[Formula: see text]Gestational age and gender influence on executive control and its related neural structures in preterm-born children at 6 years of age.

Within preterm-born children, being born male and at a lower gestational age (GA) have both been associated with a heightened risk for developmental difficulties. However, in this population little is known about the combined effect and the influence of these risk factors on cortical structures and executive control. In the present study, 58 preterm-born children (GA ranging from 24.0 to 35.1 weeks) were administered the computerized Child Attention Network Task at 6 years of age. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed and analyzed using Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) in all children. At a behavioral level, boys born <28 weeks of GA had significantly less executive control than preterm-born girls <28 weeks (p = .001) and preterm-born boys ≥28 (p = .003). The reduced executive control in preterm-born boys <28 weeks gestation was related to lower cortical densities in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The current study links the higher incidence of reduced executive control in preterm-born boys to a higher degree of prematurity (low GA) and identifies brain structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex related to these deficits. The implications of these results are discussed.

Responses to positive and negative smoking-related images: effects of current smoking status and degree of smoking addiction.

The literature indicates that stimulant users of various dependency levels endorse and react differently to stimuli that portray the stimulant either positively or negatively, however these studies have not been extended to smoking. Here pictures are used to depict either positive or negative connotations of smoking. The current study concentrated on smokers with different levels of dependency. Seventy-three digital images were rated on both a smoking and emotional content scale. The pictures were rank ordered, yielding the 10 most positive and negative smoking-related pictures. Emotional content scores for these pictures were also recorded. Data from 148 subjects [light- (n=28), heavy- (n=17), ex- (n=32) and never-smokers (n=71)] were analysed. Using a mixed factorial ANOVA light- and heavy-smokers were found to score positive pictures significantly more positive than the never-smokers, they did not vary on negative or emotional ratings. Thus positive pictures did not distinguish heavy and light levels of substance use as suggested by the literature and this was not influenced by emotional content.

Cost-benefit comparison of hemodialysis access creation in a developing country and North American centres.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that vascular access operations should only be performed in high-volume centres to ensure good outcomes. Vascular access operations have been routinely performed in the Cayman Islands since 2005. However, with an estimated population of 45,000 persons, only a small number of patients require vascular access in any given interval. A cost-benefit analysis of this practice was performed. METHODS: All patients who had vascular access operations over four years were retrospectively identified. Two groups were defined - the local group, who had operations performed by surgeons in the Cayman Islands, and the offshore group, who were transferred off the island and had operations overseas. Cumulative cost, morbidity, patency and failure rates were compared. Significance was considered present with a two-tailed P≤0.05. RESULTS: There were 14 patients in the local group and 22 in the offshore group. The mean cost of access creation was 6.9 times greater in the offshore group (US$26,883.36 versus US$3,913.33; P<0.001). The likelihood of the use of arteriovenous grafts was significantly greater in the offshore group (P=0.04). When therapeutic outcomes were compared, there were no differences in primary or secondary failure, primary or secondary patency, or overall access-specific morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: In the present setting, vascular access creation exceeded all the goals set by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative and the Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative. Compared with overseas centres, this is being achieved at a significantly lower cost, with a greater likelihood of native fistula use and similar therapeutic outcomes.

Ethnicity modifies seasonal variations in birth weight and weight gain of infants.

Early growth is considered critical for the development of obesity and adulthood cardiovascular diseases. Because season and environmental temperature at birth have also been associated with obesity, it is important to examine whether birth weight and postnatal weight gain vary by season. Data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project were used to assess the influence of season on birth weight and weight gain during the first 4 mo of life. The sample included 11,091 whites, 11,477 blacks, 1536 Puerto Ricans and 221 subjects of other ethnic groups born at full-term gestation. Black infants born in the fall had a significantly lower birth weight (3.12 +/- 0.42 kg) than those born in the winter (3.16 +/- 0.43 kg, P = 0.002). This difference was not found in the other ethnic groups. Additionally, weight gain (g/mo) for black and Puerto Rican infants during the first 4 mo of life was significantly lower for those born during the fall (black: 816 +/- 186; Puerto Rican: 820 +/- 181) compared to those born in the spring (black: 844 +/- 194, P < 0.001) and summer (Puerto Rican: 861 +/- 185, P < 0.04). Birth weight and early infancy weight gain varied by season and were modified by ethnicity. The potential importance of seasonal variations in pre- and postnatal growth was evaluated in this study.