RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mothers of children with food allergy have increased anxiety, which may be influenced by healthcare professionals' communication of risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a brief psychological intervention for reducing anxiety in mothers of children with food allergy. METHODS: Two hundred mothers of children with food allergy were recruited from allergy clinics. A computer-generated randomization list was used to allocate participants to a single-session cognitive behavioural therapy intervention including a risk communication module, or standard care. Anxiety and risk perception were assessed at 6 weeks and 1 year. Primary outcome was state anxiety at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes included state anxiety at 1 year, risk perception at 6 weeks and 1 year, and salivary cortisol response to a simulated anaphylaxis scenario at 1 year. RESULTS: We found no significant difference in the primary outcome state anxiety at 6 weeks, with mean 31.9 (SD 10.2) intervention, 34.0 (10.2) control; mean difference 2.1 (95% CI -0.9, 5.0; P=.17). There was significantly reduced state anxiety at 6 weeks in the intervention group, in the subgroup of participants with moderate/high anxiety at enrolment (103/200, 52%), with mean 33.0 (SD 9.3) intervention, 37.8 (SD 10.0) control; mean difference 4.8 (95% CI 0.9, 8.7; P=.016; Cohen's d effect size 0.50). The psychological intervention also reduced risk perception and salivary cortisol response (P=.032; effect size 0.36). CONCLUSION: We found evidence that a brief psychological intervention which incorporates accurate risk information may impact on anxiety, risk perception and physiological stress response in mothers of children with food allergy.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Mães/psicologia , Percepção , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Londres/epidemiologia , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fatal food anaphylaxis is rare, but a major concern for people with food allergy and their carers. We evaluated whether community healthcare professionals accurately estimate risk of fatal anaphylaxis for food allergic children, and whether accurate risk estimation is related to competence in recognizing and managing anaphylaxis. METHODS: We enrolled 90 community healthcare professionals in a cross-sectional survey - 30 primary care nurses, 30 school first aiders, 30 community pharmacists. Participant risk estimates for fatal and non-fatal anaphylaxis, and all-cause fatalities, were measured using a risk ladder. Participant anaphylaxis knowledge was assessed by questionnaire, and practical skills using a simulated anaphylaxis scenario. RESULTS: In all three groups, participants significantly overestimated the risk of fatal anaphylaxis for food allergic children, by a mean factor of 13.5-fold (95% CI 5.0, 31.6), but did not overestimate non-fatal anaphylaxis risk or all-cause fatality risk. We found no evidence of a relationship between successful adrenaline administration and risk estimation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In conclusion, we have found evidence that community pharmacists, school first aiders and primary care nurses in the UK systematically overestimate the risk of fatal anaphylaxis for a food allergic child. This overestimation may result in increased patient and carer anxiety. Community practitioners who manage childhood food allergy and anaphylaxis need to be educated about the level of risk for fatal anaphylaxis in such children.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Anafilaxia/etiologia , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Pessoal de Saúde , Percepção , Adulto , Idoso , Anafilaxia/mortalidade , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/mortalidade , Humanos , Bases de Conhecimento , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Food allergy is a common cause of anaphylaxis, but the incidence of anaphylaxis in food allergic people is unknown. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis, using the inverse variance method. Two authors selected studies by consensus, independently extracted data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale. We searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS and AMED between January 1946 and September 2012 and recent conference abstracts. We included registries, databases or cohort studies which described the number of food anaphylaxis cases in a defined population and time period and applied an assumed population prevalence of food allergy. RESULTS: We included data from 34 studies. There was high heterogeneity between study results, possibly due to variation in study populations, anaphylaxis definition and data collection methods. In food allergic people, medically coded food anaphylaxis had an incidence rate of 0.14 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.05, 0.35; range 0.01, 1.28). In sensitivity analysis using different estimated food allergy prevalence, the incidence varied from 0.11 to 0.21 per 100 person-years. At age 0-19, the incidence rate for anaphylaxis in food allergic people was 0.20 (95% CI 0.09, 0.43; range 0.01, 2.55; sensitivity analysis 0.08, 0.39). At age 0-4, an incidence rate of up to 7.00 per 100 person-years has been reported. In food allergic people, hospital admission due to food anaphylaxis had an incidence rate of 0.09 (95% CI 0.01, 0.67; range 0.02, 0.81) per 1000 person-years; 0.20 (95% CI 0.10, 0.43; range 0.04, 2.25) at age 0-19 and 0.50 (0.26, 0.93; range 0.08, 2.82) at age 0-4. CONCLUSION: In food allergic people, the incidence of food allergic reactions which are coded as anaphylaxis by healthcare systems is low at all ages, but appears to be highest in young children.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Alimentos/efeitos adversos , Hospitalização , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Risco , Autorrelato , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown patients commonly misuse adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI). It is unclear whether this is due to inadequate training, or poor device design. We undertook a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate ability to administer adrenaline using different AAI devices. METHODS: We allocated mothers of food-allergic children prescribed an AAI for the first time to Anapen or EpiPen using a computer-generated randomization list, with optimal training according to manufacturer's instructions. After one year, participants were randomly allocated a new device (EpiPen, Anapen, new EpiPen, JEXT or Auvi-Q), without device-specific training. We assessed ability to deliver adrenaline using their AAI in a simulated anaphylaxis scenario six weeks and one year after initial training, and following device switch. Primary outcome was successful adrenaline administration at six weeks, assessed by an independent expert. Secondary outcomes were success at one year, success after switching device, and adverse events. RESULTS: We randomized 158 participants. At six weeks, 30 of 71 (42%) participants allocated to Anapen and 31 of 73 (43%) participants allocated to EpiPen were successful - RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.68-1.46). Success rates at one year were also similar, but digital injection was more common at one year with EpiPen (8/59, 14%) than Anapen (0/51, 0%, P = 0.007). When switched to a new device without specific training, success rates were higher with Auvi-Q (26/28, 93%) than other devices (39/80, 49%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AAI device design is a major determinant of successful adrenaline administration. Success rates were low with several devices, but were high using the audio-prompt device Auvi-Q.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/tratamento farmacológico , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Vasoconstritores/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Lactente , Injeções , Masculino , Glândulas Salivares/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , Autoadministração , Resultado do Tratamento , alfa-AmilasesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Food allergy is a common cause of anaphylaxis, but the incidence of fatal food anaphylaxis is not known. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of fatal food anaphylaxis for people with food allergy and relate this to other mortality risks in the general population. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis, using the generic inverse variance method. Two authors selected studies by consensus, independently extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale. We searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS or AMED, between January 1946 and September 2012, and recent conference abstracts. We included registries, databases or cohort studies which described the number of fatal food anaphylaxis cases in a defined population and time period and applied an assumed population prevalence rate of food allergy. RESULTS: We included data from 13 studies describing 240 fatal food anaphylaxis episodes over an estimated 165 million food-allergic person-years. Study quality was mixed, and there was high heterogeneity between study results, possibly due to variation in food allergy prevalence and data collection methods. In food-allergic people, fatal food anaphylaxis has an incidence rate of 1.81 per million person-years (95%CI 0.94, 3.45; range 0.63, 6.68). In sensitivity analysis with different estimated food allergy prevalence, the incidence varied from 1.35 to 2.71 per million person-years. At age 0-19, the incidence rate is 3.25 (1.73, 6.10; range 0.94, 15.75; sensitivity analysis 1.18-6.13). The incidence of fatal food anaphylaxis in food-allergic people is lower than accidental death in the general European population. CONCLUSION: Fatal food anaphylaxis for a food-allergic person is rarer than accidental death in the general population.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Humanos , Incidência , Mortalidade , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia characterised by mucocutaneous telangiectasis, epistaxis, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, and arteriovenous malformations in the lung and brain. Causative mutations for HHT have been identified in two genes, endoglin and ALK1, which encode proteins involved in serine-threonine kinase signalling in the endothelial cell. METHODS: A number of people affected with HHT had completed a postal questionnaire as part of an international study to delineate the HHT phenotype. We identified questionnaires completed by subjects in whom we had identified a mutation in endoglin or ALK1. Further questionnaires were sent to families with known mutations. Data were only included from questionnaires returned by people known to carry disease causing mutations. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 83 subjects with known mutations. Of these, 49 had endoglin mutations (HHT1) and 34 had ALK1 mutations (HHT2). Subjects with HHT1 reported an earlier onset of epistaxis (p=0.01) and telangiectasis (p=0.0001) than those with HHT2. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were only reported in the endoglin mutation group in our study (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our questionnaire based study provides evidence that the HHT phenotype caused by mutations in endoglin (HHT1) is distinct from, and more severe than, HHT caused by mutations in ALK1 (HHT2). This has significant implications for diagnosis, screening, and treatment in the two different forms of HHT, as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.
Assuntos
Receptores de Ativinas Tipo I/genética , Mutação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Telangiectasia Hemorrágica Hereditária/genética , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/genética , Receptores de Activinas Tipo II , Idoso , Antígenos CD , Malformações Arteriovenosas/genética , Artérias Cerebrais/patologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Endoglina , Epistaxe/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Circulação Pulmonar/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Análise de Sobrevida , Telangiectasia Hemorrágica Hereditária/mortalidadeRESUMO
Recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum parasites were sampled from 108 children taking part in a drug efficacy trial in Gabon. A finger-prick blood sample was taken from each child before treatment, and a post-treatment sample taken of the recrudescent parasites. Sample deoxyribonucleic acid was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to the P. falciparum antigen genes MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP. Seventy-seven children had identical parasites in their pre- and post-treatment samples, indicating genuine recrudescences of resistant parasites. Fourteen children had completely different parasites in their pre- and post-treatment samples, indicating either a fresh infection from a mosquito or growth of a population of parasites not detected in the pre-treatment sample, perhaps due to sequestration. The remaining 17 children had a mixture of pre-treatment and new parasites in their post-treatment samples. This study demonstrated the use of polymorphic markers to confirm whether parasites in patients with clinical recrudescences after drug treatment are genuinely resistant.