Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children With Severe Dengue During the 2019-2020 Outbreak in Southern Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by uncontrolled activation of inflammatory cells and an exaggerated release of cytokines. It can be triggered by different factors, including viruses, such as dengue. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical and laboratory profiles of children with severe dengue and HLH, and to identify the risk factors for this clinical complication. METHODS: An analytical study was conducted in children with severe dengue who were treated in an intensive care unit between January 2019 and March 2020. Clinical and laboratory factors were compared between patients with and without HLH. RESULTS: HLH represented 13.4% (15/112) of children with severe dengue. Patients with HLH had a long-lasting fever (10.1 vs. 5.8 days; P = 0.012), low hemoglobin levels (7.6 vs. 10.8 g/dL; P = 0.000) and high aspartate aminotransferase values (4443 vs. 1061 U/L; P = 0.002), alanine transaminase (1433 vs. 487 U/L; P = 0.004), partial thromboplastin time (80.6 vs. 51.8 seconds; P = 0.010), prothrombin time (23.5 vs. 19.6 seconds; P = 0.024), triglycerides (333.7 vs. 223.2 mg/dL; P = 0.005), lactate dehydrogenase (4209 vs. 1947 U/L; P = 0.006), soluble CD25 (3488 vs. 1026 pg/mL; P = 0.014), and presented with higher frequency of myocarditis (66.7% vs. 38.3%; P = 0.048), hepatitis (5.3% vs. 1.3%; P = 0.014), bacterial coinfection (73.3% vs. 26.7%; P = 0.010) and fatal outcome (26% vs. 5%; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: HLH is a serious life-threatening clinical complication of dengue virus infection that must be considered, particularly during outbreaks.

Povidona Yodada como Antiséptico Oral en la Reducción de la Carga Viral del SARS-CoV-2: Revisión de la Literatura

RESUMEN: Se ha sugerido que el uso de antisépticos orales podría reducir la carga viral del virus SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes durante la atención dental, pero sin evidencia que avale su efectividad. Dada la vulnerabilidad del virus a la oxidac ión, se ha recomendado el uso de colutorios que contengan agentes oxidantes como la povidona yodada. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue determinar la efectividad del uso de povidona yodada como antiséptico oral en la disminución de la carga viral del virus SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, SciELO, Web of Science y EBSCO host. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos en pacientes con COVID-19 y estudios in vitro con cepas del virus que utilizaran colutorios de povidona yodada como forma de intervención, publicados entre enero del 2019 y enero del 2021. La selección de los artículos se realizó en dos etapas por dos autores de manera independiente. Luego de eliminar los artículos duplicados, se mantuvieron 53 referencias. Finalmente se incluyeron 2 estudios in vivo y 5 estudios in vitro para la revisión cualitativa. En los estudios in vitro, todas las concentraciones de povidona yodada evidenciaron una actividad virucida eficaz en los distintos tiempos de exposición, donde la mínima concentración efectiva correspondió a 0,5 % en 15 segundos. Los estudios in vivo presentaron resultados positivos hacia el uso de povidona yodada, pero con tamaños muestrales pequeños y una gran heterogeneidad en su metodología. En conclusión el uso profiláctico de povidona yodada como colutorio contra el virus SARS-CoV-2 es respaldado por los trabajos in vitro, con tiempos de aplicación fácilmente realizables en la atención dental, pero se requiere de un mayor número de ensayos controlados aleatorizados para comprobar su efectividad en la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT: It has been suggested that the use of oral antiseptics could reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients during dental care, but without evidence to support its effectiveness. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of povidone iodine mouthwash in reducing the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 virus. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual enSalud, SciELO, Web of Science and EBSCOhost. Clinical studies in patients with COVID-19 or in vitro studies with SARS-CoV-2 strains that used povidone-iodine mouthwash as a form of intervention, published between January 2019 and January 2021, were included. The selection of articles was carried out in two phases by two authors independently. After removing duplicate articles, 53 references were kept. Finally, 2 in vivo studies and 5 in vitro studies were included for the qualitative review. In the in vitro studies, all concentrations of povidone iodine showed effective virucidal activity at the different exposure times, where the minimum effective concentration corresponded to 0.5 % in 15 seconds. In vivo studies showed positive results towards the use of povidone iodine, but with small sample sizes and great heterogeneity in their methodology. The prophylactic use of povidone iodine mouthwash against the SARS-CoV- 2 virus is supported by in vitro studies, with application times easily achievable in dental care, but a large number of randomized controlled trials are required to verify its effectiveness in clinical practice.

Skin and mucosal ischemia as a complication after inferior alveolar nerve block.

The anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is one of the most common techniques used in dental practice. The local complications are due to the failures on the anesthetic block or to anatomic variations in the tap site such as intravascular injection, skin ischemia and ocular problems. The aim of this article is to present a case and discuss the causes of itching and burning sensation, blanching, pain and face ischemia in the oral cavity during the IAN block.