[Philanthropic hospitals and the operation of provider-owned health plans in Brazil]. / Hospitais filantrópicos e a operação de planos de saúde próprios no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management performance of philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans, in comparison with philanthropic hospitals as a whole in Brazil. METHODS: The managerial structures of philanthropic hospitals that operated their own health plans were compared with those seen in a representative group from the philanthropic hospital sector, in six dimensions: management and planning, economics and finance, human resources, technical services, logistics services and information technology. Data from a random sample of 69 hospitals within the philanthropic hospital sector and 94 philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans were evaluated. In both cases, only the hospitals with less than 599 beds were included. RESULTS: The results identified for the hospitals that operate their own health plans were more positive in all the managerial dimensions compared. In particular, the economics and finance and information technology dimensions were highlighted, for which more than 50% of the hospitals that operated their own health plans presented almost all the conditions considered. CONCLUSIONS: The philanthropic hospital sector is important in providing services to the Brazilian Health System (SUS). The challenges in maintaining and developing these hospitals impose the need to find alternatives. Stimulation of a public-private partnership in this segment, by means of operating provider-owned health plans or providing services to other health plans that work together with SUS, is a field that deserves more in-depth analysis.

[Analysis of the progressivity of Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) financing]. / Uma análise da progressividade do financiamento do Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS).

This article analyzes the level of progressivity in taxes financing the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Distribution of the tax burden financing the SUS was calculated using micro-data from the Household Budgets Survey, 2002-2003. The Kakwani index, which shows a tax system's level of progressivity, was calculated. The Kakwani index of public financing was -0.008, and SUS financing was nearly proportional to income. From a social justice perspective this is highly undesirable in a society like Brazil, with a Gini index of 0.57. The system should be clearly progressive in order to counterbalance the country's extreme income concentration.

[Management characteristics in charity hospitals in Brazil]. / Caracterização gerencial dos hospitais filantrópicos no Brasil.

This paper presents the management characteristics of charity hospitals in Brazil, based on data from a national survey developed in 2001. The sample accounted for the random inclusion of 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds and all 26 hospitals with at least 599 beds. It also included 10 institutions assumed as non-providers of services to the SUS. The analyses are descriptive, focusing on the classification of the hospitals according to their managerial development level, as well as selected issues regarding the utilization of specific managerial technologies, human resources, technical services, and services contracting. Distinct managerial levels were identified, but it is important to note that 83% of the SUS providers with less than 599 beds were classified as having incipient management. The authors discuss implications of the findings for inpatient care policies, considering the importance of charity hospitals for the Brazilian Health System.

[Resource allocation systems for health service providers - the international experience]. / Sistemas de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde - a experiência internacional.

This article presents the traditional ways of allocating resources to health service providers and focuses on the presentation and discussion of alternative experiences found in the international context. It also shows the current trends in the OECD countries, involving the adoption of mixed systems or performance-related bonuses, the latter being predominantly referred to the effects on the health of the population, i.e. the effectiveness of the health services. It further stresses the tendency to adopt resource allocation systems that are differentiated according to the level of care provider: to primary care centers, responsible for the health of the population of a given territory, a per capita adjusted for risk factor is granted (or, in some cases, resource allocation defined for lines of care), while in other cases hospitals are either paid according to a performance-adjusted global budget or through prospective payment per procedure.

[Regional differences in access to coronary bypass surgery in Brazil, 2002-2010]. / Diferenças regionais no acesso a cirurgia cardiovascular no Brasil, 2002-2010.

The hospitalization rates for angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery have been used as proxies for access to highly specialized services. The scope of this study is to analyze the evolution of these rates and discuss what are the possible causes associated with regional inequalities. Standardized rates of angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery by age and sex per 100,000 inhabitants aged 20 and over, in the period from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. Comparison with international data shows that Brazil has lower rates than those observed in OECD countries. In Brazil, the standardized rates of hospitalization for angioplasty in the population aged 20 and over showed an upward trend, rising from 27.5 per 100,000 in 2002 to 39 in 2010. When mortality rates by age and sex from different geographical regions were compared, besides the marked differences in the north - south axis, what is notable is the maintenance of a stable pattern of these rates and regional differences over the period analyzed. The definition of regional health care networks for cardiac surgery is an important strategy to ensure the quality of care, optimization of operating costs and reduction of inequalities in access to healthcare between Brazilian regions.

[Evaluation of performance of health systems: a model for analysis]. / Avaliação de Desempenho de Sistemas de Saúde: um modelo de análise.

This paper presents a review of the Dimension Matrix for Evaluation of the Brazilian Health System that was initially developed in 2003, as well as a conceptual update of some of the sub-dimensions for the evaluation of health service performance, namely effectiveness, access, efficiency and appropriateness of health care. It also describes the indicator selection process as well as the results obtained in each performance dimension. The behavior of the indicators used to assess the performance of health services in Brazil, with respect to each sub-dimension, was not uniform. Areas of marked improvement were found in indicators that are influenced by activities in the field of primary care. The most significant improvements were seen in the sub-dimensions of Effectiveness and Access. With respect to the Efficiency of health services, situations of high efficiency coexist with others with substandard performance. The performance of health services in the sub-dimension of Appropriateness of Health Care was the lowest of all indicators.

Cost of treating patients with smoking history in a specialized cancer hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the costs of treating lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer among patients with histories of smoking. METHODS: A longitudinal non-concurrent study on three cohorts with histories of smoking at a specialized hospital was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2006. The sample was composed of 127 cases of lung cancer, 80 of laryngeal cancer and 35 of esophageal cancer. These cancers were selected through analyzing the frequencies and monetary values of the hospital admissions, weighted according to the fraction attributable to smoking among the population. Data were gathered from the medical files. Patients were classified according to their smoking profile, primary diagnosis, stage and comorbidities. The statistical analysis included the log-normal distribution to adjust for cost values and the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The patients were heavy smokers and were diagnosed at advanced stages. The burden from smoking was high, and 92%, 72% and 94% of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer patients, respectively, were diagnosed at advanced stages. The most frequent comorbidities were heart diseases and respiratory diseases. The mean costs of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancers were R$ 28,901, R$ 37,529 and R$ 33,164, respectively. The main cost drivers were radiotherapy and hospitalization. There was an association between advanced stage and lower cost for lung and esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Since radiotherapy and hospitalization were the main total cost drivers, patients at more severe stages presented lower costs, probably because of the reduction in the number of therapeutic options.

[An analysis of use of the health services by financing system: Brazil 1998-2008]. / Uma analise da utilização de serviços de saúde por sistema de financiamento: Brasil 1998 -2008.

This article analyzes the use of health services from the perspective of financing based on PNAD/IBGE micro-data related to 1998, 2003 and 2008. Among the main results, the following can be highlighted: 1) The Unified Health System (SUS) continues to be the major financing agent of most consultations and hospitalizations in Brazil; its participation increased significantly between 1998 and 2003 and remained almost stable between 2003 and 2008; 2) SUS participation in financing the use of the health services has been predominant in all Brazilian regions, especially in the North and North-East, which feature the most precarious socio-economic and health conditions; 3) SUS is the major financing agent of the two extreme levels of complexity of health care: primary care and high complexity services. 4) In spite of a significant rise in utilization rates of SUS services for consultations and hospitalizations, great inequities can still be observed between the population that exclusively uses SUS and that which has private health insurance; 5) There has been an increase in the use of SUS health services by part of the population with private health insurance plans.

Promoção da saúde, prevenção de doenças e utilização de serviços: avaliação das ações de uma operadora de plano de saúde brasileira / Health promotion, disease prevention, and health service use: evaluation of the actions of a Brazilian private health plan operator

Resumo Introdução Trata-se de estudo de caso que teve como objetivo explorar a associação entre ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares (DC) desenvolvidas por uma operadora de plano de saúde brasileira que adotou a Estratégia Saúde da Família, a utilização de serviços e os respectivos custos. Métodos Foram selecionados os beneficiários com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos, cadastrados nos programas até 31 de dezembro de 2004 em duas capitais. Foi realizada a descrição do perfil demográfico e dos fatores de risco para DC, bem como a avaliação do perfil de utilização de serviços e dos custos, entre 2004 e 2007. Resultados Verificou-se a redução do número médio de consultas por beneficiário e do custo médio com essas consultas no grupo cadastrado. O número de exames per capita aumentou, elevando esses custos. Em Curitiba, no Paraná, ocorreu aumento do número médio de internações por beneficiário e do custo médio, enquanto, em Goiânia, Goiás, ocorreu redução desses números. Conclusão Considerando que cerca de 25% da população brasileira possui plano de saúde, torna-se relevante incentivar a realização desses programas, em consonância com as políticas empreendidas pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), além de avaliar a utilização dos serviços e os resultados na saúde dos indivíduos.

Abstract Introduction This article describes a case study which aimed to explore the association between health promotion actions and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CD). These actions were developed by a Brazilian health maintenance organization that has adopted the Family Health Strategy and the use of health services and their related costs. Methods The method involved the selection of beneficiaries from two capitals, aged 30 years or older, who subscribed until Dec 31, 2004. A description of the demographic profile and risk factors for CD was performed, as well as an evaluation of the profile of use of services and their corresponding costs between 2004 and 2007. Results There was a reduction in the average number of appointments per beneficiary and in the average cost of these appointments. There was an increase in the number of exams per capita, increasing assistance costs. In Curitiba, there was an increase in the average number of hospitalizations per beneficiary and in their average cost, whereas in Goiania a reduction of such numbers was observed. Conclusion Considering that approximately 25% of the Brazilian population is currently covered by health maintenance organizations, it is important to encourage the adoption of these programs, in agreement with the policies undertaken by the Ministry of Health, in addition to evaluating the use of health services and the outcomes in the health of individuals.

[The cost of tobacco-related diseases for Brazil's Unified National Health System]. / Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Unico de Saúde.

This study aimed to identify the direct costs of hospitalizations due to three smoking-related groups of diseases - cancer and circulatory and respiratory diseases - in Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2005. For cancer, the cost of chemotherapy was also included. The study derived cost estimates using administrative databases, relative risks, smoking prevalence, and smoking-attributable fraction. According to the estimates, smoking- attributable medical expenditures for the three disease groups amounted to R$338,692,516.02 (approximately U$185 million), accounting for 27.6% of total medical expenditures. Considering all hospitalizations and chemotherapy provided by the National Health System, tobacco-related diseases accounted for 7.7% of total medical expenditures. These costs also represented 0.9% of expenditures by federally funded public health services. This study provides a conservative estimate of smoking-related costs and suggests the need for continued research on comprehensive approaches to measure the total burden of smoking for society.

[Conflicts and impasses in the judicialization of the supply of medicines: circuit court rulings on claims brought against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2005]. / Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1 feminine instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005.

Based on an analysis of individual claims for provision of medicines brought by users of the Unified National Health System (SUS) against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the year 2005, this study aims to discuss the action and behavior of the court system in ruling on these suits. The study adopted a semi-qualitative exploratory documental research design, analyzing key aspects related to the claims, such as type of medication claimed by the plaintiff, wording of the court rulings, and the key elements used by judges in trying the cases. According to the analysis of the lawsuits and the concepts of judicialization and official standardization of medicines, the study concludes that when ruling on the provision of medicines, the court system grants the claims as submitted without considering the standardization of medicines adopted by the Ministry of Health, thus exercising excessive court intervention in health policy.

[Healthcare structure and quality among inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil]. / Estrutura e qualidade assistencial dos prestadores de serviços hospitalares à saúde suplementar no Brasil.

This study aimed to characterize inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil, considering that knowledge on healthcare providers is still incipient, particularly in relation to healthcare structure and quality. A national survey was performed, focusing on 3,817 hospitals. A stratified sample of 83 hospitals was selected, and data were collected from September to December 2006 using interviews with hospital administrators. Hospital care was characterized using variables related to installed capacity and services output, as well as practices and structures for healthcare quality assurance and control. The final sample consisted of 74 hospitals, representing an estimated universe of 3,799 hospitals. Inpatient care providers for health plans, mainly for the Unified National Health System (SUS), showed limited presence of structures and practices for improving management and healthcare quality.

Mechanisms of microregulation of private hospitals by health plan operators.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanisms employed by health plan operators for microregulation of clinical management and health care qualification within care-providing hospitals. METHODS: A nation-wide cross-sectional study was carried out. The universe consisted of hospitals which provided care to health plan operators in 2006. A sample of 83 units was selected, stratified by Brazilian macroregion and type of hospital. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to hospital managers. RESULTS: Microregulation of hospitals by health plan operators was minimal or almost absent in terms of health care qualification. Operator activity focused predominantly on intense control of the amount of services used by patients. Hospitals providing services to health plan operators did not constitute health micro-systems parallel or supplementary to the Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS - Brazilian National Health System). The private care-providing hospitals were predominantly associated with SUS. However, these did not belong to a private care-provider network, even though their service usage was subject to strong regulation by health plan operators. Operator intervention in the form of system management was incipient or virtually absent. Roughly one-half of investigated hospitals reported adopting clinical directives, whereas only 25.4% reported managing pathology and 30.5% reported managing cases. CONCLUSIONS: Contractual relationships between hospitals and health plan operators are merely commercial contracts with little if any incorporation of aspects related to the quality of care, being generally limited to aspects such as establishment of prices, timeframes, and payment procedures.

[The public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System: financing, delivery and utilization of health services]. / O mix público-privado no Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro: financiamento, oferta e utilização de serviços de saúde.

This paper analyzes the public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System from the perspective of health care delivery, utilization and financing. Moreover, this quantitative study based on secondary data from official databases contemplates the subsidies granted by the government to the private sector. It shows the existence of some inequalities favoring the population having private health plans, a result of the peculiar participation of the private sector in the Brazilian Health System not only offering supplementary care but duplicating the coverage offered by the public system (called SUS). The analysis is made on the basis of the classification of public-private mix in Health Systems developed by the OECD in 2004, that helps understanding the kinds of inequalities occurring in each type of public-private mix. The inequalities that occur in the Brazilian system must be understood as the result of the duplicated coverage offered by the private market and of the weak public funding for the SUS while granting important subsidies to the private sector.

Sistemas de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde - a experiência internacional / Resource allocation systems for health service providers - the international experience

O artigo apresenta as formas tradicionais de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde e se concentra na apresentação e discussão de experiências alternativas encontradas no contexto internacional. Aponta, ainda, as tendências atuais formuladas nos países da OECD, que consistem na adoção de sistemas mistos ou complementados pelo ajuste por desempenho, sendo este predominantemente referido a resultados sobre a saúde da população, ou seja, à efetividade dos serviços de saúde. Ainda, destaca-se uma tendência a adotar sistemas de alocação de recursos diferenciados, segundo o nível de atenção do prestador: aos centros de atenção primária responsáveis pela saúde da população de um dado território, corresponde a alocação de recursos per capita ajustada por risco (ou, em alguns casos, por linhas de cuidado), enquanto os hospitais são em alguns casos remunerados por orçamento global ajustado por desempenho e, em outros, por pagamento prospectivo por procedimento.

This article presents the traditional ways of allocating resources to health service providers and focuses on the presentation and discussion of alternative experiences found in the international context. It also shows the current trends in the OECD countries, involving the adoption of mixed systems or performance-related bonuses, the latter being predominantly referred to the effects on the health of the population, i.e. the effectiveness of the health services. It further stresses the tendency to adopt resource allocation systems that are differentiated according to the level of care provider: to primary care centers, responsible for the health of the population of a given territory, a per capita adjusted for risk factor is granted (or, in some cases, resource allocation defined for lines of care), while in other cases hospitals are either paid according to a performance-adjusted global budget or through prospective payment per procedure.

[Small hospitals and their insertion in Brazil's National Health System (SUS)]. / Os hospitais de pequeno porte e sua inserção no SUS.

UNLABELLED: This paper analyses small hospitals (less than fifty beds) in Brazil, in terms of their geographical distribution, legal status, types of wards and units, structures and service production. Under a directive published in April 2004, the Ministry of Health contracts and encourages these hospitals to adapt their profiles to the new roles assigned to them in the health system; consequently, data from December 2005 is compared to data from April 2004. RESULTS: Small hospitals represent 62% of Brazil's hospital network, with 18% of current beds. Located mainly in upstate municipalities with less than 300,000 inhabitants, they offer limited complexity and technological density, with a low occupancy rate (32.8%). There are no changes in their production profiles between 2004 and 2006, due to the brief period since the implementation of Brazil's small hospitals policy in 2004, which has not been supported by the corresponding investment plans and human resources policies. This is a strategic hospital segment for providing all-round care in the Brazil's National Health System, due to its nationwide capillarity, endowed with ample potential for providing primary care while ensuring seamless links with other levels of complexity.

An analysis of equity in Brazilian health system financing.

Health care in Brazil is financed from many sources--taxes on income, real property, sales of goods and services, and financial transactions; private insurance purchased by households and firms; and out-of-pocket payments by households. Data on household budgets and tax revenues allow the burden of each source except firms' insurance purchases for their employees to be allocated across deciles of adjusted per capita household income, indicating the progressivity or regressivity of each kind of payment. Overall, financing is approximately neutral, with progressive public finance offsetting regressive payments. This last form of finance pushes some households into poverty.

Avaliação de Desempenho de Sistemas de Saúde: um modelo de análise / Evaluation of performance of health systems: a model for analysis

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da Matriz de Dimensões da Avaliação do Sistema de Saúde no Brasil desenvolvida em 2003, e uma atualização conceitual de parte das subdimensões de avaliação do desempenho dos serviços de saúde: efetividade, acesso, eficiência e adequação. Descreve o processo de seleção dos indicadores utilizados e uma síntese dos resultados para cada subdimensão do desempenho. O comportamento dos indicadores utilizados para avaliar o desempenho dos serviços de saúde no Brasil, no que se refere às quatro subdimensões selecionadas, não é uniforme e as melhorias mais acentuadas são observadas naquelas influenciadas pela atuação dos serviços no campo da atenção primária, as melhorias mais significativas foram observadas nas Efetividade e Acesso. Em relação à Eficiência dos serviços de saúde coexistem situações de alta eficiência com outras de baixo desempenho. A atuação dos serviços de saúde na subdimensão Adequação foi pior do que nas demais apresentadas.

This paper presents a review of the Dimension Matrix for Evaluation of the Brazilian Health System that was initially developed in 2003, as well as a conceptual update of some of the sub-dimensions for the evaluation of health service performance, namely effectiveness, access, efficiency and appropriateness of health care. It also describes the indicator selection process as well as the results obtained in each performance dimension. The behavior of the indicators used to assess the performance of health services in Brazil, with respect to each sub-dimension, was not uniform. Areas of marked improvement were found in indicators that are influenced by activities in the field of primary care. The most significant improvements were seen in the sub-dimensions of Effectiveness and Access. With respect to the Efficiency of health services, situations of high efficiency coexist with others with substandard performance. The performance of health services in the sub-dimension of Appropriateness of Health Care was the lowest of all indicators.

Diferenças regionais no acesso a cirurgia cardiovascular no Brasil, 2002 -2010 / Regional differences in access to coronary bypass surgery in Brazil, 2002-2010

As taxas internação por angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização vêm sendo usadas como proxies de acesso a serviços de alta complexidade. O objetivo é analisar sua evolução e discutir quais seriam as possíveis causas associadas às desigualdades regionais. Foram calculadas as taxas padronizadas de realização de angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização por sexo e idade por 100 mil habitantes de 20 anos e mais, no período 2002 a 2010. A comparação com os dados internacionais mostra que o Brasil tem taxas menores que as observadas nos países da OECD. No Brasil, as taxas padronizadas de internação por angioplastia na população de 20 anos ou mais apresentaram uma tendência de crescimento, passando de 27,5 por 100 mil habitantes em 2002 para 39 por 100 mil em 2010. Na comparação das taxas padronizadas por idade e sexo entre as grandes regiões do Brasil, além das diferenças marcantes no eixo Norte - Sul, o que chama atenção é que mantenham um padrão estável e também as diferenças regionais. A constituição de redes assistenciais regionais hierarquizadas para cirurgias cardíacas constitui uma estratégia importante para: garantir a qualidade do cuidado, a optimização dos custos operacionais e reduzir as desigualdades no acesso entre as regiões brasileiras.

The hospitalization rates for angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery have been used as proxies for access to highly specialized services. The scope of this study is to analyze the evolution of these rates and discuss what are the possible causes associated with regional inequalities. Standardized rates of angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery by age and sex per 100,000 inhabitants aged 20 and over, in the period from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. Comparison with international data shows that Brazil has lower rates than those observed in OECD countries. In Brazil, the standardized rates of hospitalization for angioplasty in the population aged 20 and over showed an upward trend, rising from 27.5 per 100,000 in 2002 to 39 in 2010. When mortality rates by age and sex from different geographical regions were compared, besides the marked differences in the north - south axis, what is notable is the maintenance of a stable pattern of these rates and regional differences over the period analyzed. The definition of regional health care networks for cardiac surgery is an important strategy to ensure the quality of care, optimization of operating costs and reduction of inequalities in access to healthcare between Brazilian regions.

[Consumer satisfaction study in philanthropic hospital health plans]. / Estudo de satisfação dos beneficiários de planos de saúde de hospitais filantrópicos.

This paper presents the findings of research aimed at identifying and analyzing the argumentation and rationale that justify the satisfaction of consumers with their health plans. The qualitative method applied used the focus group technique, for which the following aspects were defined: the criteria for choosing the health plans which were considered, the composition of the group and its distribution, recruitment strategy, and infrastructure and dynamics of the meetings. The health plan beneficiaries were classified into groups according to their social class, the place where they lived, mainly, the relationship that they established with the health plan operators which enabled us to develop a typology for the plan beneficiaries. Initially, we indicated how the health plan beneficiaries assess and use the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and, then, considering the types of plans defined, we evaluated their degree of satisfaction with the different aspects of health care, and identified which aspects mostly contributed explain their satisfaction.