Beyond compassion fatigue, compassion as a virtue.

One of the great problems of caregivers and health professionals in recent times has been the so-called compassion fatigue and its association with burnout syndrome. Another pole of compassion has been described in terms of compassion satisfaction. Both propositions could be problematic in the caregiving setting. This is an analytical reflective article that through an apparent aporia tries to problematize and propose a theoretical synthesis that allows to denote compassion as a virtue in Aristotelian terms. To this end, it resorts to etymologies, translations and mainly to the classical theoretical references regarding compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and, of course, Aristotelian ethics. This is a theoretical bet that leaves open the discussion regarding the dichotomies compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction; apathy and hyperpathy; and proposes to rethink compassion as a virtue, a reasoned middle ground, contextualized in the framework of care between two possible excesses.

Spanish translation and cross-language validation of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form.

BACKGROUND: The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form is one of the most frequently used outcomes score for shoulder pathology. The patient report section of the ASES questionnaire (p-ASES) is easy to complete, can be quickly administered, and is applicable to a wide range of shoulder pathologies, yet a validated Spanish translation of this questionnaire does not currently exist for diverse Spanish-speaking populations. The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the patient report section of the ASES to Spanish and to assess its validity and reliability among a culturally diverse group of Spanish-speaking patients, typically seen in the United States. METHODS: The p-ASES Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form was translated into Spanish using a universal approach for translation and cultural adaptation of instruments. A total of 127 Spanish-speaking patients with shoulder pain were included in the study and asked to complete the Spanish translated p-ASES form, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) v1.2 Physical Function SF 20a in Spanish and a demographics questionnaire. Construct validity was tested using correlational analysis between the Spanish translation of the p-ASES to the Spanish translation of the PROMIS v1.2 Physical Function Short Form 20a. Reliability was measured using both test-retest reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach α) in a subgroup of 27 patients who completed both surveys at a separate time point. RESULTS: The p-ASES demonstrated desirable convergent validity with the validated Spanish version of the PROMIS v1.2 Physical Function Short Form 20a with a strong correlation (r = 0.82, P < .04) for Spanish speakers. The Spanish translation of the p-ASES proved to be a reliable tool with a high degree of internal consistency across question items (α = 0.90). The Spanish p-ASES also demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability with a strong correlation (r = 0.87, P < .001) between time 1 and time 2. CONCLUSION: The Spanish p-ASES is both a valid and reliable tool for assessing shoulder function in Spanish-speaking patients from diverse cultural backgrounds and it demonstrates psychometric properties equivalent to those of the English-language version.

Review of Arthroscopic and Histological Findings Following Knee Inlay Arthroplasty.

The phenomenon of cartilage rim loading in defects exceeding the threshold diameter of 10 mm is well documented. Contoured defect fill off-loads the perimeter and counteracts further delamination and progression of defects. When biological procedures have failed, inlay arthroplasty follows these concepts. The human biological response to contoured metallic surface implants has not been described. Four patients underwent non-implant-related, second-look arthroscopy following inlay arthroplasty for bi- (n=3) and tricompartmental (n=1) knee arthrosis without subchondral bone collapse. Arthroscopic probing of the implant-cartilage interface of nine prosthetic components did not show signs of implant-cartilage gap formation, loosening, or subsidence. The implant periphery was consistently covered by cartilage confluence leading to a reduction of the original defect size diameter. Femoral condyle cartilage flow appeared to have more hyaline characteristics. Trochlear cartilage flow showed greater histological variability and less organization with fibrocartilage and synovialized scar tissue. This review reconfirmed previous basic science results and demonstrated effective defect fill and rim off-loading with inlay arthroplasty.

Shoulder prosthetic arthroplasty options in 2014: what to do and when to do it.

The number of shoulder arthroplasty procedures performed in the United States is steadily increasing as a result of an expansion in implant options, clinical indications, and surgical experience. Available options include stemmed implants, short-stemmed or stemless prostheses, fracture-specific designs, resurfacing implants, partial surface replacement, metal-backed or polyethylene glenoid components designed for cementation or bone ingrowth, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Efforts to re-create anatomy, improve outcomes, and avoid complications have resulted in many changes in prosthesis design. Despite these changes, failures still occur, and revision surgery is sometimes necessary. A thorough knowledge of current arthroplasty options, indications, and the principles of implantation is necessary to optimize outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty.

Complications in brief: Quadriceps and patellar tendon tears.

Effective treatment of knee extensor mechanism disruptions requires prompt diagnosis and thoughtful decision-making with surgical and nonsurgical approaches. When surgery is chosen, excellent surgical technique can result in excellent outcomes. Complications and failures arise from missed or delayed diagnoses and from technical problems in the operating room. In particular, inappropriate surgical timing (especially late surgery), misplaced patellar drill holes, and failure to address concomitant injuries can result in complications seen when repairing a patellar or quadriceps tendon tear. We review the complications that can occur during treatment of these injuries (Table 1).

Glenoid fracture after arthroscopic Bankart repair: case series and biomechanical analysis.

To examine whether anchors used in arthroscopic Bankart repair increased the risk of subsequent fracture, six intact polyurethane scapulae and six with three 3.0-mm suture anchors placed along the anteroinferior glenoid were compared. An axial load of 1 mm/s was applied to the anteroinferior glenohumeral joint with a prosthetic humeral head. Outcome measures were force needed for initial fracture and catastrophic failure, percent of anterior glenoid bone loss, and fracture length. With the numbers available, no significant differences could be detected between groups in yield load or maximum load. The anchor group had a significantly larger percentage of bone loss (p < .01) and fracture length (p < .01) compared to the intact group. In this study, anchors did not decrease force needed to fracture but did lead to significantly larger fractures of the anterior glenoid during a simulated dislocation event. Further study using various anchors and techniques is warranted.

Inlay total shoulder arthroplasty in the weight-bearing shoulder of wheelchair-bound patients with paraplegia. A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Paraplegic patients' activities of daily living (ADLs) involve the use of manual wheelchairs that increase the stress on the shoulder joint. Patients with advanced glenohumeral changes are often resistant to conservative measures and may require surgical interventions. The longevity of a Total Shoulder Arthroplasty is largely unknown in paraplegics due to a lack of studies investigating outcomes in these patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We examined the outcome of two paraplegic patients following inlay total shoulder arthroplasty (iTSA) with a non-spherical humeral head and glenoid inlay replacement. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Two patients with paraplegia and advanced degenerative joint disease who underwent iTSA were seen at regular follow-up intervals to assess range of motion, strength, and patient-reported outcome measures. Radiographic imaging was utilized to monitor slipping, lateralization, and degradation of the joint space. CONCLUSION: Both patients have shown significant increases in strength, ROM, and PROMs. iTSA proved efficacious in paraplegic patients utilizing a manual wheelchair.

Return to Play After Arthroscopic Management of Rotator Cuff Tears in Professional Athletes of Contact Sports.

Background: Rotator cuff tears are rare injuries in professional athletes who participate in contact sports, and limited data exist to guide players and team physicians regarding outcomes after surgical management. Purpose: To report the outcomes and return-to-play rates of professional contact sport athletes who underwent arthroscopic management of rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All professional athletes of contact sports who underwent arthroscopic management of a rotator cuff tear between 2002 and 2019 at the institution were identified. Patient information collected were age, sport, position, date of injury, date of surgery, and time to return to play; surgical data included tear size, acuity, pattern, and procedure performed. The primary outcome measure was the ability to return to play and the number of games played after surgery. Results: Overall, 10 rotator cuff tears in 9 professional athletes (8 tears in football players and 2 tears in hockey players) were identified; 9 of the tears were full-thickness tears that underwent arthroscopic single-row repair, while 1 was a partial tear that was debrided. Of the 9 athletes, 8 were able to return to play at the same level, at a mean time of 9.5 ± 4.3 months. The mean playing time after surgery was 32 ± 25 games (2.7 ± 2 seasons) for the football players and 22 games (1 season) for the hockey player who returned. Postoperative imaging was available in 8 of the 10 tears, and 7 of 8 (88%) demonstrated a healed repair. One football player and 1 hockey player with large (>3 cm) full-thickness tears did not return to play. The mean age of these players was 34.5 years and both had >10 years of professional playing experience.≥. Conclusion: The study findings demonstrated that the majority (80%; n = 8) of the professional athletes in contact sports in this series were able to return to play at the same level after arthroscopic management of a symptomatic rotator cuff tear.

Management of disorders of the rotator cuff: proceedings of the ISAKOS upper extremity committee consensus meeting.

The goal of this article is to consolidate the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) Upper Extremity Committee's (UEC's) current knowledge on rotator cuff disease and management, as well as highlight key unresolved issues. The rotator cuff is an anatomically complex structure important for providing glenohumeral function and stability as part of a closed chain system. Current consensus suggests rotator cuff injuries are most accurately diagnosed, at levels similar to diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging, with a combination of cuff- and impingement-specific clinical tests. Updates in the understanding of acromion morphology, the insertional anatomy of the rotator cuff, and the role of suprascapular nerve release may require changes to current classification systems and surgical strategies. Although initial management focuses on nonoperative protocols, discussion continues on whether surgery for isolated impingement is clinically more beneficial than rehabilitation. However, clear indications have yet to be established for the use of single- versus double-row repair because evidence confirms neither is clinically efficacious than the other. Biceps tenodesis, however, in non-isolated cuff tears has proven more successful in addressing the etiology of shoulder pain and yields improved outcomes over tenotomy. Data reviewing the benefits of tendon transfers, shoulder prostheses, and mechanical scaffolds, as well as new research on the potential benefit of platelet-rich plasma, pluripotential stem cells, and gene therapies, will also be presented.

Qualitative perspectives of isolation experiences due to COVID-19 from a group of bioethicists in training performing interdisciplinary healthcare activities. Medellin, Colombia. September 2020.

Introduction: In Colombia, there is still little information on how health care personnel have lived and coped with isolation due to COVID-19. Objectives: To explore the experiences related to the isolation of health professionals performing interdisciplinary care activities from March to September 2020, in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, with a group of bioethicists in training. Data collected through the focus group, after obtaining the consent and approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. Open and axial coding was performed. Texts are presented in prose, information was triangulated, and results were validated with the participants. Results: Work increased and staff decreased, with high staff turnover, redistribution and reassignment of loads and roles, facilitating physical and emotional overload. Study participants considered that teleworking facilitated their work, although more work was done. They lived in double isolation, had losses, and took work and family overloads. For fear of infecting and being infected, they separated from their loved ones, "this is an absolutely lonely disease, if people does not die from COVID, sadness and loneliness kills them." It affected "the recovery process, specifically, of psychiatric patients was prolonged, worsening their condition." They live in the present, and prioritize what is most important, because "being healthy and having those you love is the best wealth". Conclusion: Isolation increased workload, with reassignment of roles, affecting health care. For fear of becoming infected and infecting, study participants lived a double isolation, with anguish and uncertainty, which is why now they prioritize the most important health and love.

Introducción: En Colombia, todavía hay pocas informaciones sobre cómo los profesionales sanitarios han vivido y afrontado el aislamiento por la COVID-19. Objetivos: Explorar las experiencias relacionadas al aislamiento de profesionales sanitarios con actividad asistencial interdisciplinar, entre marzo y septiembre de 2020, en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: Se condujo una investigación cualitativa y exploratoria con un grupo de bioeticistas en formación. Datos recolectados a través de un grupo focal, después de obtener el consentimiento y la aprobación del Comité de Ética Institucional. Se realizó codificación abierta y axial. Los textos se presentan en prosa, se hizo triangulación de la información, y se validaron los resultados con los participantes. Resultados: El trabajo aumentó y el personal disminuyó, con alta rotación de personal, reasignación y redistribución de cargas y roles, facilitando la sobrecarga física y emocional. Los participantes consideraron que el teletrabajo facilitó su trabajo, aunque se ha hecho más trabajo. Además, hubo un doble aislamiento, pérdidas y sobrecargas de trabajo y familiares. Por miedo a infectar e infectarse, se separaron de sus seres queridos, "esta es una enfermedad absolutamente solitaria, si uno no muere de la COVID, lo matan la tristeza y la soledad." La pandemia también afectó el proceso de recuperación, específicamente de los pacientes psiquiátricos, que se alargó, empeorando su condición. Los profesionales viven el presente y priorizan lo más importante: "tener salud y a los que amas es la mejor riqueza". Conclusión: El aislamiento aumentó la carga de trabajo, con reasignación de roles, afectando la atención sanitaria. Por miedo a infectarse e infectar, los participantes del estudio vivieron un doble aislamiento, con angustia e incertidumbre, y ahora priorizan la salud y el amor.

Inlay total shoulder arthroplasty for primary glenohumeral arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with a nonspherical humeral head and inlay glenoid replacement has been introduced in the past; however, clinical evidence remains limited. We hypothesized that patients with advanced glenohumeral arthritis demonstrate significant improvements in pain and function. METHODS: Prospective patient-reported outcomes (PROs) included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, a pain visual analog scale, and satisfaction. Range of motion was compared to the preoperative status. A sensitivity analysis examined responder rates and compared them to literature thresholds using the minimal clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit. The preoperative glenoid morphology was determined using the Walsh classification. Zone-specific periprosthetic radiolucent lines were quantified at the last follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-nine shoulders in 36 patients (3 bilateral) with a mean age of 65.9 years (26 males, 13 females) and a mean follow-up of 41.0 months were included. Ninety-three percent had grade III osteoarthritis, and 7% grade II. The glenoid Walsh classification included A1 (25%), A2 (25%), B1 (22%), B2 (25%), and C (3%). All PROs improved significantly (P < .001) with a mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score from 30.4 to 77.1, a pain visual analog scale from 8.1 to 1.5, and excellent (9.1/10) patient satisfaction. PRO-related responder rates for minimal clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit were ≥85%. Forward elevation improved from 107° to 155°, and external rotation from 22° to 51°. One intraoperative glenoid rim fracture led to advanced radiolucency; no other clinically relevant lucency was observed. CONCLUSION: Treatment with inlay total shoulder arthroplasty demonstrated significant functional improvement, excellent pain relief, and patient satisfaction in patients with advanced shoulder arthritis and various glenoid morphology types. Our initial results provide further support for this new option in primary shoulder replacement.

Partial humeral head resurfacing for osteonecrosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to present our experience treating patients in the advanced stages of osteonecrosis of the humeral head with partial resurfacing of the humeral head. METHODS: This is a prospective series of 12 shoulders in 11 patients diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the humeral head who underwent partial humeral head resurfacing. Their mean age was 56 years. Preoperative and postoperative standardized evaluations included history, physical examination, radiographs, and clinical scoring systems, including the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder index, Shoulder Score Index derived from the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons evaluation form, Constant score, and score on the visual analog scale for pain. The mean follow-up was 30 months. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all patients reported significant pain relief. Scores on the visual analog scale for pain improved from 75 preoperatively to 16 postoperatively (P < .001). Physical examination showed significant improvements in functional outcomes as well. Forward elevation improved from a mean of 94 degrees preoperatively to 142 degrees postoperatively (P < .001). Good to excellent results were also observed for the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder index, Shoulder Score Index, and Constant score. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective series on partial resurfacing of the humeral head for patients with advanced-stage osteonecrosis has shown it to be effective in relieving pain and restoring function.

Defining the Critical Elements of the Most Common Arthroscopic Procedures: A Consensus of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Surgeons.

Objective To define the critical elements of common procedures in arthroscopic surgery. Methods A survey was administered to surgeons associated with the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) to determine the critical elements for four common arthroscopic procedures: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, knee arthroscopy with meniscal debridement or repair, rotator cuff repair (RCR), and capsulorrhaphy for anterior glenohumeral instability (Bankart repair). Respondents were asked which steps necessitated their direct supervision. The level of experience and practice demographics were also recorded. Results For all applicable procedures, patient positioning and closure were not considered critical steps. Establishing arthroscopic portals was critical for all procedures, except knee arthroscopy. Diagnostic arthroscopy was only critical in ACL reconstruction. Private practice surgeons considered every step of these common procedures to be critical elements. Less experienced surgeons were more likely to regard certain aspects of a procedure critical. Surgeons with >15 years of experience considered diagnostic arthroscopy critical to all procedures, whereas those with <15 years of experience did not. Unlike surgeons with a resident as first assist, surgeons with a physician assistant (PA) or nurse practitioner (NP) found every step of each procedure to be critical except closure and positioning. Conclusion Across all procedures, only patient positioning and closure were consistently regarded as non-critical elements. There were significant differences in responses according to experience and practice setting. Future research is necessary to determine the implications of these findings and guide the definition of the "critical portions" of surgery.

Hermenéutica del burnout: una tematización bioética a la luz de la condición humana

Propósito/Contexto. El síndrome de burnout como enfermedad trasciende lo laboral y abarca también factores sociales, históricos e individuales. El propósito de este artículo es tematizar el burnout como un asunto bioético que puede ser analizado a través de la condición humana descrita por Hannah Arendt; parte de esta tematización implica el develamiento de tensiones que convergen tanto el plano conceptual como en el ámbito práctico de la evolución y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Metodología/Enfoque. La propuesta metodológica se sustenta en dos momentos: en primer lugar, se toman herramientas de la fenomenología hermenéutica para analizar la traducción y la definición del burnout, esbozando repercusiones teóricas y prácticas de ello. En segundo lugar, se hace una lectura a través de los conceptos labor, trabajo y acción de Hannah Arendt y algunos aportes teóricos de Ricardo Maliandi de la ética como tematización del ethos, según lo cual, se propone entonces una tematización bioética del burnout a la luz de la condición humana y los niveles de reflexión ética. Resultados/Hallazgos. Los resultados presentan la conflictividad de la traducción y la definición actual del burnout, así como lo contradictorio que puede ser manejar el estrés en un mercado laboral que requiere de personas con competencias de trabajo bajo presión, sin fracasar en el intento al enfermarse por ello. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Una tematización bioética del burnout es más que necesaria para exponer traducciones y definiciones problemáticamente anestésicas, pero también para develar fenómenos de normalización de discursos y prácticas de trabajo bajo presión que pueden conllevar a la consecuencia de reducir, fáctica y teóricamente, la vita activa a solo la labor por la mera supervivencia y este esfuerzo por sobrevivir puede atentar contra la supervivencia misma.

Purpose/Background: Burnout syndrome as a disease, transcends the occupational, it also encompasses social, historical and individual factors. The purpose of this article is to thematize burnout as a bioethical issue that can be analyzed through the human condition described by Hannah Arendt; part of this thematization involves the unveiling of tensions that converge both conceptually and in the practical field of the evolution and diagnosis of the disease. Methodology/Approach: The methodological proposal is based on two moments, firstly, tools from hermeneutic phenomenology are used to analyze the translation and definition of burnout outlining its theoretical and practical repercussions. Secondly, a reading is made through Hannah Arendt's concepts of work and action and some of Ricardo Maliandi's theoretical contributions of ethics as a thematization of ethos, a bioethical thematization of burnout is then proposed in the light of the human condition and the levels of ethical reflection. Results/Findings: the results show the conflicting nature of the translation and the current definition of burnout, as well as the contradictory nature of managing stress in a labor market that requires people with the competences to work under pressure, without failing in the attempt to become ill as a result. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions: A bioethical thematization of burnout is more than necessary, to expose problematically anesthetic translations and definitions; but also to unveil phenomena of normalization of discourses and practices of work under pressure, which can lead to the consequence of reducing, factually and theoretically, the active life to mere survival work, and this effort to survive can threaten survival itself.

Objetivo/Contexto: A síndrome de burnout, como doença, transcende o aspecto ocupacional, englobando também fatores sociais, históricos e individuais. O objetivo deste artigo é tematizar o burnout como uma questão bioética que pode ser analisada por meio da condição humana descrita por Hannah Arendt; parte dessa tematização envolve o desvelamento de tensões que convergem tanto conceitualmente quanto no campo prático da evolução e do diagnóstico da doença. Metodologia/Abordagem: A proposta metodológica baseia-se em dois momentos: em primeiro lugar, utilizam-se ferramentas da fenomenologia hermenêutica para analisar a tradução e a definição de burnout, delineando suas repercussões teóricas e práticas. Em segundo lugar, faz-se uma leitura dos conceitos de trabalho e ação de Hannah Arendt e de algumas contribuições teóricas de Ricardo Maliandi sobre a ética como tematização do ethos, propondo-se, então, uma tematização bioética do burnout à luz da condição humana e dos níveis de reflexão ética. Resultados/Descobertas: os resultados mostram a natureza conflitante da tradução e da definição atual de burnout, bem como a natureza contraditória do gerenciamento do estresse em um mercado de trabalho que exige pessoas com competências para trabalhar sob pressão, sem falhar na tentativa de adoecer em decorrência disso. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições: Uma tematização bioética do burnout é mais do que necessária, para expor traduções e definições problematicamente anestésicas; mas também para revelar fenômenos de normalização de discursos e práticas de trabalho sob pressão, que podem levar à consequência de reduzir, factual e teoricamente, a vida ativa a mero trabalho de sobrevivência, e esse esforço para sobreviver pode ameaçar a própria sobrevivência.

Mortalidad infantil en Antioquia durante el año 2021: hacia un enfoque sindemico / Infant mortality in Antioquia during 2021: towards a syndemic approach / Mortalidade infantil em Antioquia durante o ano de 2021: rumo a uma abor-dagem sindêmica

En Colombia, la mortalidad infantil ha seguido una tendencia marcada al descenso en los últimos años. Sin embargo, tras la llegada del coronavirus se ha identificado un discreto au-mento en los casos de mortalidad infantil. El objetivo es describir los factores relacionados con la mortalidad infantil y las estrategias implementadas durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, sobre casos confirmados de mortalidad infantil en Antioquia durante el 2021, las fuentes información fueron los reportes de notificación epidemiológica y las transcripciones de las entrevistas de campo de análisis de los eventos. Para el análisis de las fichas epidemiológicas se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y para las entrevistas análisis de contenido cualitativo. Resultados: En Antioquia, para el año 2021, se presentaron 43 muertes en menores de 5 años por Insuficiencia Respiratoria Aguda (IRA), Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda (EDA) y Desnutrición (DNT), de los cuales la mayor inciden-cia la aportó la mortalidad por IRA con 24 casos, le sigue la mortalidad por desnutrición con 10 casos y por último, la mortalidad por enfermedad diarreica aguda presentó 9 casos. Se analizaron 10 entrevistas a madres y familiares de los menores fallecidos se identificaron las siguientes categorías de análisis sindemia y mortalidad; salud mental materna y mortalidad infantil; y calidad de la atención en salud. Con base en los problemas identificados se desarr-ollaron dos eventos educativos con enfoque de AIEPI comunitario. Conclusión: Un enfoque de sindemia, posibilita comprender el impacto de la pandemia en la mortalidad infantil, en-tender es el primer paso para intervenir. El aumento de las cifras de mortalidad infantil es solo la punta del iceberg, es necesario considerar otros efectos a largo plazo en la salud infantil

In Colombia, infant mortality has followed a marked downward trend in recent years. How-ever, after the arrival of the coronavirus, a discrete increase in infant mortality cases has been identified. The objective is to describe the factors related to infant mortality and the strategies implemented during 2021. Materials and methods: retrospective descriptive study on confirmed cases of infant mortality in Antioquia during 2021, the sources of in-formation were epidemiological notification reports and transcripts of field interviews for event analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of the epidemiological records and qualitative content analysis was used for the interviews. Results: In Antioquia, for the year 2021, there were 43 deaths in children under 5 years of age due to Acute Respiratory Insufficiency (ARI), Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADE) and Malnutrition (DNT), of which the highest incidence was contributed by mortality due to ARI with 24 cases, followed by mor-tality due to malnutrition with 10 cases and finally, mortality due to acute diarrheal disease had 9 cases. Ten interviews with mothers and relatives of deceased children were analyzed and the following categories of analysis were identified: syndemic and mortality; maternal mental health and infant mortality; and quality of health care. Based on the problems iden-tified, two educational events were developed with a community IMCI approach. Conclu-sion: A syndemic approach makes it possible to understand the impact of the pandemic on infant mortality, which is the first step to intervene. The increase in infant mortality figures is only the tip of the iceberg; it is necessary to consider other long-term effects on child health.

Na Colômbia, a mortalidade infantil tem seguido uma tendência de queda acentuada nos últimos anos. No entanto, após a chegada do coronavírus, foi identificado um aumento modesto nos casos de mortalidade infantil. O objetivo é descrever os fatores relacionados à mortalidade infantil e as estratégias implementadas durante 2021. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo retrospectivo de casos confirmados de mortalidade infantil em Antioquia durante 2021. As fontes de informação foram relatórios de notificação epidemiológica e tran-scrições de entrevistas de campo para análise de eventos. A estatística descritiva foi usada para analisar os registros epidemiológicos e a análise qualitativa de conteúdo foi usada para as entrevistas. Resultados: em Antioquia, para o ano de 2021, houve 43 mortes em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade por Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda (IRA), Doença Diarreica Aguda (DDA) e Desnutrição (DNT), das quais a maior incidência foi contribuída pela mor-talidade por IRA com 24 casos, seguida pela mortalidade por desnutrição com 10 casos e, finalmente, a mortalidade por doença diarreica aguda teve 9 casos. Dez entrevistas com mães e parentes de crianças falecidas foram analisadas e as seguintes categorias de análise foram identificadas: sindemia e mortalidade; saúde mental materna e mortalidade infantil; e quali-dade da assistência médica. Com base nos problemas identificados, foram desenvolvidos dois eventos educacionais com uma abordagem IMCI comunitária. Conclusão: Uma abordagem sindêmica permite compreender o impacto da pandemia na mortalidade infantil, o que é o primeiro passo para a intervenção. O aumento nos números da mortalidade infantil é apenas a ponta do iceberg, outros efeitos de longo prazo na saúde infantil precisam ser considerados.

Tensiones éticas, causas y consecuencias del síndrome de burnout en el personal de salud en tiempos de la Covid-19: una revisión y análisis desde la bioética

esta es una revisión bibliométrica sobre el síndrome de burnout que afectó a profesionales de la salud en tiempos de la Covid-19, los conflictos éticos que lo preceden y suceden, y las estrategias para combatirlo. Metodología/ enfoque: se hizo una revisión bibliométrica en la que se identificaron, de manera sistemática, artículos de revisión, estudios transversales, metaanálisis y estudios cualitativos de todo el mundo. Una vez aplicados los filtros de selección, se analizaron los resultados con el método deliberativo de Diego Gracia. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro subtemas principales, incidencia del burnout durante la pandemia de la Covid-19, estresores éticos que favorecen al síndrome de burnout, consecuencias de este síndrome y estrategias para prevenirlo y combatirlo. Cada subtema se describe desde los ámbitos individuales, institucionales y sociales. Discusión/conclusiones: se argumenta con la teoría de Diego Gracia y se presenta una jerarquización de principios éticos implicados en el burnout, existen factores que favorecen la aparición de esta enfermedad profesional con un profundo calado bioético, en el que subyacen problemas de reconocimiento moral y económico, equidad, seguridad laboral, deber de cuidar, buena práctica médica y el bienestar del paciente, la familia y la sociedad en general. De igual, forma, las consecuencias del síndrome tienen repercusiones en los ámbitos sociales, institucionales e individuales, por lo que las intervenciones para su prevención y atención deben de igual forma tener un enfoque pluralista y diverso desde lo macro, meso y micro. En este sentido, es necesario fortalecer las estrategias de investigación y educación, para comprender, explicar y abordar el fenómeno de una forma integral.

this is a bibliometric review of the burnout syndrome that affected health professionals during Covid-19, the ethical conflicts that precede and follow it, and the strategies to combat it. Methodology/approach: a bibliometric review was carried out in which review articles, cross-sectional studies, meta-analyses, and qualitative studies from all over the world were systematically identified. Once the selection filters were applied, the results were analyzed using Diego Gracia's deliberative method. Results: four main subthemes were identified: incidence of burnout during the Covid-19 pandemic, ethical stressors that favor burnout syndrome, consequences of this syndrome, and strategies to prevent and combat it. Each subtopic is described from the individual, institutional, and societal levels. Discussion/conclusions: it is argued with Diego Gracia's theory, and a hierarchy of ethical principles involved in burnout is presented; some factors favor the appearance of this professional disease with a deep bioethical significance, in which problems of moral and economic recognition, equity, job security, the duty of care, good medical practice and the welfare of the patient, the family and society in general underlie. Similarly, the consequences of the syndrome have repercussions in the social, institutional, and individual spheres, so interventions for its prevention and care must also have a pluralistic and diverse approach from the macro, meso, and micro levels. In this sense, it is necessary to strengthen research and education strategies to understand, explain, and comprehensively address the phenomenon.

esta é uma revisão bibliométrica sobre a síndrome de burnout que afetou profissionais da saúde em tempos da covid-19, os conflitos éticos que a precedem e sucedem, e as estratégias para combatê-la. Metodologia/abordagem: é feita uma revisão bibliométrica na qual foram identificados, de maneira sistemática, artigos de revisão, estudos transversais, metanálise e estudos qualitativos de todo o mundo. Uma vez aplicados os filtros de seleção, foram analisados os resultados com o método deliberativo de Diego Gracia. Resultados: foram identificados quatro subtemas principais: incidência do burnout durante a pandemia da covid-19, estressores éticos que favorecem a síndrome de burnout, consequências dessa síndrome e estratégias para preveni-lo e combatê-lo. Cada subtema é descrito a partir dos âmbitos individuais, institucionais e sociais. Discussão/conclusões: é argumentada com a teoria de Diego Gracia e é apresentada uma hierarquização de princípios éticos implicados no burnout; existem fatores que favorecem o surgimento dessa doença profissional com um profundo silêncio bioético, no qual subjazem problemas de reconhecimento moral e econômico, equidade, segurança profissional, dever de cuidar, boa prática médica e bem-estar do paciente, da família e da sociedade em geral. Além disso, as consequências da síndrome têm repercussões nos âmbitos sociais, institucionais e individuais, razão pela qual as intervenções para sua prevenção e atenção devem de igual forma ter uma abordagem pluralista e diverso a partir do macro, meso e micro. Nesse sentido, é necessário fortalecer as estratégias de pesquisa e educação, para compreender, explicar e abordar o fenômeno de uma forma integral.

Fonoaudiología en Educación: Experiencias docentes para la conformación de una Spin-off universitaria / Speech and language therapy in education: Teaching experiences for the conformation of a university Spin-off

Este artículo pretende demostrar la viabilidad que tiene la creación de una spin-off universitaria que ofrezca servicios fonoaudiológicos para darle solución a las dificultades comunicativas que se presentan en el ámbito escolar, tanto en estudiantes como en docentes y administrativos. Metodología: Este fue un estudio cualitativo con diseño de investigación mixto, en el cual se obtuvieron los resultados a partir de una revisión documental y la aplicación de dos instrumentos de recolección de datos a profesionales de algunas instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de Medellín. Resultados: Los resultados evidenciaron que los docentes no reconocen en su totalidad las funciones del fonoaudiólogo en el sector educativo, y así mismo, se demostró que la participación que se ha tenido en los procesos que lleva a cabo este profesional en las instituciones educativas no ha sido la esperada; los docentes refirieron identificar diversas dificultades en los estudiantes y en ellos mismos, relacionadas con la comunicación; además, reconocieron la importancia y necesidad de incluir al fonoaudiólogo en las instituciones educativas. Conclusión: Se concluye que en el sector educativo son evidentes las dificultades comunicativas que presentan los estudiantes, los docentes y administrativos, sin embargo, en estas instituciones aún no se ha integrado el servicio de fonoaudiología, por ende, no se logra dimensionar el alcance que tiene el fonoaudiólogo para beneficiar la población escolar. Las experiencias docentes permitieron confirmar el gran valor que tiene la conformación de una spin-off que ofrezca servicios fonoaudiológicos a la comunidad educativa, brinde solución a las necesidades y complemente la labor docente

To demonstrate the viability of creating a university spin-off that offers speech and language services to solve communication difficulties that appear in the school environment for students, teachers and administrators. Methodology: This was a qualitative study with a mixed research design in which the results were obtained from a documentary review and the application of two data collection instruments to professionals in some public and private educational institutions in Medellin. Results: The results showed that the teachers do not fully recognize the functions of the speech and language therapist in the educational sector and it was also demonstrated that the participation in the processes carried out by this professional in the educational institutions has not been as expected. The teachers referred to identify various difficulties in the students and in themselves related to communication. In addition, they recognized the importance and need to include the speech and language therapist in the educational institutions.Conclusion: It is concluded that in the educational sector the communication difficulties presented by students, teachers and administrators are evident; however, in these educational institutions the speech and language service has not yet been integrated. Therefore, it is not possible to dimension the scope that the speech and language therapist has to benefit the school population. The teaching experiences allowed confirming the great value of the conformation of a spin-off that offers speech and language services to the educational community, providing solutions to the needs and complementing the teaching work

Pectoralis major tears: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and treatment strategies.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists in the diagnosis and treatment of pectoralis major tear patterns. HYPOTHESIS: Magnetic resonance imaging is useful in determining the grade and the location of pectoralis major tears and in guiding toward an appropriate treatment plan. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 2002, 27 patients were treated for pectoralis major tears. All patients were evaluated by history and physical examination. A clinical impression was formed regarding the location and grade of injury, and a treatment plan was established. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and images were reviewed by an orthopaedic surgeon and a board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist, resulting in a final treatment plan. The mean follow-up was 12 months. All patients were evaluated by questionnaire and clinical examination to assess pain, function, deformity, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: In 19 of 27 patients, the clinical impression and magnetic resonance imaging agreed regarding the location and the grade of the injury. A total of 19 patients underwent surgical repair, and 8 patients were treated nonoperatively. The magnetic resonance imaging result changed the treatment plan in 3 patients from operative to nonoperative. CONCLUSION: The clinical impression appeared to overestimate the severity, the location, and the grade of the injury. Magnetic resonance imaging provided a more accurate assessment and, in conjunction with the clinical examination, helped to identify those patients who would benefit most from surgical repair.

Propiedad intelectual, patentes y salud: una mirada desde la Bioética / Intellectual Property, Patents, and Health: a Look from Bioethics / Propriedade intelectual, patentes e saúde: uma perspectiva a partir da Bioética

Resumen: Artículo de carácter reflexivo y argumentativo que busca confrontar referentes conceptuales desde la Bioética y el derecho para dar solución a estos interrogantes: ¿son los derechos de propiedad intelectual la antítesis de otros derechos? ¿Existe un conflicto de principios bioéticos en dicha tensión? ¿Cómo abordar desde la Bioética este choque de miradas? ¿Es necesario un cambio de paradigma para transformar el individualismo imperante de la contemporaneidad y evitar los daños de una guerra de rapiñas que se enmascara detrás de un eufemismo de la competencia de mercados y la propiedad intelectual? Entre argumentos, cuestionamientos y disensos se busca un abordaje a estos dilemas con un enfoque bioético. Se deja sobre la mesa la cooperación con una base de empatía y compasión para desviarse del camino del individualismo pernicioso y la voracidad subsecuente del dinero y el poder. Por ello, la Bioética como puente hacia al futuro es la disciplina llamada manifestar dicha cooperación, no solo en los ámbitos disciplinarios, sino entre los diferentes actores sociales, entre los protagonistas de esta obra, para que su final no sea trágico, sino esperanzador y saludable.

Summary: This is a reflexive and argumentative article which intention is to confront conceptual references from bioethics and the right to solve the following questions: are intellectual property rights the antithesis of other rights? Is there a conflict of bioethical principles in this discussion? How to address from Bioethics this difference in point of views? Is a paradigm shift necessary to transform the prevailing individualism of contemporaneity and avoid the damages of a war of plunder masked behind a euphemism of market competition and intellectual property? Between arguments, questions and dissents, an approach to these dilemmas is sought with a bioethical approach. Cooperation is on the table based on empathy and compassion to divert it from the path of pernicious individualism and the subsequent voracity of money and power. Therefore bioethics, as a bridge to the future is the discipline called to manifest this cooperation, not only in disciplinary areas, but between the different social stakeholders, among those main players of this work, so that its end is not tragic, but hopeful and healthy.

Resumo: Artigo reflexivo e argumentativo que busca confrontar referências conceituais da Bioética e do direito para resolver as seguintes questões: os direitos de propriedade intelectual são a antítese de outros direitos? Existe um conflito de princípios bioéticos nessa tensão? Como abordar este choque de perspectivas a partir da Bioética? É necessária uma mudança de paradigma para transformar o individualismo predominante da contemporaneidade e evitar os danos de uma briga que se mantém mascarada por trás de um eufemismo de concorrência de mercado e propriedade intelectual? Entre argumentos, perguntas e dissensos, busca-se uma abordagem desses dilemas com uma abordagem Bioética. A cooperação é deixada sobre a mesa com uma base de empatia e compaixão para se desviar do caminho do individualismo pernicioso e da subsequente voracidade do dinheiro e do poder. Portanto, a Bioética, como ponte para o futuro, é a disciplina convocada a manifestar tal cooperação, não apenas nos campos disciplinares, mas entre os diferentes atores sociais, entre os protagonistas deste trabalho, para que seu fim não seja trágico, mas esperançoso e saudável.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in asymptomatic professional basketball players.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of articular cartilage lesions and meniscal tears on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the knees of asymptomatic male professional basketball players. TYPE OF STUDY: A retrospective review. METHODS: Twenty players (40 knees) met the inclusion criteria of being signed by a National Basketball Association team and passing their preseason physical examination. All included athletes were assessed for the presence of articular cartilage lesions, meniscal pathology, and the presence of effusions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of articular cartilage lesions on MRI was 47.5% in our study group. There were trochlear groove articular lesions in 25%. The lateral femoral condyle was involved in 2.5% of all knees. The medial femoral condyle was affected in 10% of all knees. The lateral tibial plateau showed articular cartilage lesions in 5%. The patella had articular cartilage lesions in 35%. The overall prevalence of various grade meniscal lesions was 20% on MRI. Medial intra-meniscal signals accounted for 87.5% and 12.5% on the lateral side. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show an equal to or higher prevalence of meniscal lesions in male professional basketball players than previously reported in the literature. We found a large number of patella-femoral articular cartilage lesions in our study population of male professional basketball players. These athletes perform at the highest demand level, which indicates that the presence of these lesions did not cause any symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.