Mpox and Chickenpox Coinfection: Case Series From Southern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: We describe clinicoepidemiologic characteristics of mpox-chickenpox coinfection in Nigeria. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed of confirmed mpox cases in Nigeria from January 2022 to March 2023. Mpox and chickenpox were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Of 94 (60.0%) suspected cases, 56 had confirmed mpox, of whom 16 (28.6%) had chickenpox coinfection. The median age of confirmed mpox cases was 29 years (interquartile range, 20-37 years), 24 were men (60.7%), 6 (10.7%) were bisexual, and 5 (8.9%) died. Mpox-chickenpox-coinfected patients had more complications than mpox-monoinfected cases (56.3% vs 22.5%, P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of mpox-chickenpox coinfection argues for accelerated access to mpox and chickenpox vaccines in Africa.

Atypical Mpox in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Facility.

BACKGROUND: We describe diverse clinical characteristics and course of confirmed mpox cases managed in a Nigerian tertiary health facility. METHODS: Clinical and epidemiologic data were analyzed, highlighting the unusual presentations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed mpox cases observed during the 2022 outbreak. RESULTS: Out of 17 suspected cases, 13 (76.4%) were PCR confirmed for mpox. The mean ± SD age for the participants was 28.62 ± 10.29 years (range, 2-55), of which 9 (64.3%) were male. Of the 13 PCR-confirmed cases, 5 (38.5%) had varicella zoster virus coinfection, 2 (15.4%) had HIV coinfection, and 1 (7.7%) had diabetes mellitus comorbidity. All patients experienced rash, with 6 (46.2%) having significant genital lesions and 1 (7.7%) having a severe perianal lesion. A lack of prodromal symptoms was reported in 3 (23.1%), and a prolonged prodrome (>1 week) occurred in 5 (38.5%). Skin lesions were polymorphic in 6 (46.2%), and solitary skin lesions occurred in 3 (23.1%), which persisted for >120 days in 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical recognition, diagnosis, and prevention remain a concern in resource-limited settings. Our findings highlight the need to further evaluate unusual skin lesions and to include mpox screening for genital skin lesions that are presumed to be sexually transmitted infections. Revision of clinical case definition and enhanced surveillance are key to early recognition and prevention of spread.

Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Soil, Nigeria, 2019.

Melioidosis, caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is predicted to be endemic in Nigeria but is only occasionally reported. This report documents the systematic identification of the presence of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis in the soil across multiple states in Nigeria.

Lessons learnt from the management of a case of Lassa fever and follow-up of nosocomial primary contacts in Nigeria during Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experiences in the management of a case of Lassa fever (LF) and follow-up of nosocomial primary contacts during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. METHODS: Clinical management of the index case and infection control/surveillance activities for primary contacts are described. Laboratory confirmation was by Lassa virus-specific reverse-transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: A 28-year-old man with a 10-day history of febrile illness was referred to a major tertiary hospital in south-east Nigeria from a city that previously experienced a LF outbreak and was recently affected by Ebola. On observation of haemorrhagic features, clinicians were at a crossroads. Diagnosis of LF was confirmed at a National Reference Centre. The patient died despite initiation of ribavirin therapy. Response activities identified 121 primary contacts comprising 78 (64.5%) hospital staff/interns, 19 (15.7%) medical students, 18 (14.9%) inpatients and 6 (5.0%) relatives. Their mean age was 32.8 ± 6.6 years, and 65.3% were women. Twenty (16.5%) had high-risk exposure and were offered ribavirin as post-exposure prophylaxis. No secondary case of LF occurred. Fatigue (43.8%) and dizziness (31.3%) were the commonest side effects of ribavirin. CONCLUSIONS: Response activities contained nosocomial spread of LF, but challenges were experienced including lack of a purpose-built isolation facility, absence of local Lassa virus laboratory capacity, failure to use appropriate protective equipment and stigmatisation of contacts. A key lesson is that the weak health systems of Africa should be comprehensively strengthened; otherwise, we might win the Ebola battle but lose the one against less virulent infections for which effective treatment exists.

Wound bed preparation using nonsurgical methods: A prospective comparative study of honey versus unripe papaya (Carica papaya).

Background: The rapidity of wound bed preparation is determined in part by the type of dressing agent employed. The extension phase in which the wound is characterized by the presence of sloughs and eschar and microbial invasion could be managed nonsurgically. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the rapidity of wound bed preparation using unripe papaya versus honey. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four patients were assigned into two equal groups, each dressed, respectively, with unripe papaya or honey. All selected patients were monitored for eschar separation and bacterial clearance time. Data obtained with a pro forma were analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: Unripe papaya dressing had a mean eschar separation time of 5.53 ± 2.20 days and bacterial clearance time of 6.81 ± 3.64 days compared to the honey group which had an eschar separation time of 30.09 ± 27.90 days and bacterial clearance time of 15.33 ± 13.62 days. P <0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively, in comparing both outcome measures between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in both eschar/slough separation time and bacterial clearance time both in favor of the group prepared with unripe papaya. Conclusion: The use of unripe papaya was superior to honey in wound bed preparation with respect to eschar/slough separation, bacterial clearance ultimately resulting in reduced length of hospital stay.

Résumé Contexte: La rapidité de la préparation du lit de la plaie est déterminée en partie par le type de pansement utilisé. La phase d'extension dans laquelle la plaie est caractérisée par la présence de mucosités et d'escarres et par une invasion microbienne pourrait être gérée de manière non chirurgicale. Objectif de l'étude: L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer la rapidité de la préparation du lit de la plaie en utilisant de la papaye non mûre par rapport au miel. Matériels et méthodes: Soixante-quatre patients ont été répartis en deux groupes égaux, chacun habillé respectivement avec de la papaye non mûre ou du miel. Tous les patients sélectionnés ont été suivis pour la séparation de l'escarre et le temps de clairance bactérienne. Les données obtenues à l'aide d'un pro forma ont été analysées à l'aide de la version 25 de SPSS. Résultats: Le pansement à la papaye non mûre Le temps moyen de séparation de l'escarre était de 5,53 ± 2,20 jours et le temps de clairance bactérienne de 6,81 ± 3,64 jours pour le groupe papaye non mûre, contre 30,09 ± 27,90 jours pour le groupe miel et 15,33 ± 13,62 jours pour le temps de clairance bactérienne. P < 0,001 et P < 0,001, respectivement, dans la comparaison des deux mesures de résultats entre les deux groupes. Il y a eu une différence statistiquement significative dans le temps de séparation de l'escarre/du bourbier et dans le temps de clairance bactérienne en faveur du groupe préparé avec de la papaye non mûre. Conclusion: L'utilisation de papaye non mûre était supérieure au miel dans la préparation du lit de la plaie en ce qui concerne la séparation de l'escarre/de la pellicule, la clairance bactérienne et, en fin de compte, la réduction de la durée du séjour à l'hôpital. la durée du séjour à l'hôpital. Mots-clés: Clairance bactérienne, séparation de l'escarre, miel, papaye, lit de la plaie.

Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and in-hospital outcome among patients with Covid-19 in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.

Background: We described the demographic/clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcome of patients with COVID-19 at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) during the first wave to inform evidence-based responses during subsequent waves in Africa. Methodology: We conducted retrospective cohort analyses of adult patients ≥18 years with PCR or GeneXpert-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data was extracted from patients' medical records from 1st May to 30th September 2020. Based on disease severity, patients were either hospitalized (82) or managed at home (90). Logistic regression and cox-proportional hazard models were used to determine predictors of severe COVID-19 disease and in-hospital mortality, respectively. Results: Of 172 cases, 113 (65.7%) were males, and the mean age was 45 ± 19 years. The majority were urban dwellers (72.1%), 19.8% had a positive history of contact with a confirmed/suspected case, 15.7% were healthcare workers while 68 (39.5%) had co-morbidities. Symptomatic patients comprised 73.3% of cases. Fever (p=0.02) and breathlessness (p=0.03) were commoner in males while diarrhoea (p<0.01) was predominant in females. On multivariate analysis, severe COVID-19 was predicted by the presence of co-morbidity (AOR= 14.44, 95% C.I= 4.79- 43.58, p <0.001)and prior antibiotic/antimalarial use (AOR= 6.35, 95% C.I= 2.24- 18.05, p =0.001) while being a non-healthcare worker (AOR= 0.18, 95% C.I= 0.04-0.78, p=0.02) was protective. However, none of the variables assessed predicted in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the contributions of demographic variables in COVID-19 transmission and gender differences in clinical presentation. Underlying comorbidity likewise prior antimicrobial use increased the likelihood of severe COVID-19. The absence of mortality predictors in our study may be related to the relatively small number of deaths. Further studies are recommended to unravel the predominance of severe disease in healthcare workers.

Early onset of neurological features differentiates two outbreaks of Lassa fever in Ebonyi state, Nigeria during 2017-2018.

Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic illness with various non-specific clinical manifestations. Neurological symptoms are rare at the early stage of the disease, but may be seen in late stages, in severely ill patients.The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological evolution, socio-demographic profiles, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients seen during two Lassa fever outbreaks in Ebonyi State, between December 2017 and December 2018. Routinely collected clinical data from all patients admitted to the Virology Centre of the hospital during the period were analysed retrospectively. Out of a total of 83 cases, 70(84.3%) were RT-PCR confirmed while 13 (15.7%) were probable cases. Sixty-nine (83.1%) patients were seen in outbreak 1 of whom 53.6% were urban residents, while 19%, 15%, and 10% were farmers, students and health workers respectively. There were 14 (16.8%) patients, seen in second outbreak with 92.9% rural residents. There were differences in clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory findings between the two outbreaks. The case fatality rates were 29.9% in outbreak 1 and 85.7% for outbreak 2. Neurological features and abnormal laboratory test results were associated with higher mortality rate, seen in outbreak 2. This study revealed significant differences between the two outbreaks. Of particular concern was the higher case fatality during the outbreak 2 which may be from a more virulent strain of the Lassa virus. This has important public health implications and further molecular studies are needed to better define its characteristics.

Pott's disease with extensive bilateral psoas abscesses in a Nigerian woman: an unusual case.

Bilateral psoas abscesses are uncommon in Pott's disease. We describe a 28-year-old Nigerian woman with a 2-year history of constitutional symptoms and a 1-year history of bilateral paravertebral masses. She had received anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment in an interrupted manner. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed T10-T12 spondylitis, wedge collapse and extensive bilateral psoas abscesses. Histology of the abscess wall was definitively diagnosed as soft tissue TB, and special staining for acid-fast bacilli was positive. She was successfully treated with anti-TB therapy and ultrasound-guided surgical drainage of 6 L of abscess fluid. Complicated cases of Pott's disease may require multi-disciplinary interventions for optimal outcome.

Prevalence and outcome of Lassa fever among hospitalized patients in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, 2018-2019.

Lassa fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. Annually, about 300,000-500,000 people are being infected, with about 5000 deaths. Symptoms of LF include high grade fever, headache, malaise, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or sore throat. Terminal features may include bleeding from all orifices (mouth, nose, ear, anus and vagina), facial and neck oedema or pleural effusion. People of all ages, gender, and occupations were included in this study. A total of 440 patients' samples and Bio data were used for this study. The samples were analyzed for Lassa fever virus RNA using Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and version 7 of Epi-Info statistical software. Analysis of these samples showed LASV prevalence of 25.7%. Chi-square analysis (p ≤ 0.05) showed that LASV infection does not depend on age, gender, or occupation. Our research re-emphasized the fact that LASV is a serious cause of fatality in humans. Our data showed that among 327 negative patients, 19 died. On the contrary, 113 LASV confirmed positive cases had 42 deaths. This result is highly significant. More so, Lassa fever disease outcome was compared across gender. There was no significant difference between the two genders. Death or recovery from LF infection does not depend on sex. However, recovery from LF significantly depends on age of the patient. Fatal outcome is significantly higher among adults/elderly. We aim to raise awareness to the recurrence of LASV in Ebonyi State and urgent need for other medical interventions, including other therapeutic measures, and possible vaccine production, considering the impact of this virus.

Development of an RT-LAMP assay for the detection of Lassa viruses in southeast and south-central Nigeria.

Lassa virus (LASV) causes Lassa fever (LF), a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. LASV strains are clustered into six lineages according to their geographic location. To confirm a diagnosis of LF, a laboratory test is required. Here, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay using a portable device for the detection of LASV in southeast and south-central Nigeria using three primer sets specific for strains clustered in lineage II was developed. The assay detected in vitro transcribed LASV RNAs within 23 min and was further evaluated for detection in 73 plasma collected from suspected LF patients admitted into two health settings in southern Nigeria. The clinical evaluation using the conventional RT-PCR as the reference test revealed a sensitivity of 50% in general with 100% for samples with a viral titer of 9500 genome equivalent copies (geq)/mL and higher. The detection limit was estimated to be 4214 geq/mL. The assay showed 98% specificity with no cross-reactivity to other viruses which cause similar symptoms. These results suggest that this RT-LAMP assay is a useful molecular diagnostic test for LF during the acute phase, contributing to early patient management, while using a convenient device for field deployment and in resource-poor settings.

Genetic characterization of Lassa virus strains isolated from 2012 to 2016 in southeastern Nigeria.

Lassa virus (LASV) is endemic in parts of West Africa where it causes Lassa fever (LF), a viral hemorrhagic fever with frequent fatal outcomes. The diverse LASV strains are grouped into six major lineages based on the geographical location of the isolated strains. In this study, we have focused on the lineage II strains from southern Nigeria. We determined the viral sequences from positive cases of LF reported at tertiary hospitals in Ebonyi and Enugu between 2012 and 2016. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that 29 out of 123 suspected cases were positive for the virus among which 11 viral gene sequences were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequences of the four viral proteins revealed that lineage II strains are broadly divided into two genetic clades that diverged from a common ancestor 195 years ago. One clade, consisting of strains from Ebonyi and Enugu, was more conserved than the other from Irrua, although the four viral proteins were evolving at similar rates in both clades. These results suggested that the viruses of these clades have been distinctively evolving in geographically separate parts of southern Nigeria. Furthermore, the epidemiological data of the 2014 outbreak highlighted the role of human-to-human transmission in this outbreak, which was supported by phylogenetic analysis showing that 13 of the 16 sequences clustered together. These results provide new insights into the evolution of LASV in southern Nigeria and have important implications for vaccine development, diagnostic assay design, and LF outbreak management.