RESUMO
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly fatal cancer that can be cured through cholecystectomy if identified early. The presence of gallstones is the primary risk factor for GBC, but few people with gallstones develop GBC. A key question is what drives the development of GBC among persons with gallstones. We initiated the Chile Biliary Longitudinal Study (Chile BiLS) to address this question. From 2016 to 2019, Chile BiLS enrolled 4,726 women aged 50-74 years with ultrasound-detected gallstones from southern-central Chile, accounting for an estimated 36% of eligible women with gallstones in the study area. The median age was 59 years; 25% of the women were Amerindian (Mapuche), 60% were obese, 25% had diabetes, and 6% had cardiovascular disease. Participants will be followed for gallbladder dysplasia or cancer for 6 years. As of April 30, 2020, over 91% of those eligible completed the year 2 follow-up visit. Data being collected include epidemiologic and sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and tooth counts. Biosamples being taken include baseline plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells, serum, blood clot from serum, and PAXgene whole blood (PreAnalytiX GmbH, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland). Complete gallbladder sampling is conducted for most participants undergoing cholecystectomy. The Chile BiLS cohort study will increase our understanding of GBC etiology and could identify potential risk stratification and early detection strategies in high-risk areas.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/epidemiologia , Cálculos Biliares/epidemiologia , Idoso , Pressão Sanguínea , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Chile , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/etnologia , Cálculos Biliares/diagnóstico por imagem , Cálculos Biliares/etnologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Projetos de Pesquisa , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Perda de Dente/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Molecular techniques for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection have a good performance as screening tests and could be included in cervical cancer early detection programs. We conducted a population-based trial comparing HPV detection and Papanicolaou as primary screening tests, in a public health service in Santiago, Chile. AIM: To describe the experience of implementing this new molecular test and present the main results of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Women aged 25 to 64 enrolled in three public health centers were invited to participate. In all women, samples were collected for Papanicolaou and HPV DNA testing, and naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid was performed. Women with any positive screening test were referred to the local area hospital for diagnostic confirmation with colposcopy and biopsy of suspicious lesions. RESULTS: Screening results were obtained for 8265 women, of whom 931 (11.3%) were positive to any test. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) was 1.1%; nine women had invasive cervical cancer. Sensitivities for the detection of CIN2+ were 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4-29.2) for Papanicolaou and 92.7% (95% CI 84.4-96.8) for HPV testing; specificities were 98.9% (95% CI 98.7-99.0) and 92.0% (95% CI 91.4-92.6) respectively. CONCLUSION: This experience showed that the implementation of a molecular test for cervical cancer screening is not a major challenge in Chile: it was well accepted by both the health team and the participants, and it may improve the effectiveness of the screening program.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Chile , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Teste de Papanicolaou , Saúde Pública , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) serology is a main factor for designing vaccination programs and surveillance strategies; nevertheless, there are few reports of HPV seroprevalence in the general population, especially in Latin America. This study aimed to describe high-risk HPV serological prevalence, persistence, and association with concurrent cervical infection, in Chilean women. METHODS: 1021 women from the general population, aged 15-85 years, were studied in 2001 of whom 600 were reexamined in 2006. The assessments at both time points included cervical HPV DNA testing, HPV antibody testing, cervical cytology and a sociodemographic/behavioral questionnaire. HPV DNA and antibodies against L1 protein of types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 were assessed by reverse line blot and multiplex serology, respectively. RESULTS: Seropositivity was high at both baseline (43.2%) and follow-up (50.2%) and increased with age (p < 0.001); corresponding DNA prevalences were 6.7% and 8.7%. DNA and seroprevalence were associated at baseline (p = 0.01 for any HPV). Early age at first sexual intercourse and having had two or more sexual partners were independently associated with seropositivity. Most (82.0%) initially seropositive women remained seropositive at follow-up; 21.6% of initially seronegative women seroconverted, reaching 17.5% among women older than 60 years of age. ASCUS or worse cytology was correlated with HPV DNA positivity but not with HPV seropositivity. CONCLUSION: HPV seroprevalence studies are a useful tool for learning about the dynamics of HPV infection in a community. This study contributes to understanding the natural history of HPV infection and provides a baseline assessment before the incorporation of HPV vaccination into a national program.
Assuntos
Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Parceiros Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Esfregaço Vaginal , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Mortality rates for cervical cancer (CC) in Chile are higher than those of developed countries and it has an unequal socioeconomic distribution. The recognition of human papilloma virus (HPV) as the causal agent of cervical cancer in the early 80's changed the prevention paradigms. Current goals are to prevent HPV infection by vaccination before the onset of sexual activity and to detect HPV infection in women older than 30 years. This article reviews CC prevention and early detection methods, discusses relevant evidence to support a change in Chile and presents an innovation proposal. A strategy of primary screening based on HPV detection followed by triage of HPV-positive women by colposcopy in primary care or by cytological or molecular reflex testing is proposed. Due to the existence in Chile of a well-organized nationwide CC prevention program, the replacement of a low-sensitivity screening test such as the Papanicolau test with a highly sensitive one such as HPV detection, could quickly improve the effectiveness of the program. The program also has a network of personnel qualified to conduct naked-eye inspections of the cervix, who could easily be trained to perform triage colposcopy. The incorporation of new prevention strategies could reduce the deaths of Chilean women and correct inequities.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Chile , Colposcopia , DNA Viral/análise , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Testes de DNA para Papilomavírus Humano , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Teste de Papanicolaou , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of gallstone disease (GSD) in women and men of the MAUCO population-based prospective cohort. DESIGN: 8948 MAUCO participants (aged 38-74 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound at baseline (2015-2019); 4385 received follow-up ultrasound at years 2 or 4. Factors associated with prevalent GSD were assessed using Poisson multiple regression and with incident GSD using Cox regression models. RESULTS: GSD prevalence was 40.4% in women (13.1% gallstones, 27.3% cholecystectomies) and 17.1% in men (8.9% gallstones, 8.2% cholecystectomies). In men, GSD prevalence rate ratio (PRR) by age in >64 years was 3.85 (95% CI 3.00 to 4.94), doubling that of women's PRR 1.78 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.01). In women, waist circumference and diabetes were stronger GSD factors; a higher number of children and worse metabolic and socioeconomic conditions were also highlighted. GSD men had higher cardiovascular disease and a family history of GSD and gallbladder cancer. 198 GSD cases developed during follow-up, with incidence increasing by 2% (95% CI 1.005% to 1.03%) per each centimetre above the ideal waist circumference, statistically significant only in women. In men, age was the strongest factor for incidence, followed by a family history of GSD and low high-density lipoprotein increased incidence risk. CONCLUSIONS: GSD burden was high in this population; a third of women had their gallbladder removed, which may pose them at risk of other health problems. Abdominal obesity was the only preventable GSD risk factor, highlighting the need for effective public health policies promoting obesity reduction.
Assuntos
Cálculos Biliares , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Cálculos Biliares/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto , Idoso , Incidência , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Colecistectomia/estatística & dados numéricos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Cervical cancer mortality in Chile is four times higher than in developed countries. We compared the accuracy of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) testing to detect prevalent precancerous and cancerous lesions in the routine clinical practice of the public health system. Women aged 25 years and older residing in the area covered by three primary care centers of Santiago, Chile, were invited to participate. Eligible women received both HPV DNA (Hybrid Capture 2) and Pap testing. Women positive by either test (Pap: ASCUS+, HC2: RLU/CO ≥ 1.0) underwent colposcopy and biopsy, as did a sample of double-negative women with an abnormal cervix at visual inspection or with risk factors for cervical lesions. Crude and verification bias-corrected sensitivities and specificities were estimated. In total, 8,265 women (98.8% of eligible) had complete screening results. Of these, 10.7% were HPV positive, 1.7% were Pap positive and 1.1% were positive by both tests. In all, 931 (11.3%) women were screen-positive, of whom 94.3% attended colposcopy. Additionally, 295 control women were invited for colposcopy, of whom 78% attended. In all, 42 CIN2, 45 CIN3 and 9 cancers were identified. Verification bias-corrected sensitivity for CIN2+ (95% confidence interval) was 92.7% (84.4-96.8) for HPV and 22.1% (16.4-29.2) for Pap; corresponding specificities were 92.0% (91.4-92.6) and 98.9% (98.7-99.0). In conclusion, in routine clinical practice in a developing country, HPV testing was four times more sensitive for CIN2+ than Pap testing, identifying three times more CIN2+ lesions; HPV testing was easily implemented in our established cervical cancer prevention program.
Assuntos
Testes de DNA para Papilomavírus Humano , Teste de Papanicolaou , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço Vaginal , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia , Chile , Colposcopia , DNA Viral/análise , Países em Desenvolvimento , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
About 13% of all cancers around the world are associated with infectious agents, particularly in low-resource settings. The main infectious agents associated with cancer are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), that causes gastric cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) that causes cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer, hepatitis B and C viruses that cause liver cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), associated with cancers of the cervix, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), about 150,000 cancer cases are caused annually by infections. The LAC Cancer Code Against Cancer consists of a set of 17 evidence-based and individual-level cancer prevention recommendations targeted to the general population, suited to the epidemiological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions of the region, and tailored to the availability and accessibility of health-care systems. The recommendations with respect to infection-driven malignancies include testing and treating for H. pylori in the context of specific public health programs, vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and detection and treatment of chronic infections with HBV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, in addition to the promotion of safe sex and use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STI). Countries, policy makers, health care systems and individuals should consider the adoption of these recommendations to help reduce the incidence and mortality of infection-related cancers in LAC, to improve quality of life of individuals and reduce the costs of cancer care in the region.
Assuntos
HIV , Helicobacter pylori , Neoplasias , Feminino , Humanos , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , América Latina/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Qualidade de Vida , Neoplasias/microbiologia , Neoplasias/virologiaRESUMO
Processed meat consumption is increasing in Latin America. While in developed countries processed meat consumption has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and cancer, our region lacks data associated to its consumption and health impact. We characterized processed meat intake and associated factors in a population-based cohort of a Chilean agricultural county, MAUCO. We analyzed baseline dietary data of 7,841 participants, 4,358 women and 3,483 men (38-77 years), who answered an adapted Mediterranean index food frequency questionnaire. Eight percent of the participants presented high processed meat consumption (≥5 times per week). We explored associations of processed meat consumption with participant characteristics using multinomial logistic regression models. Main factors associated with higher consumption were being men, younger and currently employed, and having a high intake (>4 times per week) of red meat (Odds ratio, 2.71, 95% CI 2.10-3.48), butter/cream (1.96, 1.60-2.41), whole-fat dairy products (1.32, 1.04-1.67) and a high intake (≥1 time per day) of sugary snacks/sweets (2.49, 2.04-3.03) and sugary drinks (1.97, 1.63-2.38). Processed meat consumption associated to chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (Prevalence ratio, 2.28, 95% CI 1.58-3.29). Obesity mediated this association in a proportion of 5.0%, whereas for diabetes the proportion was 13.9%. In this population, processed meat was associated with other unhealthy dietary and lifestyle factors, as well as with chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Carne , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Chile has high incidence rates of gallbladder cancer globally, particularly among Amerindian women, who also have a high prevalence of gallstones. We examined differences in inflammatory biomarkers between Mapuche and non-Mapuche women from the Chile Biliary Longitudinal Study, a cohort of women with ultrasound-detected gallstones. We randomly selected 200 Mapuche women frequency matched to non-Mapuche women on age and statin use Inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using a multiplex assay and linear regression to assess associations of a priori markers (CCL20, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-8) with ethnicity. Novel biomarkers were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) to identify correlated marker groups, followed by linear regression to examine their association with ethnicity. The mean values of IL-8 were higher in Mapuche than non-Mapuche women (P = 0.04), while CCL20, CXCL10, and IL-6 did not differ significantly by ethnicity. EFA revealed two marker groups associated with ethnicity (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001). SDR analysis confirmed correlation between the biomarkers and ethnicity. We found higher IL-8 levels among Mapuche than non-Mapuche women. Novel inflammatory biomarkers were correlated with ethnicity and should be studied further for their role in gallbladder disease. These findings may elucidate underlying ethnic disparities in gallstones and carcinogenesis among Amerindians.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL20/genética , Quimiocina CXCL10/genética , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/sangue , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-8/genética , Idoso , Carcinogênese/genética , Quimiocina CCL20/sangue , Quimiocina CXCL10/sangue , Chile , Etnicidade/genética , Feminino , Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Vesícula Biliar/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/genética , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Cálculos Biliares/diagnóstico por imagem , Cálculos Biliares/metabolismo , Cálculos Biliares/patologia , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Inflamação/diagnóstico por imagem , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-6/sangue , Interleucina-8/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Given that high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of virtually all cervical cancer, the clinical meaning of HPV-negative cervical precancer is unknown. We, therefore, conducted a literature search in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar to identify English-language studies in which (i) HPV-negative and -positive, histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (CIN2+) were detected and (ii) summarized statistics or deidentified individual data were available to summarize proportions of biomarkers indicating risk of cancer. Nineteen studies including 3,089 (91.0%) HPV-positive and 307 (9.0%) HPV-negative CIN2+ were analyzed. HPV-positive CIN2+ (vs. HPV-negative CIN2+) was more likely to test positive for biomarkers linked to cancer risk: a study diagnosis of CIN3+ (vs. CIN2; 18 studies; 0.56 vs. 0.24; P < 0.001) preceding high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology (15 studies; 0.54 vs. 0.10; P < 0.001); and high-grade colposcopic impression (13 studies; 0.30 vs. 0.18; P = 0.03). HPV-negative CIN2+ was more likely to test positive for low-risk HPV genotypes than HPV-positive CIN2+ (P < 0.001). HPV-negative CIN2+ appears to have lower cancer risk than HPV-positive CIN2+. Clinical studies of human high-risk HPV testing for screening to prevent cervical cancer may refer samples of HPV test-negative women for disease ascertainment to correct verification bias in the estimates of clinical performance. However, verification bias adjustment of the clinical performance of HPV testing may overcorrect/underestimate its clinical performance to detect truly precancerous abnormalities.
Assuntos
Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/diagnóstico , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/virologia , Prognóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Gallbladder dysplasia can progress to cancer and may be associated with increased cancer risk at other biliary tract sites. Thus, its accurate identification is relevant both for etiologic understanding and for clinical purposes. Data on the frequency and distribution of gallbladder dysplasia are lacking owing to limited gallbladder sampling and inability to visualize dysplasia grossly. An expert pathology group used consensus criteria to review 140 totally sampled consecutive cholecystectomy specimens from Chilean women. Three cases (2%) revealed incidental invasive carcinoma, all T2, along with high-grade dysplasia (HGD). The surface areas covered by dysplasia or cancer in these cases were 9%, 37%, and 87%. Although the first longitudinal ("diagnostic") section of the whole gallbladder captured HGD or cancer in all 3 cases, the deepest focus of invasive carcinoma was not present in this section. Fourteen additional cases (10%) had low-grade dysplasia (LGD), which was typically very focal (covering <5% of the surface) and most often occurred in the fundus. LGD was not present in the diagnostic section of 5 cases (38%) and would have been missed without additional sampling. None of the cancers or dysplasias were grossly visible. Although HGD and carcinoma are likely to be identified in "diagnostic" sections, accurate staging requires total sampling. LGD is typically very focal and would often be missed in routine practice. To identify cancer precursors, additional sampling, particularly of the fundus, may be warranted. The predominance of LGD in the fundus also provides etiologic insight, supporting the contribution of gallstones and chronic inflammation.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia , Carcinoma/epidemiologia , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Chile/epidemiologia , Colecistectomia , Feminino , Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/epidemiologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/cirurgia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We previously conducted a population-based screening trial of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing and conventional cytology, demonstrating higher sensitivity (92.7 % vs 22.1 % for CIN2+) but lower positive predictive value (10.5 % vs 23.9 %) of hrHPV testing. Here we report the performance of HPV16/18 genotyping to triage the hrHPV positive participants. METHODS: Women aged 25 years and older received hrHPV (Hybrid Capture 2) and Papanicolaou testing; positives by either test underwent colposcopy and directed biopsy, as did a sample of double-negatives. hrHPV positive women were reflex-tested with HPV16/18 genotyping (Digene HPV Genotyping PS Test). RESULTS: Among the 8,265 participants, 10.7 % were hrHPV positive, 1.7 % had ASCUS+ cytology, 1.2 % had CIN2+; 776 (88 %) hrHPV positive women had complete results, of whom 38.8 % were positive for HPV16 (24.0 %), HPV18 (9.7 %) or both (5.1 %). CIN2+ prevalence in HPV16/18 positive women (16.3 %, 95 % CI 12.3-20.9) was twice that of HPV16/18 negative women (8.0 %, 95 % CI 5.7-10.8). HPV16/18 genotyping identified 40.5 % of CIN2, 66.7 % of CIN3 and 75.0 % of cancers. Compared to hrHPV screening alone, HPV16/18 triage significantly reduced the referral rate (10.7 % vs 3.7 %) and the number of colposcopies required to detect one CIN2+ (9 vs 6). When HPV16/18 negative women with baseline ASCUS+ cytology were also colposcopied, an additional 14 % of CIN2+ was identified; referral increased slightly to 4.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: HPV16/18 triage effectively stratified hrHPV positive women by their risk of high-grade lesions. HPV16/18 positive women must be referred immediately; referral could be deferred in HPV16/18 negative women given the slower progression of non-HPV16/18 lesions, however, they will require active follow-up.
Assuntos
Estudos de Coortes , Adulto , Chile , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The need to review cervical cancer prevention strategies has been triggered by the availability of new prevention tools linked to human papillomavirus (HPV): vaccines and screening tests. To consider these innovations, information on HPV type distribution and natural history is necessary. This is a five-year follow-up study of gynecological high-risk (HR) HPV infection among a Chilean population-based cohort of women. FINDINGS: A population-based random sample of 969 women from Santiago, Chile aged 17 years or older was enrolled in 2001 and revisited in 2006. At both visits they answered a survey on demographics and sexual history and provided a cervical sample for HPV DNA detection (GP5+/6+ primer-mediated PCR and Reverse line blot genotyping). Follow-up was completed by 576 (59.4%) women; 45 (4.6%) refused participation; most losses to follow-up were women who were unreachable, no longer eligible or had missing samples. HR-HPV prevalence increased by 43%. Incidence was highest in women < 20 years of age (19.4%) and lowest in women > 70 (0%); it was three times higher among women HR-HPV positive versus HPV negative at baseline (25.5% and 8.3%; OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.8-8.0). Type-specific persistence was 35.3%; it increased with age, from 0% in women < 30 years of age to 100% in women > 70. An enrollment Pap result ASCUS or worse was the only risk factor for being HR-HPV positive at both visits. CONCLUSIONS: HR-HPV prevalence increased in the study population. All HR-HPV infections in women < 30 years old cleared, supporting the current recommendation of HR-HPV screening for women > 30 years.
RESUMO
Background: Molecular techniques for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection have a good performance as screening tests and could be included in cervical cancer early detection programs. We conducted a population-based trial comparing HPV detection and Papanicolaou as primary screening tests, in a public health service in Santiago, Chile. Aim: To describe the experience of implementing this new molecular test and present the main results of the study. Material and Methods: Women aged 25 to 64 enrolled in three public health centers were invited to participate. In all women, samples were collected for Papanicolaou and HPV DNA testing, and naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid was performed. Women with any positive screening test were referred to the local area hospital for diagnostic confirmation with colposcopy and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Results: Screening results were obtained for 8265 women, of whom 931 (11.3%) were positive to any test. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) was 1.1%; nine women had invasive cervical cancer. Sensitivities for the detection of CIN2+ were 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4-29.2) for Papanicolaou and 92.7% (95% CI 84.4-96.8) for HPV testing; specificities were 98.9% (95% CI 98.7-99.0) and 92.0% (95% CI 91.4-92.6) respectively. Conclusion: This experience showed that the implementation of a molecular test for cervical cancer screening is not a major challenge in Chile: it was well accepted by both the health team and the participants, and it may improve the effectiveness of the screening program.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Emprego , Aptidão Física , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Finlândia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Londres , Estudos Prospectivos , Meio SocialRESUMO
El carcinoide bronquial representa el 1 a 5 por ciento de todos los tumores pulmonares y es el segundo más frecuente de todos los carcinoides. Constituye un grupo de neoplasias con diferenciación neuroendocrina y potencial maligno con invasión local y metástasis. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos conocer las características clínicas y tipos de carcinoide en nuestra casuística, así como la utilidad diagnóstica de los estudios histopatológicos complementarios. Se recolectaron los casos del periodo 1988-1996 y se estudiaron con técnicas corrientes, inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales contra enolasa neuronal específica (ENE), sinaptofisina (SIN), cromogranina A (CRO-A) y en cuatro casos con microscopía electrónica. Se encontraron diez casos en el período, 5 mujeres y 5 hombres, con edad que varió de 18 a 74 años; 6 casos fueron formas atípicas y 4 típicas. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron lóbulo superior izquierdo y lóbulo inferior derecho. el 50 por ciento fueron uninodulares y el 20 por ciento multinodulares. El diagnóstico clínico se planteó en un caso. El 80 por ciento mostró argentafinidad, 70 por ciento argirofilia; 90 por ciento fueron positivos para ENE, 60 por ciento SIN, 70 por ciento CRO-A. Al microscopio electrónico todos mostraron gránulos neuroendocrinos. Los estudios complementarios utilizados permitieron confirmar el diagnóstico. Tanto la microscopia electrónica como el estudio inmunohistoquímico permiten un diagnóstico específico, especialmente cuando se utiliza un panel de anticuerpos