and compared with healthy control groups. RESULTS: The study consisted of 39 patients (F / M: 27/12) with NFPA (patient group) and 43 control groups (F / M: 26/17). There was no difference in terms of gender, age, height, weight and serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, 25-OH vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels. Serum sclerostin levels (32.31 ± 1.53 ng / ml) in the patient group was found to be significantly higher than the control group (22.45 ± 8.9 ng / ml) (p < 0.001). BMD (Patients groups vs control group); total lumbar BMD (0.951-1.56 gr / cm2) (p < 0.001), femoral neck BMD (0.752-1.15 g / cm2) (p < 0.001), femoral total BMD (0.995- 1.63 gr / cm2) (p < 0.001), were found to be statistically significantly lower. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first evidence that serum sclerostin levels were increased in non-functioning pituitary adenomas, which showed that bone parameters were negatively affected.

Are There Differences in the Management of Acute Pancreatitis Cases Due to Severe Hypertriglyceridemia in Pregnant Women?

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the prognosis of severe disease and treatment approaches of both normal and pregnant, especially in patients with severe pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 30 patients (20 females and 10 males) in this study whose follow-ups and treatments were performed after a diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis between January 2011 and May 2017. Patient personal information, such as age, sex, pre-treatment and post-treatment triglyceride levels, receipt of anti-hyperlipidemic treatments or plasmapheresis, and family history, were collected from hospital records and patient files. Patients with severe pancreatitis history, score, and prognosis were included to increase the value of our study. Mild and moderate cases were excluded. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 35±6 years. Twenty-four patients (80%) received an anti-hyperlipidemic treatment before their pancreatitis attacks. Plasmapheresis was performed on 8 patients before their pancreatitis attacks. Eighteen patients (60%) had a family history suggesting familial hypertriglyceridemia. Twelve patients (40%) were pregnant. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis was mostly confined to supportive, palliative treatments. However, plasmapheresis is a possible treatment option and should be used in the early stages of this disease. The response to medical treatment and support treatment was better in pregnant patients than in the other patient group, and pregnant patients did not require plasmapheresis.

Association of clinical and laboratory parameters with ambulatory arterial stiffness index in acromegaly patients.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we determined the relationship between the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with acromegaly. METHODS: Sixty-five patients with acromegaly, who visited to Dicle University Medical Faculty Department of Endocrinology (33 females and 32 males), were included in this study. The study control group consisted of 65 subjects. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Laboratory data (complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolytes, albumin, lipid profile, growth hormone [GH], insulin-like growth factor-1, and the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) performed over the last year were evaluated. The AASI was obtained from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring records of all patients. This study was completed in 15 months from 2013 to 2015. RESULTS: Twelve patients (18.4%) had diabetes and 21 patients (32%) had hypertension. The mean AASI value was 0.41 ± 0.14. The mean AASI value in the control group was 0.25 ± 0.09. Growth hormone (GH) levels were positively correlated with the AASI values. AASI values tended to be higher in hypertensive subjects than that in normotensive individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the AASI value increased in patients with acromegaly, independent of the increase in blood pressure. The AASI was strongly dependent on the degree of the GH increase in patients with acromegaly and may have an important role predicting cardiovascular risk in patients with acromegaly.

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to gross deletions in the POU1F1 (PIT-1) and PROP1 genes.

Pituitary development depends on a complex cascade of interacting transcription factors and signaling molecules. Lesions in this cascade lead to isolated or combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). The aim of this study was to identify copy number variants (CNVs) in genes known to cause CPHD and to determine their structure. We analyzed 70 CPHD patients from 64 families. Deletions were found in three Turkish families and one family from northern Iraq. In one family we identified a 4.96 kb deletion that comprises the first two exons of POU1F1. In three families a homozygous 15.9 kb deletion including complete PROP1 was discovered. Breakpoints map within highly homologous AluY sequences. Haplotype analysis revealed a shared haplotype of 350 kb among PROP1 deletion carriers. For the first time we were able to assign the boundaries of a previously reported PROP1 deletion. This gross deletion shows strong evidence to originate from a common ancestor in patients with Kurdish descent. No CNVs within LHX3, LHX4, HESX1, GH1 and GHRHR were found. Our data prove multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to be a valuable tool for the detection of CNVs as cause of pituitary insufficiencies and should be considered as an analytical method particularly in Kurdish patients.

Myocardial Performance Index for Patients with Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND Hypothyroid has several effects on the cardiovascular system. Global myocardial performance index (MPI) is used in assessment of both left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function. We compared MPI in hypothyroidism patients vs. normal control subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-two hypothyroid patients were divided into 2 groups: a subclinical hypothyroid (SH) group (n=50), and an overt hypothyroid (OH) group (n=32). The healthy control group (CG) constituted of 37 patients. TSH, FT3, and FT4, anti-TPO, anti-TG, insulin, lipid values, and fasting glucose levels were studied. All patients underwent an echocardiographic examination. Myocardial performance indexes were assessed and standard echocardiographic examinations were investigated. RESULTS MPI averages in OH, SH, and control groups were 0.53±0.06, 0.51±0.05, and 0.44±0.75 mm, respectively. MPI was increased in the OH and SH groups in comparison to CG (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS MPI value was significantly higher in hypothyroid patients in comparison to the control group, showing that regression in global left ventricular functions is an important echocardiographic finding. Future studies are required to determine the effects of this finding on long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Biochemical characteristics and calcium and PTH levels of patients with high normal and elevated serum 25(OH)D levels in Turkey: DeVIT-TOX survey.

Vitamin D intake over the recommended dose is usually associated with high serum 25(OH)D levels and generally not associated with symptoms of hypercalcemia. High doses of cholecalciferol need to be avoided to protect against vitamin D toxicity and related complications. Strict adherence to the clinical guidelines for treating vitamin D deficiency can ensure safe and effective treatment. PURPOSE: We observed a tendency to use high doses of cholecalciferol for vitamin D deficiency treatment or vitamin D supplementation. We aimed to determine the biochemical characteristics of patients with high normal and elevated serum 25(OH)D levels. METHODS: An online invitation was sent to all tertiary endocrinology clinics in Turkey to complete an online retrospective survey (DeVIT-TOX Survey) for patients diagnosed with high serum 25(OH)D levels (> 88 ng/mL) between January 2019 and December 2019. The patients were evaluated according to the presence of signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia and doses of vitamin D intake, evaluated into the following three groups according to their 25(OH)D levels: group 1, > 150 ng/mL; group 2, 149-100 ng/mL; and group 3, 99-88 ng/mL. RESULTS: A total of 253 patients were included in the final analysis (female/male: 215/38; mean age, 51.5 ± 15.6 years). The average serum 25(OH)D level was 119.9 ± 33 (range, 88-455) ng/mL, and the average serum calcium level was 9.8 ± 0.7 (range, 8.1-13.1) mg/dL. Most (n = 201; 75.4%) patients were asymptomatic despite having high serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels. The serum 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in the symptomatic groups than in the asymptomatic groups (138.6 ± 64 ng/mL vs. 117.7 ± 31 ng/mL, p < 0.05). The most common cause (73.5%) associated with high serum 25(OH)D levels was the inappropriate prescription of a high dose of oral vitamin D (600.000-1.500.000 IU) for treating vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in a short time (1-3 months). The cut-off value of 25 (OH) D level in patients with hypercalcemia was found to be 89 ng/mL [median 116.5 (89-216)]. CONCLUSIONS: High dose of vitamin D intake is associated with a high serum 25 OH D level, without symptoms of hypercalcemia. Inappropriate prescription of vitamin D is the primary cause for elevated 25(OH) D levels and related hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may not be observed in every patient at very high 25(OH) D levels. Adherence to the recommendation of guidelines is essential to ensure safe and effective treatment of vitamin D deficiency.

Increased Serum Sclerostin Levels in Patients With Active Acromegaly.

CONTEXT: Bone mineral density is normal in acromegalic patients and the cause of increased fracture risk that characterizes active acromegaly is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study compared serum sclerostin levels between patients with active acromegaly and healthy individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The serum sclerostin levels of patients with active acromegaly were compared with those of healthy volunteers in a cross-sectional study. The mean age of the 30 acromegaly patients (male/female: 14/16) was 47.26 ±â€…12.52 years (range, 18-64 years) and that of the healthy volunteers (male/female: 17/13) was 44.56 ±â€…10.74 years (range, 19-62 years). IGF-1 and GH levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence method, and serum sclerostin levels using an ELISA. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare sclerostin levels between the 2 groups. The correlations of sclerostin level with IGF-1 and GH were determined using Spearman's test. RESULTS: The 2 groups did not differ in age or sex (P > 0.05). The median GH and IGF-1 levels in the patient group were 2.49 ng/mL (range, 0.22-70.00 ng/mL) (interquartile range [IQR], 1.3-4.52) and 338.5 ng/mL (range, 147-911 ng/mL) (IQR, 250-426), respectively. The median GH and IGF-1 levels in the control group were 0.95 ng/mL (range, 0.3-2.3) and 144 ng/mL (range, 98-198), respectively. The median sclerostin level was 29.95 ng/mL (range, 7.5-78.1 ng/mL) (IQR, 14.37-37.47) in the acromegaly group and 22.44 ng/mL (range, 8.45-36.44 ng/mL) (IQR, 13.71-27.52) in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the sclerostin and IGF-1 levels (rho = 0.54; P < 0.01), and between the sclerostin and GH levels (rho = 0.41; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High sclerostin levels may contribute to the increased fracture risk seen in patients with acromegaly.

Alternative treatment of resistant hypoparathyroidism by intermittent infusion of teriparatide using an insulin pump: A case report.

Hypoparathyroidism usually responds to oral active vitamin D and calcium, but, although rare, some patients do not respond to this treatment. A 47-year-old Caucasian female presented to our medical unit with classical oral treatment-resistant hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. Teriparatide was infused through the insulin pump with dosage set to 1 unit which equals to 2.5 µg of teriparatide. In conclusion, intermittent subcutaneous infusion of teriparatide using an insulin pump is a safe and effective treatment modality to ensure normocalcemic conditions in patients with classical treatment-resistant hypoparathyroidism. 39th Turkey Congress of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, May 3-7, 2017, Antalya, Turkey.

68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT Can Be an Alternative Imaging Method in Insulinoma Patients.

Insulinomas are the most common cause of hypoglycemia, resulting from endogenous hyperinsulinism. The diagnosis of insulinoma is established by demonstrating inappropriately high serum insulin concentrations during a spontaneous or induced episode of hypoglycemia. Most insulinomas are islet-cell tumors. They are often small (<2 cm), benign, and difficult to localize with current imaging techniques. Insulinomas can be detected using either noninvasive procedures (e.g., transabdominal ultrasonography, spiral CT, MRI, 111In-pentetreotide imaging, and 18F-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine PET) or invasive procedures (e.g., endoscopic ultrasonography) or a selective arterial calcium stimulation test with hepatic venous sampling. Methods: We performed 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT on 3 patients with insulinoma. Results: All patients' insulinomas were shown clearly with 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. Conclusion:68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging may be a useful noninvasive imaging technique to localize insulinomas preoperatively.

A case of mediastinitis accompanied with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.

Mediastinitis is a serious infection involving mediastinal spaces after cervical infections spread along the facial planes. A late diagnosis of mediastinitis may result in death. Here we present a diabetic patient suffered from mediastinit accompanied with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma. A 61 years old male patient with type 2 diabetes was admitted to our hospital, with complaint of generalized worsening and fever. A diagnosis of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma was done and proper treatment started immediately. Neck tomography revealed abscess formation in the upper mediastinum. The needle aspirat culture failed to show bacterial growth. After five days of antibiotic treatment the patient's symptoms resolved. The abscess formation and pleural effusion almost disappeared on control tomography. No similar case presentation was seen in the current literature. Apart from this case, mediastinit should be keep in mind when a patient suffered from dysphagia, fever and cervical swelling.

Evaluation of Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

AIMS: Sleep disorders have recently become a significant public health problem worldwide and have deleterious health consequences. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep-related breathing disorders. We aimed to evaluate anthropometric measurements, glucose metabolism, and cortisol levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with a body mass index ≥30 and major OSA symptoms were included in this study. Anthropometric measurements of the patients were recorded and blood samples were drawn for laboratory analysis. A 24-hour urine sample was also collected from each subject for measurement of 24-hour cortisol excretion. Patients were divided equally into 2 groups according to polysomnography results: control group with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) <5 (n = 25) and OSA group with an AHI ≥5 (n = 25). RESULTS: Neck and waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, late-night serum cortisol, morning serum cortisol after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test, and 24-hour urinary cortisol levels were significantly higher in OSA patients compared to control subjects. Newly diagnosed DM was more frequent in patients with OSA than control subjects (32% versus 8%, p = 0.034). There was a significant positive correlation between AHI and neck circumference, glucose, and late-night serum cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that increased waist and neck circumferences constitute a risk for OSA regardless of obesity status. In addition, OSA has adverse effects on endocrine function and glucose metabolism.

The effect of venlafaxine HCl on painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of venlafaxine HCl in the symptomatic treatment of painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PPDN) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN: This study was designed as a prospective, randomized, and controlled trial. SETTING: This study was conducted at the Dicle University Medical Faculty (Diyarbakir, Turkey). PATIENTS: Sixty type 2 DM outpatients (47 females and 13 males) with PPDN who had a minimum visual analog scale (VAS) score of 40 mm were enrolled in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients randomized to the treatment group (n=30) received venlafaxine HCl, whereas those randomized to the control group (n=30) received a combination of vitamins B(1)and B(6) tablets. MEASURES: Severity of pain was measured by VAS, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and numerical analog scale scores at admission and at the second, fourth, and eighth weeks of the study. Polyneuropathy was supported by electromyelography. OUTCOME: In the treatment group, severity of pain was measured as 70.0+/-13.0 in the VAS, as 24.9+/-6.2 in the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and as 7.2+/-1.1 in the numerical analog scale. In the control group, it was measured as 73.0+/-8.0 in the VAS, as 26.8+/-6.2 in the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and as 7.4+/-0.8 in the numerical analog scale (P>.05). RESULTS: The most common form of PPDN was distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy in both groups (46.8% vs. 50.0%). At the end of the study, there was a significant difference in severity of pain between the groups. In the treatment group, scores were 8.5+/-5.2 and 3.1+/-1.6 in the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and numerical analog scale, respectively; in the control group, these were 20.5+/-7.0 and 5.5+/-1.6, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Venlafaxine HCl is a safe and well-tolerable analgesic drug in the symptomatic treatment of PPDN; however, it has minimal adverse effects. It showed its efficacy markedly in the second week of therapy.

Insulin response to oral glucose loading and coronary artery disease in nondiabetics.

Hyperinsulinemia is related to coronary artery disease (CAD), as an indication of decreased insulin sensitivity. Although there are many studies showing the relation between fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance, there are fewer studies on postprandial insulin levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between postprandial insulin levels and CAD and its extent in our patients. For this purpose, oral glucose tolerance testing was performed in 222 patients with no known diabetes and who were scheduled to undergo diagnostic coronary angiography. The patients were first separated into two groups, one group (group I) having an insulin response within reference values to oral glucose loading, and the other group (group II) with a higher than normal insulin response. The presence and extent of CAD in the two groups were compared. While 65% of the patients in group 1 had CAD, this rate increased to 79% in group 2 patients (P = 0.02). The mean vessel scores were 0.92 +/- 0.78 in group 1 and 1.67 +/- 0.99 (P < 0.0001) in group 2 patients. The stenosis scores were 2.192 +/- 2.077 in group 1 and 5.588 +/- 3.519 (P < 0.001) in group 2, while the extent scores were 1.230 +/- 1.292 in group 1 and 2.729 +/- 1.847 in group 2 (P < 0.0001). The differences between the two groups were significant. Postprandial insulin values were positively correlated with CAD (P = 0.001, r = 0.214), vessel scores (P < 0.0001, r = 0.326), stenosis scores (P < 0.0001, r = 0.261), and extent scores (P < 0.0001, r = 0.419). Logistic regression analysis revealed hyperinsulinemia increased CAD independent from the other risk factors (OR = 5.742, CI 95%: 1.809-18.227, P = 0.003).