Computed tomography has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of early colon cancer.

AIM: The accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in detecting local invasion (T status) and nodal metastasis (N status) of colon cancer was determined. METHOD: Data on the preoperative CT scan of 153 lesions from 152 patients with colon cancer were reviewed retrospectively. Evaluation included the T stage and N stage of the TNM system. The results were compared with those obtained by histopathological examination of the resected tumour. RESULTS: Of the 153 tumours, 117 (76.5%) were correctly classified as Stage T1 and T2 (33 tumours) and Stage T3 and T4 (84 tumours) by CT. The sensitivity and specificity were 70.2% and 79.2%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 85.7% and 60.0%. When analysed according to the individual T stage (Tx/Tis, T1, 2, 3, 4) and N stage (N0, 1, 2), the kappa coefficient with linear weighting was 0.208 (fair agreement) for T stage and 0.154 (slight agreement) for N stage. The estimation of tumour size showed good agreement with histopathology (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.865). CONCLUSION: CT scanning of colonic cancer showed 75% accuracy in identifying T1 and T2 cancers combined, but gave poor agreement between CT and histopathology for individual T stages.

Chalcone inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer cell by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis.

Chalcones are discussed to represent cancer preventive food components in a human diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables. In this study, we examined chalcone (1,3-diphenyl-2-propenone) for its effect on proliferation in human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The results showed that chalcone inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. Immunoblot assay showed that chalcone significantly decreased the expression of cyclin B1, cyclin A and Cdc2 protein, as well as increased the expression of p21 and p27 in a p53-independent manner, contributing to cell cycle arrest. An enhancement in Fas/APO-1 and its two form ligands, membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), was responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by chalcone. In addition, chalcone also triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling by increasing the amount of Bax and Bak and reducing the level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), and subsequently activated caspase-9 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, our study suggests that the blockade of cell cycle progression and initiation of cell apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of chalcone in human breast cancer cells.

Induction intraarterial chemotherapy for T4 breast cancer through an implantable port-catheter system.

Eleven patients with T4 breast cancer received induction intraarterial chemotherapy (IACT) as the first step in multidisciplinary therapy. The IACT agents (epirubicin and mitomycin C), were delivered weekly in the outpatient department by bolus injection through an implantable port-catheter system. A modified technique of port-catheter system implantation was used. The precise localization of the catheter was dually confirmed by angiography and dye test. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by clinical appearance, image study, and microscopic examination. A 91% response rate was obtained, and the lesions were resectable in < or = 8 weeks. No obvious systemic toxicity resulted from the IACT. Our results show that weekly IACT by bolus injection through a port-catheter system for treating locally advanced T4 breast cancer is feasible and efficacious.

Differentiation of obstructive from non-obstructive small bowel dilatation on CT.

PURPOSE: to find a useful decision procedure for the differentiation of obstructive from non-obstructive small bowel (SB) dilatation on the computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: four criteria were divided into different degrees and evaluated. These include: (A): continuity (non-continuous, continuous); (B): transition zone (absent, gradual, abrupt); (C): prestenotic SB fluid (minimal, about one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths, nearly complete); and (D): colonic contents (minimal, moderate, considerable). One hundred fifty-three examinations, 86 obstructive and 67 non-obstructive, were analyzed using chi(2)-square tests to determine the relationship of each criterion to the presence of small bowel obstruction (SBO), whether the proportions of various degrees of these criteria differed significantly among the obstructive and non-obstructive subgroups, and to classify the criteria with a tree-based model (calculated by the computer) for the development of a useful decision procedure. RESULTS: in each of the four criteria, the trend of probability of obstruction was statistically significant (P=0.0000). The proportions of most, except two, of the various degrees of different criteria in the obstructive and non-obstructive subgroups differed significantly (P<0.01). The obstruction tends to have a continuou dilatation, an abrupt transition, more prestenotic SB fluids, and less colonic contents. The results of classification by a tree-based model were 76 true-positive, ten false-negative, six false-positive, and 61 true-negative. The sensitivity was 88%; specificity was 91%; positive predictive value was 93%; negative predictive value was 86%; and the overall accuracy was 90%. CONCLUSION: by analyzing the above four criteria together, a useful tree-based model can be developed and utilized as a supplemental decision procedure for the differentiation of obstructive from non-obstructive SB dilatation. The accuracy can be further promoted if the factor of a recognized pathologic condition is taken into consideration.

Neuroprotective effect of agmatine in rats with transient cerebral ischemia using MR imaging and histopathologic evaluation.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to further investigate the effects of agmatine on brain edema in the rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring and biochemical and histopathologic evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following surgical induction of MCAO for 90min, agmatine was injected 5min after beginning of reperfusion and again once daily for the next 3 post-operative days. The events during ischemia and reperfusion were investigated by T2-weighted images (T2WI), serial diffusion-weighted images (DWI), calculated apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (CE-T1WI) during 3h-72h in a 1.5T Siemens MAGNETON Avanto Scanner. Lesion volumes were analyzed in a blinded and randomized manner. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), Nissl, and Evans Blue stainings were performed at the corresponding sections. RESULTS: Increased lesion volumes derived from T2WI, DWI, ADC, CE-T1WI, and TTC all were noted at 3h and peaked at 24h-48h after MCAO injury. TTC-derived infarct volumes were not significantly different from the T2WI, DWI-, and CE-T1WI-derived lesion volumes at the last imaging time (72h) point except for significantly smaller ADC lesions in the MCAO model (P<0.05). Volumetric calculation based on TTC-derived infarct also correlated significantly stronger to volumetric calculation based on last imaging time point derived on T2WI, DWI or CE-T1WI than ADC (P<0.05). At the last imaging time point, a significant increase in Evans Blue extravasation and a significant decrease in Nissl-positive cells numbers were noted in the vehicle-treated MCAO injured animals. The lesion volumes derived from T2WI, DWI, CE-T1WI, and Evans blue extravasation as well as the reduced numbers of Nissl-positive cells were all significantly attenuated in the agmatine-treated rats compared with the control ischemia rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that agmatine has neuroprotective effects against brain edema on a reperfusion model after transient cerebral ischemia.

Epidermoid cyst of the testis.

Epidermoid cysts, though having a variable sonographic appearance, may present with an onion peel configuration, that is, concentric rings of alternating hyperechogenicities and hypoechogenicities. The absence of vascular flow on colour Doppler sonography is also consistent with the avascular nature of these lesions. By combining these two sonographic features and the absence of biochemical tumour marker, preoperative diagnosis of epidermoid cyst is possible and may prompt a testis sparing surgery rather than orchidectomy.

Renal capsular leiomyoma: Report of a case with unusual CT appearance.

Clinically symptomatic renal capsular leiomyomas are rare. Previous research has shown that these tumors are usually well-defined cystic lesions, solid lesions, or a mixture of the two. We report an unusual case of renal capsular leiomyoma which was well defined by ultrasonography, but lacked a well-defined edge in CT. The reason for the absence of a well-defined tumor edge is probably due to degeneration in certain parts of the tumor resulting in a different degree of enhancement. Thus, the possibility of renal capsular leiomyoma should be included in the differential diagnosis whenever a renal mass is found, especially when either CT or ultrasonography shows that the tumor has a smooth, well-defined contour.

CT of small bowel ischemia.

We evaluated the computed tomographic (CT) features of small bowel (SB) ischemia and necrosis and correlated the findings with clinical outcome or patient prognosis. Sixty-eight surgically or angiographically proved cases of SB ischemia were retrospectively reviewed. The CT features of intestinal ischemia were divided into three groups: (A) thinned bowel wall with poor enhancement, intramural gas, or portal venous gas; (B) thickened SB wall without superior mesenteric vein thrombosis; and (C) thickened SB wall with superior mesenteric vein thrombosis or intussusception. The evaluated factors included bowel wall or mucosal enhancement pattern, SB dilatation, mesenteric edema, and CT evidence of narrowing or occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery or vein. The bowel necrosis rates and mortalities were compared with chi-square test. Oral contrast material was not administered. Intramural gas and SB dilatation were associated with a higher bowel necrosis rate (eight of eight, 100%, and 17 of 21, 81%, respectively) in group A. Poor mucosal enhancement of the thickened bowel wall indicated a higher bowel necrosis rate in groups B (six of seven, 86%) and C (12 of 12, 100%) than did normal mucosal enhancement. Only intramural gas was accompanied with a higher mortality (six of eight, 75%). Intramural gas of a thinned bowel wall and poor mucosal enhancement of a thickened small bowel wall are useful signs of bowel necrosis. Intramural gas would indicate poor patient prognosis.

Simultaneous bilateral adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Surgical implications and review of the literature.

We report a case of left-side renal cell carcinoma with contemporary bilateral adrenal involvement discovered preoperatively with computerized tomography and other imaging techniques. Surgical treatment consisted of radical nephrectomy with a nearly total contralateral adrenalectomy and the unroofing of a lower pole renal cyst. Postoperative cortisone acetate replacement was instituted. The surgical implications of renal cell carcinoma with metastasis are also discussed.

CT of the mesenteric vascular anatomy.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the appearance of the arrangement of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) on computed tomography (CT) in normal patients and in patients with abdominal masses. METHODS: One hundred seventy-seven consecutive abdominal CT examinations of 143 adults and two children were reviewed. The relationship of the SMV to the SMA was recorded at four locations: the beginning of the mesenteric vessels and levels 3 cm, 6 cm, and 9 cm caudad to the beginning. The relationship of the SMV to the SMA was divided into four quadrants in relation to the SMA: I, ventral right or directly ventral; II, dorsal right or directly right; III, dorsal left or directly dorsal; and IV, ventral left or directly left. RESULTS: In the beginning of the SMV-SMA complex and levels 3 cm, 6 cm, and 9 cm caudal to the beginning, the SMV was located in quadrant I in 146, 84, 69, and 43 examinations, in quadrant II in 31, 93, 71, and 27 examinations, in quadrant III in zero, zero, five, and three examinations, and in quadrant IV in zero, zero, nine, and 15 examinations, respectively. The cases with SMV inversion had neither malrotation nor adjacent tumor compression. All the cases with an adjacent tumor-induced compression of the SMV-SMA complex had a normal SMV-SMA relationship. CONCLUSION: In the first 3 cm, the SMV is always to the right of the SMA. Caudal to the level of 6 cm, the SMV may be located to the left of the SMA without evidence of malrotation. A midgut nonrotation is more likely to be present when a proximal SMV inversion is coexistent with a rightward direction of the proximal jejunal vessels. A hypothetical depiction of the step-by-step change of the SMV-SMA relationship during embryologic development may explain the arrangement patterns of the mesenteric vessels in normal rotation and midgut nonrotation.

The role of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of infected hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis.

Serum C-reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were prospectively evaluated in 38 patients with dilated pyelocaliceal systems in an attempt to distinguish simple hydronephrosis from infected hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. The clinical presentations of infected hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis were extremely variable, ranging from no constitutional complaints to urosepsis. Renal sonography detected only 6 of 16 patients with pyonephrosis (specificity 96%, sensitivity 38%, accuracy 72.5%). Using a cutoff value of 3.0 mg./dl. for C-reactive protein and 100 mm. per hour for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the diagnostic accuracy of detecting infected hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis increased to 97%, with a specificity of 89% and sensitivity of 100%. Based on our experience, we believe that the serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels can be used as screening tests to distinguish pyonephrosis and infected hydronephrosis from simple, uncomplicated hydronephrosis.

CT of agenesis and atrophy of the right hepatic lobe.

BACKGROUND: To identify and differentiate agenesis and severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe on computed tomography (CT). METHODS: The CT examinations of three cases of agenesis and 11 cases of severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe were reviewed. We evaluated visibility of the three hepatic veins, the two main portal veins (including their branches if necessary), the dilated intrahepatic ducts, enlargement of the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe and caudate lobe of the liver, presence of a retrohepatic gallbladder, hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma, posterolateral interposition of the hepatic flexure of the colon, and upward migration of the right kidney. RESULTS: In the three cases of agenesis, no structure can be recognized as the right hepatic vein, right portal vein, or dilated right intrahepatic ducts. In the 11 cases of severe lobar atrophy, the right portal vein (or its branches) was recognized in eight cases, the right hepatic vein in four cases, and the dilated right intrahepatic ducts in 11 cases. The degree of enlargement of the lateral segment does not necessarily change inversely with the size of the medial segment and the caudate lobe. The retrohepatic gallbladder is present in eight cases (two in agenesis and six in atrophy). The phenomenon of hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma was noted in six cases. CONCLUSION: Even though a retrohepatic gallbladder and a severely distorted hepatic morphology due to compensatory hypertrophy of the left and caudate lobes may raise a suspicion of agenesis of the right lobe of the liver, absence of visualization of all of the right hepatic vein, right portal vein and its branches, and dilated right intrahepatic ducts is a prerequisite of the diagnosis of agenesis of the right hepatic lobe on CT. In severe lobar atrophy, at least one of these structures is recognizable.

Transcatheter arterial embolization with or without cisplatin treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: This randomized controlled study was objectively designed to evaluate the utility cisplatin (50 mg) in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From May 1991 to July 1993, 46 patients were included in the study. All had a pathologic verification of HCC. Clinically, all of the patients were considered inoperable. However, these patients satisfied eligibility criteria for TAE. The patients were divided into two groups by random sampling. In group I, 22 patients received TAE with the regimen of cisplatin (50 mg) mixed with Lipiodol 5-15 ml followed by gelfoam pieces. In group II, 24 patients, as a controlled group, used the regimen of Lipiodol and gelfoam (Spongostan Film, Ferrosan, Denmark) pieces only, without adding any anticancer drug. The two groups were evaluated by a series of imaging studies and various clinical examinations before and after TAE. Subsequently, TAE was performed every 2 or 3 months for all patients until there was no visible tumor, or the patient could not sustain further TAE, or the patient died. RESULTS: In group I, TAE was administered 61 times (average 28 times for each patient), and in group II, 73 times (average 3 times for each patient). The 1-year and 2-year survival rates of group I were 52.5% and 26.2%, and group II were 72.5% and 39.5%. Statistically, there was no significant difference in survival curves and survival rates between these two groups. Tumor response rate of group I was 68% (15/22) and group II was 67% (16/24). There was no significant difference in tumor response between these two groups. The liver and renal function studies after TAE also showed no significant difference between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this controlled study, the authors conclude that the addition of cisplatin does not enhance the therapeutic effect of TAE for treatment of HCC.

Experience with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for gastroesophageal variceal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Variceal bleeding is a major life-threatening complication of cirrhosis of the liver. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been accepted as an effective method for portal decompression. Experiences here with the use of TIPS for control of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding is presented. METHODS: Sixteen TIPS procedures were performed for 15 patients who suffered from intractable gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. Nine cases (60%) were hepatitis-related cirrhosis of liver, four (27%) were alcoholic liver cirrhosis and two were cryptogenic in origin. Liver function tests revealed four patients were Child-Pugh's classification A, five were B and six, C. Twelve cases had received failed endoscopic management of varices; and one patient had recurrent variceal bleeding after devascularization. TIPS procedure was performed electively in nine cases and, as an emergency in six cases. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 16 TIPS procedures attempted were successfully performed. The technically successful rate was 94% (15/16), but two cases with successful TIPS procedure expired at the end of the procedure from hypovolemic shock and acute respiratory distress, respectively; thus the completely successful rate was 81% (13/16), The initial bleeding control rate was 83% (5/6) for the six patients with active bleeding. Portal venous pressure was significantly decreased from 30.8 +/- 5.8 mmHg before TIPS to 21.7 +/- 6.0 mmHg after the procedure (P < 0.01) and the porto-systemic pressure gradient also significantly decreased from 23.0 +/- 3.6 mmHg to 11.9 +/- 2.7 mmHg after TIPS (P < 0.01). Recurrent variceal bleeding was noted in four patients (33%) and that was managed by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of shunt, placement of additional stent, second TIPS procedure and a devascularization operation. Hepatic encephalopathy was noted in three patients (25%) after TIPS. CONCLUSIONS: TIPS is an effective method to control variceal bleeding caused by portal hypertension, especially when endoscopic or surgical management has failed or is contraindicated.